Practical Research 2 PDF

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 PR 2 L1: Introduction to Research RESEARCH - is basically the systematic study to know, understand, or establish the TRUTH. The goal of research is to generate knowledge of the truth. SYSTEMATIC STUDY - It must follow a strict procedure...

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 PR 2 L1: Introduction to Research RESEARCH - is basically the systematic study to know, understand, or establish the TRUTH. The goal of research is to generate knowledge of the truth. SYSTEMATIC STUDY - It must follow a strict procedure or series of steps (chapters). Blooms Taxonomy - Order Thinking Skills Lower Order thinking skills: 1. Remember 2. Understand 3. Apply Higher Order thinking skills 1. Analyze 2. Evaluate 3. Create TRUTH - Is anything seen a REALITY OR FACT OBJECTIVE - Truth that is true to all (i.e., FACTS) Example: “BBM is the President” SUBJECTIVE - Truth that is true to self only (i.e., OPINIONS) Example: “Marcos is a hero.” WHY STUDY RESEARCH? - The aim is the generation of knowledge through the spiral process of involving yourself into intensive critical thinking. - It is a process of looking at the solution of a given problem that can be used as the basis for: Policy formulation Policy enhancement or improvements - Students, professors, researchers, research centers, government, etc. conduct research as part of their jobs, to be better informed, less biased, in contrast to guessing, hunches, intuition, and other personal experience. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH 1. Explore 2. Describe 3. Explain CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 1. Tentative (constant review) 2. Empirically verifiable (researchable) 3. Ethically neutral (what harm or risk involved to respondents; confidentiality and privacy) 4. Shared and made to the public. WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH? - systematically investigates phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. - establish a study using QUANTITIES and it studies questions with definite responses. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 1. OBJECTIVITY - quantitative studies are always objective. Data gathering and analysis of results are done accurately and objectively. 2. LARGER SAMPLE SIZE - demands larger sample size. This is to establish the reliability of result and avoid personal bias of respondents 3. VISUALLY PRESENTABLE - Data is numerical which makes presentation through graphs, charts, and tables possible. 4. FASTER DATA ANALYSIS - thematic analysis of data which is time consuming. Quantitative researchers can use statistical tools in data analysis. The use of statistical tools gives way to a less 5. GENERALIZED DATA - Data taken from a sample can be assumed to apply to the population if sampling is done accordingly. 6. EASIER DATA COLLECTION - Quantitative research uses standardized research instruments (questionnaires, mostly) that allow the researcher to collect data from a large sample size efficiently 7. VALID DATA COLLECTION - Validity means being able to measure what you intend to measure. 8. RELIABILITY OF RESULTS - Reliability talks about the consistency of results. 9. HIGH REPLICABILITY - The quantitative method can be repeated to verify findings, enhance their validity and reliability, and be free from false or immature conclusions. 10. PREDICTIVE ABILITY - capable of making inferences, establishing relationships, and predicting outcomes of sets of data. DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 1. It lacks the necessary data to explore a problem or concept in depth. 2. It does not provide a comprehensive explanation of human experiences. 3. Some information, such as feelings and beliefs, cannot be described by numerical data. 4. The research design is rigid and not very flexible. 5. The participants are limited to choose only from the given responses. 6. A large sample size makes data collection more costly. L2: RESEARCH VARIABLES - It is easier to understand the different types of quantitative research designs if you consider how the researcher controls the variables in the investigation. VARIABLE - is a variation within the class of objects (i.e., eye color). CONSTANT - a characteristic with no variations within a class of objects (i.e., grade level of ninth graders). QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE - is conceptualized and analyzed in distant categories, with no continuum implied. Ex: Height. CATEGORICAL VARIABLE - not vary in degree, amount or quantity (By Group). Ex. Political party INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - is what the researcher studies to see its relationship or effects ( presumed cause). DEPENDENT VARIABLE - is what is being influenced or affected by the independent variable ( presumed effects/results). The use of an arrow to illustrate the relationship of the variables: One directional arrow measures the Significant Difference. Double-headed arrow measures the Significant Relationship HYPOTHESIS - a precise, testable statement of what the researcher(s) predict will be the outcome of the study. Alternative Hypothesis - there is a relationship between the two variables being studied.  Null Hypothesis - there is no relationship between the two variables being studied. WHAT IS RESEARCH TITLE? - summarizes the main idea or ideas of your study. - contains the fewest possible words that adequately describe your research paper's contents and/or purpose. - undoubtedly the part of a paper that is read the most, and it is usually read first. (Sacred Heart University Library, 2020) Things to consider when formulating a working title. According to National Institute of Health (2019): descriptive direct accurate appropriate interesting concise precise unique should not be misleading Identify the following: Cause + Effect+ Possible Respondents WORKING TITLE Construct a Working Title by following this formula: (Cause + Effect + Respondents & Location) DISSECTING A TITLE 1. Identify the cause of the problem. 2. What is the effect of the problem? 3. Who is/are the target respondent/s of the study? 4. Combine cause and respondents. 5. Combine effect and respondents. 6. Combine cause and effect. SOP TEMPLATE General Objective: This study aims to determine the levels of [IV] and [DV] [respondents] [local]. Furthermore, it also would like to measure if there exists a significant relationship between the levels of [IV] and [DV] [respondents]. Specific Objective: 1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of [identify the indicators]? 2. What is the level of (IV) in terms of: (provide indicators)? 3. What is the level of (DV) of: (provide Indicators)? 4. Is there a significant difference in the level of (IV) when grouped according to age, sex, and strand? 5. Is there a significant difference in the level of (DV) when grouped according to age, sex, and strand? 6. Is there a significant relationship between the levels (IV) and (DV) among the students?