Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
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Questions and Answers

What differentiates sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes?

  • Homologous chromosomes are identical.
  • Sister chromatids are identical. (correct)
  • Sister chromatids come from different parents.
  • Homologous chromosomes are always paired.

What is the haploid number (n) for human gametes?

  • 32
  • 46
  • 48
  • 23 (correct)

What is the result of meiosis II in terms of chromosome number?

  • Offspring have 46 chromosomes.
  • Gametes have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
  • Offspring have 2n = 46.
  • Gametes have 23 individual chromosomes. (correct)

How many possible combinations of gametes can be produced by humans?

<p>64 trillion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary component of bacterial cell walls that distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells?

<p>Peptidoglycan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria would penicillin be ineffective against?

<p>Gram-negative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is shared by fungi and animals?

<p>Cellular respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a protist in biological classification?

<p>Eukaryotic and often unicellular (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mycorrhizal fungi in relation to plants?

<p>They form mutualisms with plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which geological period did small plants first emerge on land?

<p>Ordovician (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early land plants?

<p>Root systems for deep soil anchorage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which era did angiosperms become dominant?

<p>Cenozoic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred around 2.7 billion years ago?

<p>Oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of structural support is primarily found in the cell walls of plants?

<p>Cellulose and lignin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a fungal pathogen that significantly affected the American chestnut trees?

<p>Chestnut Blight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate time frame of the Pleistocene, known for its ice ages?

<p>541 MYA - 0.01 MYA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of cellular respiration?

<p>ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups of organisms are known for photosynthesis?

<p>Plants, algae, cyanobacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts according to the endosymbiont theory?

<p>Chloroplasts are derived from cyanobacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation represents the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant cost of sexual reproduction?

<p>Requires finding a mate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does meiosis contribute to biological diversity?

<p>It allows for independent assortment of chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of meiosis does the determination of chromosome allocation occur?

<p>Metaphase II (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What transformation occurs to carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?

<p>It is reduced to glucose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Photosynthesis Equation

Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy are transformed into glucose and oxygen

Relationship of Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, while respiration uses glucose and oxygen to release energy. They are linked by the products and reactants

Photosynthesis in 3 Major Groups

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are the three major taxonomic groups that photosynthesize.

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Cyanobacteria and Chloroplasts

Cyanobacteria, are thought to be ancestral to chloroplasts, a theory called the endosymbiont theory.

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Mitosis Purpose

Mitosis creates identical copies of cells for growth and repair, and asexual reproduction.

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Meiosis Purpose

Meiosis creates diverse cells (gametes) used in sexual reproduction..

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Sexual Reproduction Costs

Sexual reproduction has costs such as the necessity to find a mate, transmit half of the genome, and potentially transmit sexually transmitted diseases.

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Sister Chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome formed by DNA replication.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosome pairs with corresponding genes, one from each parent.

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Diploid (2n)

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).

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Haploid (n)

A cell containing one set of chromosomes.

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Meiosis

Cell division that creates haploid gametes from diploid cells.

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Mitosis

Cell division that produces two genetically identical diploid cells.

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Prokaryotes

Organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Gram Stain

A lab technique used to distinguish bacterial types based on cell wall composition.

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Mycorrhizal Fungi

Fungi that form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, increasing nutrient absorption for the plant.

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First Eukaryotes

The earliest organisms with complex cells, containing a nucleus and other organelles.

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Cambrian Explosion

A period of rapid diversification of animal life, about 541 million years ago.

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Cuticle (Plant)

A waxy layer on the epidermis of leaves and stems that prevents water loss.

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Stomata

Pores on a leaf's surface that allow for gas exchange (CO2 intake, O2 release).

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Vascular Tissue (Plant)

Plant tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant.

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First Land Plants (Bryophytes)

Simple, non-vascular plants like mosses that were among the first to colonize land.

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Fossil Fuels

Energy sources like coal, oil, and natural gas formed from ancient plant remains.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
  • Relationship to breathing: Breathing provides the oxygen needed for maximum ATP production in the electron transport chain.

Photosynthesis

  • Major taxonomic groups: Plants, algae, cyanobacteria.
  • Relationship to chloroplasts: Cyanobacteria, which photosynthesize but lack chloroplasts, are believed to have been engulfed by eukaryotic cells, leading to the origin of chloroplasts (endosymbiotic theory).
  • Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Energy Transfer

  • ADP to ATP: Hydrolyzing ADP to ATP powers many cellular processes.
  • Photosynthesis: CO2 is reduced to glucose, requiring energy from electrons from H2O.

Light-Dependent Reactions

  • Chlorophyll absorbs light, exciting electrons and splitting water molecules.
  • Generates electrons, H+ ions (used later), and oxygen.
  • Electrons travel through the electron transport chain (ETC), creating a proton gradient.
  • NADP+ is reduced to NADPH.

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

  • Uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose.
  • CO2 is "fixed" (incorporated into organic molecules) by RuBisCO.

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

  • Mitosis: Produces two identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair.
  • Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse haploid cells for sexual reproduction (gametes).

Mitosis

  • Interphase: Duplication or replication of genetic material (DNA).
  • Prophase: Chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane breaks down.
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
  • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
  • Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms.
  • Cytokinesis: Cell division, creating two separate daughter cells.

Meiosis

  • Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.
  • Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align in the middle.
  • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
  • Telophase I: Nuclear envelopes reform and the cell divides.
  • Prophase II: DNA condenses again if needed.
  • Metaphase II: Chromosomes align as in mitosis.
  • Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
  • Telophase II: Four genetically diverse haploid cells result.

Haploid and Diploid

  • Diploid: Two sets of chromosomes (2n), like most somatic cells.
  • Haploid: One set of chromosomes (n), like gametes (sperm and eggs).

Human Chromosomes

  • Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
  • Gametes have 23 chromosomes.

Additional Information

  • Plants evolved on land during the Ordovician period (488 million years ago).
  • Plant adaptations: Cuticle (wax), stomata (pores), vascular tissue, protected embryos.
  • Fossil fuels: formed from ancient plant material over millions of years.
  • Protist diversity: Diverse group of organisms (e.g., Plasmodium- malaria, Toxoplasma, Brain-eating amoeba).
  • Chestnut blight: fungal disease causing great damage in the US.
  • Genetic engineering: Adding the wheat gene produces an enzyme helping defend against oxalate acid in crops.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and energy transfer processes. Explore the key chemical equations, relationships to breathing, and the role of chloroplasts. This quiz covers essential concepts that are fundamental to understanding plant and animal biology.

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