Chemistry Guide PDF

What is Chemistry? A branch of science that studies matter/atoms (everything) It’s important to know chemistry to learn how things work together, as everything is made of matter we use it in our daily life (Medicine; Cooking; Cleaning; Gardening; Industry) Atoms: Everything that ha...

What is Chemistry? A branch of science that studies matter/atoms (everything) It’s important to know chemistry to learn how things work together, as everything is made of matter we use it in our daily life (Medicine; Cooking; Cleaning; Gardening; Industry) Atoms: Everything that has mass and volume is made of matter, witch is made of atoms Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, atoms are made of subatomic particles Protons (P+) positive electric charge Neutrons (N°) neutral electric charge Electrons (E-) negative electric charge Atomic #- provides the # of protons Protons determine the element Neutrons can modify the properties of the atom, the # of neutrons is provided by the subtraction of the atomic mass minus the atomic number (A.M - A.N) Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element, they combine in various ways to form molecules and compounds, which make up all substances we see around us. Ion is an atom or molecule that has a charge because it has lost or gained one or more electrons. Cation is an ion with a positive charge, when an atom loses electrons. Anion is an ion with a negative charge, when an atom gains electrons. Elements An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, each element is made up of only one type of atom. when elements interact they form different structures such as: Molecules are a group of two or more atoms that are bonded together, these can be either the same type or different types (Molecules are the smallest units of a compound) Compound is a substance made up of two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together, these can be combined in fixed ratios to form a new substance with unique properties. They exist 118 elements that have been discovered so far, which are organized in the periodic table Electrons are responsible for the interactions between the atoms, they have negative electron charge. *in chemistry never write number 1 H+ = loses 1 electron F - = gains 1 electron Isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in its nucleus Symbol Atomic # Protons Electrons Neutrons Mass # O 8 8 8 8 16 Ca 20 20 20 20 40 Al 13 13 13 14 27 Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells, in which each one can hold a calcule a fixed number of electrons: pathways, an electronic structure can be calculated if you know the number of electrons and shells within each atom. Conformation of matter Ba(OH)2 O3 H2SO4 molecule, compound molecule, atom molecule, compound, atom 3 elements: 1 element: 3 elements: Ba: Barium (1) O: Oxygen (3) H: Hydrogen (2) O: Oxygen (2) =3 atoms S: Sulfur (1) H: Hydrogen (2) Oxygen (4) = 5 atoms = 7 atoms Physical and chemical properties of matter Physical properties are characteristics of matter which can be observed, described, measured and modified without changing the essence of the substance ex. Texture; size; state of matter; melting point; boiling point; flexibility;hardness; malleability; luster; density; weight; height; duality; conductivity; solubility; magnetism; color; etc. Chemical properties are characteristics which sometimes are not visible by themselves, however can be perceived when substance interacts with something else, when these properties change, substance changes ex. PH; flammability; combustion; reactivity; toxicity; radioactivity; corrosion; rasty; explosive; color; etc. *color can be a physical and chemical change Glossary 1. Malleability: property of materials (especially metals) that allows them to be hammered, pressed or rolled into sheets without breaking 2. Luster: a way that light interacts with the surface of a mineral or other material, describes how shiny or reflective the surface appears 3. Ductility: property of materials that describes their ability to be stretched or deformed without breaking 4. Melting point: temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid 5. Boiling point: temperature at which a liquid turns into gas 6. Conductivity: measure of how well a material can allow the flow of electricity/ electric current or heat 7. Magnetism: force that can attract or repel certain materials, it is caused by the motion of electric charges 8. Density: measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume (mass/volume) 9. Solubility: the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent to form a solution 10. Hardness: property of material that measures how resistant they are to being scratched, dented or deformed 11. Color: property of an object that describes how it reflects or emits light 12. Flammability: property of a material that describes how easily it can catch fire and burn 13. Combustion: chemical reaction that occur when a substance reacts with oxygen to produce heat and light 14. Toxicity: measure of how harmful a substance can be to living organisms 15. Reactivity: how easily a substance undergoes a chemical reaction, describes how likely an element compound is to interact with other substances and change into a new substance 16. PH: measure of how acidic or basic a solution is (stands for “Potential of Hydrogen”) and is scale that ranges from 0 to 4 17. Corrosion: natural process where metals deteriorate because of reactions with their environment 18. Radioactivity: process where unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation Chemical and Physical properties of matter Intensive: are those physical properties which are NOT affected by the amount of substance that you have ex. boiling point; melting point; conductivity; etc. Extensive: are those physical properties which are affected by the amount of substance you have ex. mass/weight; volume; size; etc. Are those properties determined without changing the identity of the substance? NO YES chemical properties physical properties how does the substance react does the properties to the presence of: depend on the amount Air of substance? Acid NO YES Base intensive physical property extensive physical Water property Other chemicals Laboratory items Pipet Rubber pipette bulb Beaker Thermometer Graduated cylinder Wash bottle Electronic Balance Spatule Hot plate Test tubes Safety goggles Ring stand Iron ring 2nd period ELEMENTS OF LIFE: “CHONPS” These are present in almost every main Biomolecule Carbon 4 main biomolecules: Hydrogen Carbohydrates Oxygen Proteins Nitrogen Lipids Phosphorus Nucleic Acids Sulfur These are made out of blocks called: Monomers Monomers get together to form Polymers Levels of organization of matter: Atom-Molecule-Compound-Monomer-Polymere BIOMOLECULES: 1.CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are the nutritional category for sugars Carbs are made of: C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) These make the monomer called Monosaccharide witch means 1 sugar Monosaccharides are the main source of energy for cells (glucose is the blood sugar) Carbs are classified in Monosaccharides: (simple sugars) 1 sugar, these are the main source of energy ex.Galactose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose, Glucose Simple carbs are also called Fehling Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides Oligosaccharides: 2-20 monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bond ex. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, Raffinose Polysaccharides: (Complex sugars) +20 monosaccharides also bonded by a glycosidic bond ex. Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose These complex carbs are also called Lugol Sugars can be classified in Fructose and Glucose Glucose is processed by almost all organisms in your body witch gives you fast energy, on the other hand Fructose is metabolized just by the liver, and since it takes more time to be processed the excess of fructose is metabolized to fat. But when foods have fiber they slow down the release of sugar, giving more time to the body to process it Carbs are found in: Grains, Fruits, Veggies, Dairy, Legumes and Sweets Their main function os to give our body energy, and store that energy Is important for us to consume carbohydrates, since they are our main source of energy and without them we get a low energy level, difficulty concentrating, nutrient deficiencies, digestive issues and muscle loss. 2.PROTEIN Proteins are biomolecules made of C,H,O,N (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) These create the monomer of Amino Acids (aa.) There exists 20 amino acids Essential Non- essential They must be consume Can be produced in our body by the food we eat -9 aa. -11 aa. Essential: Non-essential: Histidine Alanine Proline Isoleucine Arginine Selenocysteine Lysine Asparagine Serine Methionine Aspartic Acid Tyrosine Phenylalanine Cysteine Threonine Glutamic Acid Tryptophan Glutamine Valine Glycine Proteins are classified in 4 groups based on their structure Primary: is a single chain with less than 100 aa. Secondary: more than one hundred >100 aa. As the number of amino acids increase, the cells reshape in ribbons, this can be a 𝝰 (Alpha) helix or a 𝝱 (Beta) folded Tertiary: amount of aa. increases providing both structures in the same protein (is a mix of the secondary) Quaternary: is the longest protein, a mix of tertiary proteins +than 400 aa. *the aa. present determine their functions depending on their arrangement Classification of proteins Structure: Function: Composition: Fibrous proteins Enzymes Simple Globular Proteins Structural Conjugated Transportation Defensive Storage Signaling Proteins can be found in Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, nuts and seeds and soy products Their main function in our body is to speed up chemical reactions (Enzymes), growth and repair tissues, and have an immune function Proteins are important for our bodies to repair and and build tissues and muscle and without them our body suffers from weakening, growth issues and fatigue 3.LIPIDS Lipids are made out of C,H,O (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) Lipids also known as fats are hydrophobic which means they don´t mix with water *They are classified based on the organization of molecules Saturated “Bad fats” They have all their bonds occupied, not allowing them to interact with other molecules Unsaturated “Good fats” They have available bonds to connect with other molecules allowing us to use them in metabolic processes Oil: liquids (Olive, Canola) Wax (Avocado, Butter) Fats: solids (Nuts) When you cook these they become saturated because the structure may change Lipids help our body to have an emergency energy storage, gives organ protection and is a thermal insulator as well as hormone production Lipids are important for us to provide energy and support cell functions and without consuming them our body suffers from energy deficiency, a poor cell function, hormonal imbalance and vitamin deficiency 4.NUCLEIC ACIDS These are made out of C,H,O,N,P (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus) and these elements create the monomer Nucleotide these are macromolecules that store and transfer genetic information, classified as: DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Is a double strand of nitrogen bases pair and complemented with each other C-G (Cytosine-Guanine) T-A (Thymine-Adenine) Nitrogen bases Cytosine Guanine Thymine Adenine These are located in the nucleus of the cell, it's function is to store the genetic information RNA Ribonucleic acid Is a single strand of nitrogen bases, which are translated into proteins by transcribing into amino acids, its created at the nucleus as the copied message of DNA which comes out of the nucleus to be translated by a ribosome Nitrogen base Uralic is the thymine replacement RNA can be used in the body as Messenger: nucleus to cell, taking the info. from nucleus to cytoplasm Transfer: catch aa. in the cytoplasm and transport it to ribosomes Ribosomal: construct the ribosomes, they associate with proteins to get their synthesis Both of these are found in all living organisms, and their function is to store and transmit the genetic information DNA-holds the instructions for building and maintaining an organism RNA-translates the instructions to make proteins They are both important for the genetic information, protein synthesis and cell functions MICRONUTRIENTS Are substances we consume in small quantities and are divides in 2 groups Vitamins Liposoluble Water soluble Vitamins mix with fats Vitamins mix with water A,D,E,K B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12,C Minerals Macrominerals Trace minerals Eat them in large quantities Tiny amount to consume Calcium Iron Phosphorus Manganese Magnesium Cooper Sodium Zinc Chloride Iodine Potassium Fluoride Sulfur Selenium Their function is to aid in energy production, blood clotting, growth, immune function,etc. BASAL METABOLIC RATE Minimum requirement of energy to keep you alive, keep your heart beating, lungs breathing, and blood circulating And there exists some factors which determine the intake requirements: Age Gender/Sex Metabolism Height Genetics Health/Diseases Metabolism Physical activity Climate/Weather Complexion Habits (sleep, activities, etc.) 3rd period THE CALORIE