Practical Research 2 Quarter 1-Week 1-2 Module 1 PDF

1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Quarter 1-Week 1-2 MODULE 1 Week 1 Lesson 1: Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Lesson 2: Kinds...

1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 Quarter 1-Week 1-2 MODULE 1 Week 1 Lesson 1: Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Lesson 2: Kinds of Quantitative Research Week 2 Lesson 3: Importance of Quantitative Research across Fields Lesson 4: Kinds of Variables and Their Uses ROMNIC P. BERON Subject Teacher  2 LESSON 1 Week 1 Characteristics, Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research BEGIN The word research was coined from the French word “cerhier” which means seek. The prefix “re” means to repeat. Literally, research is to repeat looking for something. Research signifies finding the truth again about ideas and problems which were in existence before in different perspectives. Last semester, you have learned about the qualitative research, its kinds, characteristics, strength and weaknesses. In this subject, you will distinguish quantitative research from qualitative research. YOUR TARGET In this module you are expected to describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1). TRY THIS Instruction: Write your ideas next to the following incomplete sentences below. 1. Research for me is……………………………………………………………….._____ 2. I find research as…………………………………………………………………. 3. We need to conduct research because ………………………………………… DO THIS Instructions: Analyze the following statements. Write QL if the statement is about qualitative research and QR if the statement is about quantitative research. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. _______ 1. Its basic element of analysis is words/ideas. _______ 2. It establishes relationship and causation. _______ 3. Its research questions answer how many or strength of relationship or difference. _______ 4. Its research questions answer what and why. _______ 5. It develops theory. _______ 6. It reports rich narrative and individual interpretation. _______ 7. It explains phenomena by collecting numerical data. _______ 8. It tests theory. _______ 9. It describes meaning and discovery. _______ 10. Its data are measurable. _______ 11. It reports statistical analysis and the basic element of analysis is numbers. EXPLORE Instruction: Choose a word or a symbol which you think related to quantitative research. Explain why you relate that word or symbol to quantitative research. Write your explanation inside the box on the answer sheet.  3 KEEP THIS IN MIND Quantitative research focuses on verifiable observation which is expressed in numbers How does quantitative research work? Step 1. Observe and explain occurrences. Step 2. Collect numerical information. Step 3. Use mathematics to analyze the data collected (usually done with statistical tools). Characteristics of Quantitative Research 1. Empirical. It is based on observing and experimenting theories. 2. Systematic. It sorts an orderly pattern and sequential procedure. 3. Controlled. All variables are kept constant except those that are tested and experimented. 4. Analytical. It appears no error in its interpretation which is observed in critical analysis of all data. 5. Objective. It is unbiased and logical because all findings are logically based on proper experiment and investigation. 6. Numerical Data. Data can be numerical measures and are treated statistically because it employs quantitative or statistical methods. 7. Large Sample Size. To arrive at more reliable data analysis 8. Structured Questionnaire. Data are normally gathered using structured research tools such as questionnaires. 9. Replication. Reliable quantitative studies can be REPEATED to verify or confirm the correctness of the results in another setting. Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research Designs STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES Study findings can be generalized to the Many kinds of information are difficult to population about which information is obtain through structured data collection required. instruments, particularly on sensitive topics such as domestic violence or income. Samples of individuals, communities or Many groups such as sex workers, drug users, organizations can be selected to ensure that illegal immigrants, squatters and ethnic the results will be representative of the minorities are always difficult to reach, but the population studied problems are often greater for quantitative research data collection methods. Structural factors that determine how Self- reported information obtained from inequalities (such as gender inequalities) are questionnaires may be inaccurate or incomplete. produced can be analyzed. Standardized approaches permit the study to Research methods are inflexible because the be replicated in different areas or over time instruments cannot be modified once the study with the production of comparable findings. begins.  4 APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Instructions: Answer the following questions below. Write your answer on the boxes provided below each question. If the space of the box is not enough, you may answer to a separate paper. 1. What are the characteristics of research? Explain each characteristic in your own words. 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research? REFLECT Congratulations for completing the study of this learning module! You have just had an amazing learning journey and for sure, you will also do the same in the succeeding modules. For the last time, share your insights by completing the following sentence prompts. I have learned that___________________________________________________________ I wish to ask my teacher about ________________________________________________ LEARN MORE Individually, if you are capable and have the necessary materials, watch videos about characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of quantitative research. ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Instructions: Analyze the following sentences. Write the letter of the correct answer on the answer sheet provided. 1. Which of the following best defines quantitative research? A. It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem. B. It is an activity concerned with finding ne truths in education. C. It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals. D. It is a systematic process for obtaining numerical information about the world. 2. What characteristic of research is being referred when the data are expressed in numbers and treated with statistical tools? A. Large Sample Size C. Objective B. Numerical data D. Replication 3. What characteristic of research is being referred when the research is not based on guess work? A. Large Sample Size C. Objective B. Numerical data D. Replication  5 4. What characteristic of research is being referred when the research is done to check the correctness and verify the findings of the study? A. Large Sample Size C. Objective B. Numerical data D. Replication 5. What characteristic of research is being referred when the research needs to arrive at a more reliable data analysis? A. Large Sample Size C. Objective B. Numerical data D. Replication ADDITIONAL OUTPUT TO BE SUBMITTED Instructions: In one whole sheet of INTERMEDIATE paper, make a creative graphic organizer or concept map about the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research. REFERENCES Jerusalem, V. et al., (2017), Practical research 2. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbook Educational Supply Inc. Creswell, J. (2014) Educational research planning conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Long Angeles, California: Sage Publications, Inc. Prieto G., Naval, V. And Carey T. (2017) Practical research 2 for senior high school, Lorimar Publishing Uy, C. et al. (2016) Practical research 2. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/research_ready/comparative/causal  6 LESSON 2 Week 1 Kinds of Quantitative Research BEGIN After learning about the characteristics, strength and weaknesses of quantitative research, the next lesson is about the kinds of quantitative research. Last semester, you have identified the kinds of qualitative research such as: grounded theory, phenomenology, ethnography, case study and historical research. Please remember that the kind of research is dependent on researcher’s aim in conducting the study and the extent to which the findings will be used. So, let us find out the various kinds of quantitative research that a researcher may employ. YOUR TARGET In this module you are expected to describe characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research (CS_RS12-Ia-c-1). TRY THIS Instruction: Enumerate at least 5 current problems in the society that you would like to address and that you think you are involved or somehow affected. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. 1.___________________________________________________________________________ 2.___________________________________________________________________________ 3.___________________________________________________________________________ 4.___________________________________________________________________________ 5.___________________________________________________________________________ DO THIS Instructions: Answer the question below. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. If you will conduct a research, what could be the possible title of your study? What will be the central topic of your research? EXPLORE Instructions: Answer the question below. Write your answer on the space provided for. What is your main objective in conducting that kind of research? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________  7 KEEP THIS IN MIND Four Types of Quantitative Research 1. Survey/ Descriptive Research 2. Correlational Research 3. Causal Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research 4. Experimental Research Descriptive Research. This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and components of the population or phenomenon. This design attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and determine the frequency with which it occurs. Survey Research. This design is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population. Survey research provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. It includes cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using questionnaires or structured interviews for data collection—with the intent of generalizing from a sample to a population (Fowler, 2008). ▪ Survey-Cross Sectional. This design is utilized if the information is collected from a sample in just single point in time just like (1) the child rearing practices of single parents and (2) population control practices of unmarried couples. ▪ Survey-Longitudinal. This design is applied if the researcher collects information on the same subjects over a period of time. Some examples are (1) to determine the growth of rice yield in the country and (2) the rate of promotion of doctors, degree holders five years after earning the degree. Correlational Research. It is the systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating into causal reasons underlying them. It is also concerned with the extent of relationships that exists between or among the variables. Some examples are (1) if pre-board examination results can be used to predict performance in the licensure examination for teachers, then the higher the pre-board grade, the higher the most likely be the score in the LET; (2) the relationship between intelligence and self-esteem; (3) the relationship between diet and anxiety; and (4) the relationship between aptitude test and success in algebra course. Causal-Comparative Research. It discusses the why and how a phenomenon occurs. It tries to identify, specifically, how the different groups are affected by the same circumstance. It is also called Quasi-Experimental Research which attempts to establish the cause-effect relationship among variables. It is similar with to True Experimental Research but with some key differences. An independent variable is identified but not manipulated and effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are measured.  8 It is also known as Ex Post Facto (after the fact) Research. It involves comparison. The study of two or more groups is done without focusing on their relationship. Some examples are (1) a researcher is interested in how weight influences stress-level of adults. The subjects would be separated into different groups (underweight, normal, weight and overweight) and their stress- coping levels measured; (2) the effect of an aerobic exercise program on children’s rate of obesity; (3) the effect of part-time employment on the achievement of high school students; (4) the effect of taking multivitamins on students’ school absenteeism; and (5) the effect of gender on algebra achievement. Experimental Research. It is often called true experimentation. It uses scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among group of variables that make-up a study. An independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on dependent variables. Subjects (respondents) are randomly assigned to experimental treatments rather than identified as naturally occurring groups. Experimental Group (one Control Group which on which the treatment does not receive any or influence is applied) treatment Decision Tree Matching the Research Design to the Category of Research Question (The Board of the University of Wisconsin System, 2016) Is there a TREATMENT? No Yes Is the primary purpose the Is the treatment tightly examination of relationship? controlled by the researcher? No Yes No Yes DESCRIPTIVE Will the sample be QUASI- Will a randomly DESIGN studied as single EXPERIMENTAL assigned or selected group? control group be used? Yes Yes CORRELATIONAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN DESIGN  9 APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Instructions: Identify each research question whether it falls under Correlational Research, Descriptive/Survey Research, or Comparative Research. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. ____________1. How many calories do American men and women consume per day? ____________2. What is the difference in the weekly photo uploads on Facebook between male and female university students? ____________3. What are the most important factors that influence the career choices of Australian university students? ____________4. What are the differences in attitudes towards music piracy when pirated music is freely distributed or purchased? ____________5. Is there a relationship between study time and examination scores of students? REFLECT Congratulations for completing the study of this learning module! You have just had an amazing learning journey and for sure, you will also do the same in the succeeding modules. For the last time, share your insights by completing the following sentence prompts. I have learned that…………………………………………………………………………. I wish to ask my teacher about………………………………………………………….... LEARN MORE Individually, if you are capable and have the necessary materials, watch videos about kinds of quantitative research. ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Instructions: Identify the most appropriate quantitative research design to use for the following studies. Write your answer on the space provided. 1. A study on the effects of gender in the attitude of youth towards sports drinks 2. A study on thoughts of Grade 12 students on difficulties in solving mathematical problems 3. A study on how a paramedics work when called to assist in a vehicular accident 4. A study on the effect of remediation activities to the performance of students in mathematics 5. A study on the preference of high school students in the choice of reading materials  10 ADDITIONAL OUTPUT TO BE SUBMITTED Instructions: In one whole sheet of INTERMEDIATE paper, write three research titles for each kind of research. You are allowed to surf the internet. REFERENCES Jerusalem, V. et al., (2017), Practical research 2. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbook Educational Supply Inc. Creswell, J. (2014) Educational research planning conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Long Angeles, California: Sage Publications, Inc. Prieto G., Naval, V. And Carey T. (2017) Practical research 2 for senior high school, Lorimar Publishing Uy, C. et al. (2016) Practical research 2. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/research_ready/comparative/causal  11 LESSON 3 Week 2 Importance of Quantitative Research across Fields BEGIN Research studies are gaining unprecedented focus and attention. Nowadays, teachers in the basic education are engrossed in research and devote time and effort in conducting researches to improve educational practices that may lead to more quality learning of the students. By doing research, teachers can address systematically the existing problems and make sound educational decisions. Researchers also validate, test and challenge existing educational practices that may lead to reforms which are more contextualized, localizes and responsive to the needs of the learners. YOUR TARGET In this module, you are expected to illustrate the importance of quantitative research across fields (CS_RS12-Ia-c-2). TRY THIS Instruction: Write your ideas next to the following incomplete sentences below. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. 1. Research is important to a teacher because……………………………………….. 2. Research is important to a doctor because………………………………………... 3. Research is important to an entrepreneur because……………………………….. DO THIS Instructions: Answer the question below. Write your answer inside the box. Through research, illustrate how would you imagine your future community or society? EXPLORE Instructions: Answer the question below. Write your answer inside the box. If you will conduct a research, what will be the focus of your study?  12 KEEP THIS IN MIND A. WHICH FIELD USE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitative research is the type of research that is widely used in the natural sciences, mathematical sciences and social sciences. Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction and understanding of natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence. Under natural science, we find life science (or biological science) and physical science. Under physical science we have physics, space science, chemistry and Earth Science. The mathematical science are areas of study that includes mathematics as a main field or sub-field like statistics, some areas of physics, biometrics, Computer science, computational science, population genetics, operations research and many more. In Social sciences, quantitative research is widely used in psychology, economics, demography, sociology, marketing, community health and political science. B. WHY DO THESE FIELDS/DISCIPLINES USE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH These fields use quantitative research for many reasons which may be a combination of any of the following reasons: 1. It is more reliable and objective 2. It can use statistics to generalize a finding. 3. It often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables. 4. It looks a relationship between variables and can establish cause and effect in highly controlled circumstances. 5. It tests theories or hypotheses 6. It assumes sample is representative of the population 7. It is less detailed than qualitative research. In the area of Accounting, Business and Management (ABM) researches can help design a new product or service, figuring out what is needed and ensure that the development of a product is highly targeted towards demand. Businessmen can also utilize research results to guarantee sufficient distribution of their products and decide where they need to increase their product distribution. Conducting researchers can also help a business determine whether now is the proper time to open another branch or whether it needs to apply for a new loan. In the field of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) medical practitioners, for example: Conduct researches to obtain significant information about diseases trends and risk factors, results of various health interventions, patterns of care and health care cost and use. As for engineers, architects and other builders, research helps in providing designs which are creatively beautiful and at the same time give more convenience and efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adapt to the ever-changing society. In the discipline of Humanities and Social Sciences, research aims to provide solutions to the social problems directly felt by people. Researches in this field deal more on societal behaviors and social issues such as stress, work ethics, organizational commitment, leadership style, child labor, teenage pregnancy, human trafficking, to drug addiction and other forms of criminality. Social Science researches lead to the understanding of social interactions that may lead to the formulation of new theories and practices that contribute to the societal development and welfare.  13 LESSON 4 Week 2 Kinds of Variables and Their Uses BEGIN One of the aspects of quantitative research is to describe and explain variables. A variable is a central concept in research. It is a measurable characteristic that changes in value. It may vary from one group to another group, one person to another or even with the same person over time. YOUR TARGET In this module, you are expected to differentiate kinds of variables and their uses (CS_RS12-Ia-c-3). TRY THIS Instruction: Match the descriptions in Column A to their corresponding terms in Column B. Write the letter of the correct answer for each item on the answer sheet provided. Column A Column B A. Independent 1. This variable causes the changes in the subject or event. variable 2. It is outcome variables which bear or manifest the effects. B. Dependent variable 3. A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur C. Continuous D. Discrete within the population E. Interval 4. A variable that has limited number of distinct values which cannot F. Ratio be divided into fractions G. Nominal 5. A variable that has two or more categories which can be ranked H. ordinal 6. A variable with no quantitative value and comes into two or more I. Experimental categories but does not imply ordering of cases J. Controlled 7. A variable which is being changed in the actual study  14 DO THIS Instruction: Write inside the box everything that comes to your mind in relation to the term “Variables”. EXPLORE Instructions: Read through some experiment descriptions below and determine the variables. Write your answer on the space provided for. 1. A florist wants to see if Product X will extend the life of cut flowers so that they last longer. Variable 1 __________________________________ Variable 2 __________________________________ 2. A soap manufacturer wants to prove that their detergent works better to remove tough stains. Variable 1 __________________________________ Variable 2 __________________________________ KEEP THIS IN MIND Research cannot be possible without taking into account measurable factors that are subject to change due to certain conditions or situations. Anything that can change in research due to circumstance is called variable. Variables are changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things like age, gender, intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence and so on that are involved in your research study. A variable is defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. Variable is an object, event, idea, feeling, time, period or any type of category which can be measured. Variables - Characteristics of data set. Attributes of the variable are the possible observations of the data to be processed (example: gender –male or female)  15 Characteristics of Variables They may have a prescriptive period/ duration when they start and stop. They may have a pattern such as daily, weekly and monthly. They are detailed though the summary is thorough and profound. There may be dormancy which is the time gap between measuring dependent and independent variable, become some things do not take effect right away. Kinds of Variables in Research 1.) Discrete and Continuous. Discrete is furthered classified as Nominal or Ordinal. Continuous is furthered classified as Ratio or Interval. 2.) Experimental and Controlled. 3.) Dependent and Independent EXPERIMENTAL CONTROLLED Variable which is being changed in the actual Variable which is RETAINED and NOT manipulated or changed. Example: TOPIC: EFFECTS OF SUNLIGHT on the GROWTH RATE of Selected Plants Experimental Variables: Presence or Absence of sunlight Controlled Variables: Type of soil used, type or species of plants used, frequency of watering and weeding (common) INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT are those that cause changes in the subject. are those that BEAR or MANIFEST the effects stand alone and they are not changed by the caused by the independent variables. The other variables you are trying to measure. dependent variable is the variable a researcher is interested in. Examples: age, gender, what people eat, how much time they spend using gadgets, how much Example: improved/poor academic performance television they watch or how much time as a result of more time spend in using gadgets youngsters spend on computer games.  16 DISCRETE CONTINUOUS Also known as categorical or Can take an infinite number on the value that can classificatory variable. occur within a population Any variable that has LIMITED number Its values can be divided into fractions. or DISTINCT values which cannot be divided into fractions. Example: age, height and temperature Example: sex, blood group and number of children in the family “YOUR PARENTS CAN’T HAVE 4.5 “YOU CAN BE 17.5 years old” – Continuous CHILDREN” - Discrete Discrete variables can be further categorized as NOMINAL or ORDINAL Continuous variable can be further categorized as either INTERVAL or RATIO variables. NOMINAL ORDINAL RATIO INTERVAL Represent categories Represent are interval variables, but Is a measurement where the that cannot be categories that can with the added condition difference between two ranked in particular be ORDERED from that 0 (zero) of the values HAVE MEANING. way greatest to smallest measurement indicates that there is NONE of that Example: The difference Example : Example VARIABLE. between a temperature of Religion Education level Test scores on course 60 degrees is the same Blood type (freshment, examinations are often difference as between 30 Biological sex (e.g. sophomore, etc.) recorded as percent degrees and 20 degrees. male or female) Position in the correct. dichotomous military Such scores are at the ratio variable level of measurement because there is an absolute zero value (0% correct) and differences between values can be compared meaningfully. APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in one whole sheet of paper.  17 1. What are the similarities and differences between continuous variable and discrete variable? 2. What are the similarities and differences between experimental variable and controlled variable? 3. What are the similarities and differences between independent variable and dependent variable? 4. REFLECT Congratulations for completing the study of this learning module! You have just had an amazing learning journey and for sure, you will also do the same in the succeeding modules. For the last time, share your insights by completing the following sentence prompts. I have learned that __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ I wish to ask my teacher about __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ LEARN MORE Individually, if you are capable and have the necessary materials, watch videos about kinds variables and their uses. ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Part I Instructions: Write I if the variable is Interval, N if Nominal, R if Ratio and O if Ordinal. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. ____ 1. Military title ____ 6. Clothing apparel such as hat, shirt and shoes ____ 2. Temperature in degree Celsius ____ 7. A score in 5 item quiz in Science ____ 3. Religion ____ 8. Feeling today ____ 4. Grade level ____ 9. Means of transportation to work ____ 5. Favorite type of band ____ 10. Data usage of internet at home  18 Part II Instructions: Identify the kind of variables being described in each item. Write your answer on the answer sheet provided. ____________________ 1. It caused the changes in the subject or event. ____________________ 2. Outcome variables which bear or manifest the effects ____________________ 3. Variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur within the population ____________________ 4. Variable that has limited number of distinct values which cannot be divided into fractions ____________________ 5. Measurement where the difference between two values have meaning REFERENCES Jerusalem, V. et al., (2017), Practical research 2. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbook Educational Supply Inc. Creswell, J. (2014) Educational research planning conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Long Angeles, California: Sage Publications, Inc. Prieto G., Naval, V. And Carey T. (2017) Practical research 2 for senior high school, Lorimar Publishing Uy, C. et al. (2016) Practical research 2. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/research_ready/comparative/causal END OF MODULE 1