Biol162 A&P1 Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle PDF

Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill Board 1: Axial skeleton bones - label the bones of the axial skeleton -​ Cranial bones 1.​ frontal bone 4.​ occipital bone 2.​ parietal bones (2...

Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill Board 1: Axial skeleton bones - label the bones of the axial skeleton -​ Cranial bones 1.​ frontal bone 4.​ occipital bone 2.​ parietal bones (2) 5.​ ethmoid bone 3.​ temporal bones (2) 6.​ sphenoid bone -​ Facial bones (frontal can be considered a facial and cranial bone!) 7.​ maxilla 11.​zygomatic bones (2) 8.​ mandible 12.​inferior nasal concha 9.​ nasal bones (2) 13.​vomer bone 10.​lacrimal bones (2) 14.​palatine bones (2) -​ Remaining bones of the axial skeleton 15.​vertebra 16.​sternum 17.​rib 18.​sacrum 19.​coccyx Axial skeleton bone markings: Remember, bone can be protective and supportive, so structures encased in bony cavities need passageways to travel to/from, but also muscle attachments to bone are responsible for your ability to move! You will explore specific bone markings of the axial skeleton and then discover what nerves (or blood vessels) travel through the passageways of bone, how these bones form cavities that house major organs (remember these from exam 1?), form joints/articulations and the origins/insertions as well as actions of the muscles that attach to these bones. Board 2: Tracing the Bones of the Cranial Cavity NOTE: **this is the ONLY board where you’ll label everything in slides. No lab stickers are needed here! -​ Take pictures of the bones of the cranial cavity so you can see the following views: -​ External/lateral view -​ Internal/superior view of the cranial cavity -​ Insert them to this board and using the pen feature, trace around the bones of the skull that create the cranial cavity to show you know where each bone starts/stops exactly ON BOTH VIEWS. Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ frontal bones -​ parietal bones -​ temporal bones -​ occipital bone -​ sphenoid bone -​ ethmoid bone -​ While you’re here, use arrows to point to and label the following sutures (these are joints that hold the bones together): -​ coronal/frontal suture -​ sagittal suture -​ squamous suture -​ lambdoid suture ***NOTE: there are no bone markings of the frontal or parietal bones to label, so you JUST need to be able to ID these bones for the exam. Board 3: The temporal bone makes up parts of the lateral and inferior regions of the cranial cavity. Here, you’ll label the bone markings of the temporal bone and answer the related questions: -​ External temporal bone markings: 1.​ External auditory (acoustic) meatus (you put a Q-tip in here to clean out your ear) -​ What structure is located at the innermost region of this meatus (you would hit this with that Q-tip if you push it in too far)? 2.​ Mandibular fossa (this is where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone) -​ What bone marking of the mandible articulates with this fossa to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? You’ll label this marking later on board 8. -​ Take a picture of this articulation and insert it into your board so you can visualize how the bones fit together. Using a circle (O) or box (☐) in slides, surround this articulation and label it Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ What movement are you able to perform because of this articulation (joint)? 3.​ Mastoid process - this is posterior to the mandibular fossa and is a big, rough bump a.​ What muscle inserts on this process? (it’s got mastoid in its name and it’s Dr Hill’s FAVORITE muscle!) -​ On what bone marking of the sternum (see below) and bone does this muscle originate? -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle itself -​ Based on the points of attachment, what is a major action of this muscle? -​ Internal temporal bone markings: 4.​ Carotid canal -​ What blood vessel passes through this canal? 5.​ Jugular foramen (this is formed from the temporal and occipital bones) -​ What blood vessel passes through this foramen? 6.​ Internal auditory (acoustic) meatus - this hole can be found if you follow the EXternal acoustic meatus into the skull (between the 2 holes is where your inner ear structures are housed) -​ Which cranial nerve passes through this meatus? Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill Board 4: The Occipital bone creates the posterior region of the cranial cavity. Here, you’ll explore the unique bone markings of this bone of the cranial cavity. 1.​ Foramen magnum (the big hole!): -​ What nervous system structures run through this foramen? 2.​ Occipital condyles (these are on either side of the foramen magnum!) a.​ Name the specific bone (it’s a vertebra with a special name and has no vertebral body like other vertebrae) with which this bone marking articulates. -​ Take a picture of this articulation and insert it into your board so you can visualize how the bones fit together. Using a circle (O) or box (☐) in slides, surround this articulation. -​ What movement are you able to perform because of this articulation (joint)? 3.​ External occipital protuberance (the posterior, pointy bump with lines that extend out from it) a.​ What large, trapezoid-shaped muscle originates (partially) on this marking? -​ This muscle is so big that it has various points of origin (***remember: origins tend to be broad and more numerous than insertions). Identify the other bone markings of origin of this muscle (you’ll ID them below, too): -​ On what bone and bone marking of the scapula (see below) does this muscle insert? Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle itself -​ Based on the points of attachment, what are the actions of this muscle (there are more than 1!)? Board 5: The sphenoid bone makes up the middle of the cranial cavity’s floor, but also is a component of the orbital cavity that contains the eye! 1.​ Optic canal (look [haha!] deep into the orbital cavity to find this small, round canal) -​ What cranial nerve passes through this canal? -​ Around the optic canal of the sphenoid bone runs a circular layer of connective tissue called an annular ring. This connective tissue ring serves as a tendon (remember, tendons connect muscle to bone!) is the origin for 5 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles. Identify these muscles on a model (there’s a HUGE eye model in the lab - use it!) and name them as well as their actions in the table below. -​ All 6 of the extrinsic eye muscles have the SAME point of insertion. It’s the white of the eye that has a specific name. Name it here: Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ Use the guides in the box below to label the specific muscles and their actions : 1f. Identify the 6th extrinsic eye muscle (this is the one that does NOT originate at the annular ring around the optic canal), its origin and action: Inferior oblique muscle 2.​ Hypophyseal fossa (this is a component of the Sella turcica (“the Turk’s saddle”) and is a small U-shaped fossa found internally in the skull just posterior to where the optic canals enter internally) -​ What major endocrine gland is housed here? Board 6: The Ethmoid bone makes up a small part of the anterior floor of the cranial cavity, but also is a component of the orbital cavity that contains the eye AND the nasal cavity (fancy, right?)! Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill 1.​ Cribriform plate w/ foramina (this can be seen internally in the skull in the anterior region. There is a small bump sticking up in the middle of this structure called the crista galli) -​ This is a passageway for dendrites of which cranial nerve (hint: look at the location of this and what cavity is underneath it!)? ***The ethmoid bone makes up regions of 3 cavities, the cranial, nasal and orbital cavities, so here begins our exploration into: The Nasal cavity. This is where chemoreceptors are located in the dendrites of the olfactory nerve! -​ The nasal cavity is lined with an epithelium we explored in unit 1 of this lab. Its function is to filter the air you breathe. Name this epithelium: -​ What bones form the nasal cavity? You labeled all of them on board 1. This is tough → List them here: 2.​ Perpendicular plate - look anteriorly into the nasal cavity to find this vertical bony structure -​ Forms superior/anterior region of the nasal septum (remember: a septum is a “wall” between 2 sides, like the interventricular septum of the heart separates the left and right ventricles). Name the other bone that makes up the nasal septum (it’s triangular in shape and can only be viewed posteriorly): Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill 3.​ Superior and middle nasal conchae (note: you’ll only be able to see/label the middle as the superior conchae is WAY up there and not visible on the plastic skulls) -​ What is the function of these structures in the respiratory system (what do these structures do to the air that you breathe in?)? Board 7: The orbital cavity contains your eye. You’ve already labeled 4 of the 6 bones of the orbital cavity in board 1 above: frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones. Here, we’ll explore the other 2! -​ Bone markings of the Zygomatic bones: These are your “cheek bones.” They articulate with a marking of another bone to form the 1.​ zygomatic arch. -​ Identify the bone with which the zygomatic bones articulate posteriorly to form this arch: a.​ What muscle of mastication originates on the arch? (it’s the muscle that bulges when you clench your jaw): -​ On what bone marking of the mandible does this muscle insert (you’ll label it on board 8)? -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle itself -​ Based on the points of attachment to bone, what is the action of this muscle? Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill 😜! 2.​ There is a circular muscle around the orbit that is responsible for your ability to blink Identify the muscle: -​ Because this muscle surrounds the entire orbital cavity, several of the bones are bones of origin. Identify them (it’s 3 of the 6 above): -​ The insertion for this muscle is NOT a bone or bone marking. Name the insertion for this muscle (Don’t overthink this or search for it on the internet, LOOK at the muscle!): -​ Using the pen feature of slides, trace the origin and label it with an O and label the insertion with an I -​ Based on the points of attachment, what is the action of this muscle? Board 8: The Oral cavity contains your teeth and tongue (a skeletal muscle!) and is lined with protective epithelium. What epithelium is this?. -​ Saliva is excreted from salivary glands into this cavity to begin the process of chemical digestion. The oral cavity is also surrounded by muscles you use to chew (like the one you labeled above) which is a form of mechanical digestion, so there are numerous roles of the structures in and around the oral cavity in digestion, but also you are able to form words as the respiratory system structures exhale air to produce sound by using the same muscles of mastication and your teeth/tongue. Not only that, but you’re able to form facial expressions like smiling and frowning (and kiss!) using these muscles, too! Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ Bone markings of the maxilla bone: 1.​ Palatine process -​ This process articulates with bones that form the hard palate (ceiling of the oral cavity). Identify the name of these bones (you labeled them on board 1): -​ Bone markings of the mandible: You’ve explored several of these markings above, so you look back at your work. You noted the markings above, so now you’ll label them here! 2.​ Mandibular angle -​ The following questions, you’ve already answered, so check out your work above and review them: -​ What muscle of mastication inserts on the angle (laterally)? -​ On what bone marking does this muscle originate? -​ Based on the points of attachment, what is the action of this muscle? 3.​ Mandibular condyle (at the tip of the condylar process) -​ The following questions, you’ve already answered, so check out your work above and review them: -​ With what marking of the temporal bone does this condyle articulate? You have a picture of this articulation above on board 3. 4.​ Coronoid process - this is the anterior and more pointy marking near the condyle. a.​ What muscle of mastication inserts on this marking? b.​ On what bone marking of the parietal bone does this muscle originate (hint: it has the name of the muscle in its name)? -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle -​ Based on the points of attachment, what is the action of this muscle? Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ To remember that the coroNoid process is in the jaw, remember that it’s kind of “oNoi ing” when someone talks too much (or draws your blood [there is a coronoid process on the ulna as well!]). The corocoid process is located on the scapula near the acromion. NOTE: ***Around the oral cavity, there are several muscles responsible for your ability to chew, smile, purse your lips to kiss, etc. Find a model in the lab that has muscles visible around the oral cavity. We’re going to label just 1 of them as an example and identify its unique origins, insertion and actions. 5.​ Orbicularis oris (NOT oculi!) - oris -​ Because this muscle surrounds the mouth completely, 2 of the bones of the oral cavity are bones of origin. Identify them: -​ The insertion for this muscle is NOT a bone or bone marking. What is the insertion for this muscle (LOOK at the model. Where does this muscle insert?): -​ Using the pen feature of slides, trace the origin and label it with an O and label the insertion with an I -​ Based on the points of attachment, what is the action of this muscle? Board 9: The Vertebral Column is created by stacking vertebrae on top of each other from the skull to the tailbone. -​ Classify vertebrae based on their shape (I have a google slide with this, take a look!): Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill Vertebrae: You can remember how many vertebrae there are in each segment of the vertebral column by when you eat meals: 7am, 12pm and 5pm -​ 7 cervical -​ 12 thoracic -​ 5 Lumbar -​ Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae -​ Coccyx 3-5 fused vertebrae (this is your tailbone!) -​ Intervertebral discs: pads between vertebrae -​ What type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral disks? -​ Examining Normal Spinal Curvatures i.​ Cervical – concave ii.​ Thoracic – convex iii.​ Lumbar – concave iv.​ Sacral – convex -​ Abnormal curvatures of spine can compromise the function of structures nearby, for example: -​ Scoliosis - describe this abnormal curvature: -​ What major physiological functions might be compromised by scoliosis (look at a figure of an individual with scoliosis and determine what could be hindered)? How can you tell vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar region apart? -​ Vertebrae get larger, but a lower cervical vertebra can be nearly the size of an upper thoracic vertebrae. The same goes for lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. So, size isn’t too Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill helpful here, but there are structures/features of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae that the other 2 do not have. List the distinguishing characteristics of each below. Take a picture of 1 of each of the 3 types and insert it to your board. Label which are the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra and using an arrow in slides, point to the distinguishing feature on each! -​ Cervical vertebra: -​ What do these vertebrae have that thoracic and lumbar do not? Hint: it’s a hole that the vertebral artery passes through! Using an arrow in slides, point to it -​ Thoracic Vertebrae -​ What do these vertebrae have that the cervical and lumbar do not? Hint: this is where ribs articulate! Using an arrow in slides, point to them -​ Lumbar Vertebrae - there is no real distinguishing feature of lumbar vertebrae (they’re just big and clunky). They just don’t have the distinguishing features that the cervical vertebrae or thoracic vertebrae have, so you can identify this as lumbar by eliminating the other 2! Identifying the Structure of a Typical Vertebra (any vertebra other than the first 2): 1.​ Body – anterior rounded portion. This is where vertebrae stack on top of each other 2.​ Vertebral foramen -​ What nervous system structure passes through this foramen? 3.​ Transverse process - this points laterally from either side of the bone a.​ What group of 3 muscles originates from this process in the cervical vertebrae (hint: these all have the same name, but there is an anterior, middle and posterior muscle): -​ On what bones does this muscle group insert? -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle itself Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ Based on the points of attachment, what is the action of this muscle? 4.​ Spinous process (this are the pointy structures you can feel if you flex your trunk and run your fingers down your back) 5.​ Superior articular process (the bony projection pointing UP) 6.​ Inferior articular process (the bony projection pointing DOWN) -​ Vertebrae stack on top of one another to form the vertebral column. Take a picture of this articulation and insert it into your board so you can visualize how the bones fit together. Using a circle (O) or box (☐) in slides, surround this articulation and label it. Realize that the superior articular process of the lower vertebra articulates with the of the vertebra above above it whereas the inferior articular process of this same vertebra articulates with the of the vertebra below it. 7.​ Intervertebral foramina are formed when vertebrae stack on top of each other, so this hole is seen from the side of the 2 stacked vertebrae. -​ What nervous system structure passes through this foramen? hint: this structure is where the dorsal and ventral roots meet (remember me?)! NOTE: The first 2 cervical vertebrae have their own names because they are uniquely shaped unlike the typical vertebra you labeled above. These bones articulate with the skull and each other so you can shake your head yes or no. 8.​ Atlas or C1 -​ You explored this in the skull on board 4, so look back and review, but do not answer this question again here: With what bone marking of the occipital bone in the skull does this vertebra articulate? -​ What movement are you able to perform because of this articulation? 9.​ Axis or C2: to help you remember which is which - they’re in alphabetical order ATlas, then AXis a.​ Dens (odontoid process) - this is the pointy process that sticks up -​ With what bone does the dens articulate superiorly? Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ What movement are you able to perform because of this articulation? -​ Take a picture of this articulation and insert it into your board so you can visualize how the bones fit together. Using a circle (O) or box (☐) in slides, surround the articulation of C1 and C2 and label it. Board 10: The remainder of the axial skeleton bones create the Thoracic Cage - Below you will identify the bones and bone markings of this cage. -​ What major organs are protected by this bony cage? -​ Bone markings of the Sternum 1.​ Manubrium - this is the superior, wider portion of the sternum -​ With what bones does this marking articulate on either side? -​ Way back in the land of the temporal bone (board 3), you explored Dr. Hill’s favorite muscle. This muscle inserts on the temporal bone, but originates here. Review this muscle, its attachment points to bone and actions by looking back on your hard work from above. -​ What muscle originates from the manubrium of the sternum? sternocleidomastoid -​ On what bone marking of the temporal bone does this muscle insert? mastoid process -​ Based on the points of attachment, what are the major actions of this muscle? turn and tilt your head 2.​ Xiphoid process – this process often gets broken off during CPR and is a point of insertion for a major abdominal muscle that runs superior → inferior in the abdomen (this is your “6 pack” muscle) a.​ Which abdominal muscle inserts on this process? Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill -​ What is the bone of origin of this muscle (follow the muscle to the other end from its superior insertion point to find its inferior origin - we’ll label it in the next assignment)? -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle itself -​ Based on the points of attachment, what is the action of this muscle? -​ Bone markings of a Rib 3.​ Head -​ With what vertebral bone marking does this marking articulate? 4.​ Tubercle – this is the rough bump distal to the head and a bit inferior on the rib -​ With what vertebral bone marking (it’s a process) does this marking articulate? -​ Take a picture of this articulation and insert it into your board so you can visualize how the bones fit together. Using a circle (O) or box (☐) in slides, surround the articulation and label it. 5.​ Between 2 ribs exist 2 muscles that help you breath (kind of important, right?). Identify the more superficial muscle of INhalation here: -​ This muscle of inhalation raises (pulls UP on) the rib cage (this is the ACTION of this muscle). These muscles are between 2 ribs, so one rib (upper or lower) is the bone of origin and the other is the bone of insertion (note: the O/I of the other muscle is the opposite!). Identify which is which for this muscle here: -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle itself Biol162: A&P1 In Lab Assignment - Axial Bone and Muscle​ Hill 6.​ The other is a muscle of EXhalation located deep to the previous muscle and depresses (pulls DOWN on) the rib cage (this is the ACTION of this muscle). Identify the deeper muscle of EXhalation here: -​ The origin and insertion of this muscle are the opposite ribs to the muscle of inhalation. Identify them here: -​ Label the origin with an O and insertion with an I in slides on the muscle itself 7.​ Before we leave our discussion of the axial skeleton and while we’re discussing muscles of breathing, let’s cover the MAJOR muscle of breathing. What muscle am I referring to?