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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of using detergent in DNA extraction?
What is the primary purpose of using detergent in DNA extraction?
Which enzyme is specifically used in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for DNA amplification?
Which enzyme is specifically used in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for DNA amplification?
What characteristic of gel electrophoresis determines the speed of DNA fragment movement?
What characteristic of gel electrophoresis determines the speed of DNA fragment movement?
How can DNA fingerprinting be beneficial in forensic science?
How can DNA fingerprinting be beneficial in forensic science?
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What is the role of restriction enzymes in DNA manipulation?
What is the role of restriction enzymes in DNA manipulation?
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What is recombinant DNA?
What is recombinant DNA?
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What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project completed in 2003?
What was the primary goal of the Human Genome Project completed in 2003?
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During DNA sequencing, how does a sequencing machine determine the order of the bases?
During DNA sequencing, how does a sequencing machine determine the order of the bases?
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Study Notes
Biotechnology 101
- Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their components to develop or improve technologies.
DNA Extraction
- Isolates DNA from cells.
- Detergent (soap) breaks cell membranes.
- Salt stabilizes DNA.
- Alcohol purifies DNA, separating it from other cellular components.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Used to amplify (copy) small DNA segments.
- Heating denatures (separates) DNA strands.
- Primers specify the region to be amplified.
- Taq polymerase enzyme is used to synthesize new DNA strands.
- PCR allows scientists to make millions of copies of a target sequence from a small initial amount of DNA.
Restriction Enzymes
- Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
- These sequences can be specific to each type of restriction enzyme and are known as restriction sites.
- Often used by bacteria for defense.
- Different DNA will be cut into different sized pieces.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Separates DNA fragments based on size and charge.
- Smaller fragments move faster through the gel matrix.
- Results in a pattern of bands of different sizes, corresponding to different sized fragments.
- Patterns of banding can display relatedness.
Gel Electrophoresis for DNA Fingerprinting
- Creates a DNA profile.
- Uses fragments of varying sizes from specific genes in human DNA.
- Small sections of DNA are unique and vary greatly.
- Applications; crime scene investigations, biological relationships (e.g., paternity).
- Can be used to determine if two samples DNA are identical.
Who did it?
- Example of gel electrophoresis application to criminal investigation.
- Samples are compared to determine the suspect to the crime scene.
Sexaul Assault Case
- Shows how DNA can identify suspects.
- Used in biological samples, such as blood, hair and semen to identify the correct suspect.
Familial Relationships
- Shows how gel electrophoresis could identify relationships in a family.
DNA Sequencing
- Determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
- Uses fluorescent labeled nucleotides.
- Sequencing machines detect the labeled bases.
- The Human Genome Project mapped locations of genes.
Genetic Engineering
- Modifies DNA through various technologies.
- Clipping, swapping, and piecing DNA creates recombinant DNA.
- DNA ligase joins the pieces together.
- Used for repairs in cells and DNA replication.
Genetically Engineered Organisms
- Organisms with rearranged DNA, combining sequences from two or more species.
Genetic Engineering Examples
- Displays various gene manipulations and results.
- Includes plant and animal examples.
GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)
- A protein that emits a green fluorescent light.
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)
- Genetically modified bacteria, animals, and plants.
- GMO bacteria's benefits: produce purified hormones like Insulin.
- GMO animal benefits: improved food supply, faster growth rates in animals.
- GMO plant benefits: resistance to herbicides, disease resistance.
CRISPR Technology
- A modern technique to cut and edit DNA directly.
- Uses CRISPR-Cas9 (molecular scissors) to cut DNA.
Cloning
- Reproductive cloning: producing a genetically identical organism.
- Therapeutic cloning: creating stem cells for research and potential treatment.
Dolly
- Example of mammal reproductive cloning.
- A famous cloned sheep.
Snuppy
- Example of cloning a dog.
CC
- Example of cloning a cat.
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Description
Test your knowledge of essential biotechnology concepts such as DNA extraction, PCR, and gel electrophoresis. This quiz covers key processes, enzymes, and techniques used in biotechnology, helping you understand the laboratory methods that drive modern science.
