Biotechnology 101 PDF
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Uploaded by Thisisgonnahelp
Cedar Valley Middle School
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Summary
These notes cover the basics of biotechnology, including DNA extraction, PCR, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing, genetic engineering, GMOs, and cloning. The notes also touch on genetic engineering examples, and CRISPR technology. This document is a good resource for anyone beginning to learn about biotechnology.
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Biotechnology 101 DNA Extraction Pulls DNA out of cells ○ Detergent (soap) - to break membranes ○ Salt - to stabilize DNA ○ Alcohol - to purify - won’t dissolve DNA but dissolves other parts Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Used to make millions of copies of small pie...
Biotechnology 101 DNA Extraction Pulls DNA out of cells ○ Detergent (soap) - to break membranes ○ Salt - to stabilize DNA ○ Alcohol - to purify - won’t dissolve DNA but dissolves other parts Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Used to make millions of copies of small pieces of DNA (amplification) Heat denatures (separates) DNA strands and primers control the area that is copied Taq polymerase enzyme is used Restriction Enzymes Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences ○ originally used by bacteria for protection Different pieces of DNA typically produce different sized pieces Gel Electrophoresis Uses electricity to separate DNA fragments by length & weight Pieces have to travel through the complex gel ○ Small pieces move faster ○ Large pieces move slower Gel Electrophoresis Produces a pattern of bands of different sizes DNA from an organism can be used to produce a DNA fingerprint or profile ○ These can be analyzed & compared to determine relationships or presence of genes Gel Electrophoresis Used for DNA Fingerprinting in forensic science to match suspects to DNA left at crime scenes. ○ Important genes are identical in humans ○ Small insignificant sections of DNA vary greatly from 1 person to another. ○ Can be used to: Convict criminals and free those wrongly imprisoned Identify the mother or father of an individual Determine how closely species are related. Who did it? Can you match the blood to the correct suspect? Can you match the hair cells Can you match the sperm DNA in to the correct suspect? evidence to the correct suspect? Familial Relationships DNA Sequencing Small pieces of DNA are copied using nucledotides labeled with fluorescent bases A sequencing machine identifies the order of fluorescent bases The Human Genome Project sequenced & mapped human genes (completed in 2003) Genetic Engineering Modifying or manipulating pieces of DNA using technology Clipping, swapping, and piecing pieces of DNA together creates Recombinant DNA DNA ligase joins the DNA pieces together. ○ Used in cells to repair and replicate DNA too. Genetically Engineered Organisms Organisms that contain recombinant DNA, DNA that has been combined from 2 (or more) species. Genetic Engineering Examples GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) GMOs Benefits in bacteria: Provides hormone,purified Clottinghormones factor) for medicine (ex. Insulin, Growth Benefits in animals: Improve food supply Produce faster growing, leaner meats Study of diseases on human immune system Benefits in plants Produce natural pesticides Resistance to weed killers Disease resistance CRISPR Technology A newer technology that uses CRISPR Cas9 protein to clip DNA in living cells and manipulate gene function Cloning Reproductive Cloning - makes a whole new genetically identical (baby) organism Therapeutic Cloning - used to make stem cells for research & possibly repairs Dolly Snuppy CC
