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Questions and Answers
What differentiates sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes?
What differentiates sister chromatids from homologous chromosomes?
What is the haploid number (n) for human gametes?
What is the haploid number (n) for human gametes?
What is the result of meiosis II in terms of chromosome number?
What is the result of meiosis II in terms of chromosome number?
How many possible combinations of gametes can be produced by humans?
How many possible combinations of gametes can be produced by humans?
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What is a primary component of bacterial cell walls that distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells?
What is a primary component of bacterial cell walls that distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells?
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Which type of bacteria would penicillin be ineffective against?
Which type of bacteria would penicillin be ineffective against?
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What characteristic is shared by fungi and animals?
What characteristic is shared by fungi and animals?
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What defines a protist in biological classification?
What defines a protist in biological classification?
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What is the role of mycorrhizal fungi in relation to plants?
What is the role of mycorrhizal fungi in relation to plants?
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In which geological period did small plants first emerge on land?
In which geological period did small plants first emerge on land?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early land plants?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of early land plants?
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During which era did angiosperms become dominant?
During which era did angiosperms become dominant?
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What significant event occurred around 2.7 billion years ago?
What significant event occurred around 2.7 billion years ago?
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Which type of structural support is primarily found in the cell walls of plants?
Which type of structural support is primarily found in the cell walls of plants?
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Which is a fungal pathogen that significantly affected the American chestnut trees?
Which is a fungal pathogen that significantly affected the American chestnut trees?
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What is the approximate time frame of the Pleistocene, known for its ice ages?
What is the approximate time frame of the Pleistocene, known for its ice ages?
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What is the primary product of cellular respiration?
What is the primary product of cellular respiration?
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Which of the following groups of organisms are known for photosynthesis?
Which of the following groups of organisms are known for photosynthesis?
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What is the relationship between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts according to the endosymbiont theory?
What is the relationship between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts according to the endosymbiont theory?
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Which equation represents the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Which equation represents the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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What is a significant cost of sexual reproduction?
What is a significant cost of sexual reproduction?
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How does meiosis contribute to biological diversity?
How does meiosis contribute to biological diversity?
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During which phase of meiosis does the determination of chromosome allocation occur?
During which phase of meiosis does the determination of chromosome allocation occur?
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What transformation occurs to carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?
What transformation occurs to carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
- Relationship to breathing: Breathing provides the oxygen needed for maximum ATP production in the electron transport chain.
Photosynthesis
- Major taxonomic groups: Plants, algae, cyanobacteria.
- Relationship to chloroplasts: Cyanobacteria, which photosynthesize but lack chloroplasts, are believed to have been engulfed by eukaryotic cells, leading to the origin of chloroplasts (endosymbiotic theory).
- Chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 = CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Energy Transfer
- ADP to ATP: Hydrolyzing ADP to ATP powers many cellular processes.
- Photosynthesis: CO2 is reduced to glucose, requiring energy from electrons from H2O.
Light-Dependent Reactions
- Chlorophyll absorbs light, exciting electrons and splitting water molecules.
- Generates electrons, H+ ions (used later), and oxygen.
- Electrons travel through the electron transport chain (ETC), creating a proton gradient.
- NADP+ is reduced to NADPH.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose.
- CO2 is "fixed" (incorporated into organic molecules) by RuBisCO.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis: Produces two identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse haploid cells for sexual reproduction (gametes).
Mitosis
- Interphase: Duplication or replication of genetic material (DNA).
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane breaks down.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase: Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membrane reforms.
- Cytokinesis: Cell division, creating two separate daughter cells.
Meiosis
- Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs.
- Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align in the middle.
- Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate.
- Telophase I: Nuclear envelopes reform and the cell divides.
- Prophase II: DNA condenses again if needed.
- Metaphase II: Chromosomes align as in mitosis.
- Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate.
- Telophase II: Four genetically diverse haploid cells result.
Haploid and Diploid
- Diploid: Two sets of chromosomes (2n), like most somatic cells.
- Haploid: One set of chromosomes (n), like gametes (sperm and eggs).
Human Chromosomes
- Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
- Gametes have 23 chromosomes.
Additional Information
- Plants evolved on land during the Ordovician period (488 million years ago).
- Plant adaptations: Cuticle (wax), stomata (pores), vascular tissue, protected embryos.
- Fossil fuels: formed from ancient plant material over millions of years.
- Protist diversity: Diverse group of organisms (e.g., Plasmodium- malaria, Toxoplasma, Brain-eating amoeba).
- Chestnut blight: fungal disease causing great damage in the US.
- Genetic engineering: Adding the wheat gene produces an enzyme helping defend against oxalate acid in crops.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and energy transfer processes. Explore the key chemical equations, relationships to breathing, and the role of chloroplasts. This quiz covers essential concepts that are fundamental to understanding plant and animal biology.
