Globalization - CONTEM MOD 1 PDF

GLOBAL ITEMS 6. Globalization is geographic Some places on earth experience it, some don’t...

GLOBAL ITEMS 6. Globalization is geographic Some places on earth experience it, some don’t Some people are affected by it, some people are not ✧ 7 DESCRIPTIONS OF GLOBALIZATION? affected Example: The Gods Must Be Crazy movie 1. Globalization is a phenomenon It is an event 7. Globalization is inevitable It is something on the history timeline Globalization spreads from one place into another. It’s like a war, an earthquake, a king’s reign, or any other But since Globalization is a process, there will come a happening on the history timeline. time when all places and people on earth will It is a phenomenon of the “contemporary times” in the experience it. history timeline. It cannot be avoided. We must therefore prepare for it. Cannot be easily stopped and it will happen according to stream of events What is Globalization? An event 2. Globalization is a process A process It is not something that happened in a zap Driven by many factors On the history timeline, it is from point A to point B; not Collapsing of borders point A only. Shrinking of the world figuratively A process undergoes different stages, from early stage Geographic to advanced/present stage. Inevitable So does Globalization There are events that actually led it to happen. STATE AND NATION One small event can trigger a global happening/phenoma. ✧ THE STATE 3. Globalization has drivers A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently There are reasons why Globalization takes place. occupying a definite portion of territory, possessing an organized We call them drivers. government to which the great body of the inhabitants render These can be events, people, etc that serve as stimuli or habitual obedience, and free or nearly so from external control. spark for the Globalization process to start rolling. There is no single one driver of globalization, it is a 4 Elements of a State combination of several factors happening one by one People or simultaneously Territory Government 4. Globalization involves the collapsing of borders Sovereignty Not necessarily borderlines between countries Breaking down of figurative walls that divide interaction ✧ PEOPLE between and among individuals, nations and Mass of population living within the state. governments No people, no state Take the case of Antarctica Certain cultural trends that happen in one country are being Smallest state in terms of population - Vatican (900) adapted or applied by another country Largest state in terms of population - China (2 billion) Philippine population as of 2016 - 100 million 5. Globalization involves the shrinking of the world Not that the planet gets smaller physically size. ✧ TERRITORY It means that individuals, nations, and governments The land that the people occupy. have ease of interaction. No land, no state…even if there are Example: communication, transportation, business, people. education  Take the case of the Jews one century ago. They were Sovereignty also means independence scattered all over the world. When we were still a Spanish colony, we don’t have It was only in 1948 when the UN assigned a piece of independence. land in the Middle East to be the homeland of the Jews. Therefore, the Philippines was not yet a STATE at that time. Smallest state in terms of territory– Vatican (0.44 sq Hong Kong isn’t independent. China governs it. kms)– Luneta is bigger Therefore, Hong Kong is not a STATE. Largest state in terms of territory– Canada (9.97 million sq. kms.) ✧ NATION Philippines–300,000 sq kms A group of people bound together by common characteristics (like physical attributes, language, origin, traditions), and who ✧ GOVERNMENT believe that they are one and distinct from others. The agency through which the will of the state is expressed, formulated or carried out; usually named after the name of the One in a way that they are cooperating for international country. allegiances and interaction and distinct because they have their own culture, language, perspectives, heritage) Example: Philippine Government Nation is different from State US Government Nation is nation, even though they may not have territory, government or sovereignty. The organization of leaders running the show. Nation is synonymous to “people” No government, no state….even if there are people and The Filipino nation, the Filipino people territory. Example: The Buko Boys, Sir Jet’s high school barkada. Japanese nation They are people, they have a territory (the school Common physical traits basketball court), but they do not have a government. Common language Common traditions ✧ SOVEREIGNTY Belief that they are one (all Japanese are one) Synonymous to freedom. Belief that they are distinct from others (from the No sovereignty, no state…even if there are people, Chinese and Koreans) territory, or government. Examples of territories without sovereignty: One state, one nation Tibet and Guam Thailand It does not to have to be one country conquering Japan another, it can be one country controlling another Saudi Arabia country One state, many nations inside it 2 Aspects of Sovereignty The State of Israel Has the Jewish nation and the Palestinian nation inside External its territory Freedom from external foreign control Example: China is controlling Tibet; therefore Tibet is not One nation, many states a state. The Korean nation Example: USA is controlling Guam; therefore Guam is 2 states-North Korea, South Korea not a state. Power between sovereign power and other states The Arab nation Several states–Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Syria, Internal Lebanon, Jordan When people obey their government. Power of state in the individuals, citizens etc. CONCLUSION As students of the Contemporary World, one goal is to Salaries are uniform and food is sometimes understand what our nation and state is all about, and to do our rationed. part to strengthen our dear Philippine state and Filipino nation. Why? For equal distribution of wealth. B. Based on Number of Rulers FORMS OF GOVERNMENTS One person - Monarchy Why do we need a government? - Fascism Imagine life without a government? Anarchy Many persons - Aristocracy Protection of society and its members - Oligarchy Security of persons - Democracy Security of property - COmmunism Administration of justice Preservation of state from external danger One person- Also called Autocracy Dealing of state with foreign powers Advancement of physical, social, and cultural ✧ Monarch well-being of people Rule of the Monarch Monarch-king or queen Other states may have a different title - Emperor, Forms of government Sultan, Czar, etc. Many dichotomies: The Monarch is royal-blooded Dichotomy 1: Based on Freedom and Rights of the People Two Types of Monarchies Dichotomy 2: Based on Number of Rulers Dichotomy 3: Based on Extent of Powers of the 1. Absolute Monarchy Central Government The monarch has absolute powers Dichotomy 4: Based on the Relationship of the What he says is the law of the land Branches of Gov’t. No need for a constitution States may adopt combinations of these dichotomies 2. Constitutional Monarchy There is a constitution A. Based on Freedom and Rights of People There is a parliament doing the nitty-gritty of governance. ✧ DEMOCRACY The monarch is just a figure-head. People are powerful in the sense that they have a voice in running the government. ✧ Fascism They have a wide range of rights and liberties. Rule of a Dictator People have freedom to be who they want to be. Everything for the glory of the state. Free market economy, capitalism. ✧ Aristocracy ✧ COMMUNISM Rule of the Aristocrats Government has full control of the political and “rule of the best” economic lives of the people. Happened in ancient Greece Equal distribution of wealth. No rich, no poor. A group of people ruled each polis People have no/very limited rights and liberties One cannot criticize the government ✧ Oligarchy Government assigns jobs to citizens Rule of the Oligarchs Small group of non-royal-blooded people  Compared to the aristocrats, the oligarchs are not the best in society Examples: They are usually selfish, corrupt, and are gluttons of wealth, pride, and power USA Germany ✧ Democracy Rule of the People Two Types: Direct Democracy– all people decide matters in a meeting.. Also called Pure D. Based on the Relationship of the Executive and Democracy. Legislative Branches of the Government Indirect Democracy–people select Presidential- The Presidential Relationship representatives,then the representatives Voters elect the Legislature and the Chief Executive who meet together to decide matters. Also is part of the Executive Branch. The legislature and called Representative Democracy. executive are independent and coequal. Parliamentary- The Parliamentary Relationship ✧ Communism Voters elect the Legislature. The Chief Executive is drawn A Central Committee runs the government from the Legislature. They are in charge of keeping the “equal distribution of wealth” and discipline in the state. 3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT C. Based on the Extent of Powers of the National 1. Legislative Government - Make laws Unitary - The senators and Federal congressmen/assemblymen ✧ Unitary 2. Executive Ways Government Distributes Power - Implements the laws Central Authority and Regional Authority - The President/Prime Minister, cabinet, LGU The national government is in-charge of all affairs. 3. Judiciary National government tells the local governments - Convicts or acquits people accused of what to do. law breaking - The judges Examples: Philippines Indonesia HEAD OF GOVERNMENT AND HEAD OF STATE Singapore 1. HEAD OF GOVERNMENT- The person is really in ✧ Federal charge and responsible for running the There is a national government which takes care nitty-gritty of governance. of national affairs. 2. HEAD OF STATE- The person who symbolically The state is also divided into FEDERAL UNITS. represents the state. He may be the head of government at the same time; or he may be Each Federal Unit is governed by a FEDERAL another person aside from the head of GOVERNMENT. government. Each Federal Government is supreme in its own sphere, having its own set of legislature, laws, and ✧ PRESIDENTIAL other agencies. Thus, laws may vary from one Federal Unit to The leader is the PRESIDENT another.  The Head of Government is ALSO the Head Clans settled beside rivers ofState Mesopotamia, Nile, Indus, Huang-Ho He is elected by direct democracy Permanent settlements (no longer nomadic) He is independent of the Legislative People built cities beside the great rivers In the same way, the Legislative is also independent from the President (Chief Executive). ✧ ANCIENT TIMES Rise of City-States, Kingdoms, and Empires Examples: Philippines Rise of “City-States” USA Cities governed by a powerful person whom the people Indonesia acknowledge as their political leader Leaders protect their people and the city-state from ✧ PARLIAMENTARY raiders and rival city-states The leader is the PRIME MINISTER The Leader is a strong man-of-war He is the Head of Government. There may be another person who is the Head of Rise of Kingdoms State (like the King) City-states evolved into kingdoms The Prime Minister (PM) is elected by indirect Formation of social classes democracy Leader’s clan became the top class, the nobility People elect members of the Parliament. Then Monarchy established: inherited leadership Parliament selects the PM among themselves. Taxation began Since the process involves indirect democracy, the PM is a creation of the Legislative/the Rise of Empires Parliament. Kingdoms invade other kingdoms The Legislative can fire the PM anytime. One emperor ruling several kingdoms Vassal-kings and governors under the emperor Examples: UK Examples of Ancient Empires Canada Japan In the Middle East: Malaysia Babylonian Empire Persian Empire Greek Empire Roman Empire POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION In Central Asia : Mongol Empire Part 1: From Patriarchy to Monarchy In Southeast Asia: How the Nomadic Societies evolved into City-States, ○ Khmer Empire Kingdoms, andEmpires ○ Srivijaya Empire In the beginning… In the Americas: Nomadic families and clans ○ Maya Empire Hunting and gathering ○ Aztec Empire Decisions made by head of the clan ○ Inca Empire Patriarchy Examples of Empires during the Middle Ages Then the people learned AGRICULTURE Agricultural Revolution In the Middle East: Domestication of animals (instead of hunting) ○ Islamic Empire Cultivation of crops (instead of gathering) In Europe:  ○ Byzantine Empire More liberties for citizens ○ Holy Roman Empire ✧ Industrial Revolution ✧ AGE OF MERCANTILISM European countries developed machines for mass Quest for gold and spices production The more gold, the more powerful Factories established Spices for food preservation Mechanized farming, mechanized transportation Led to the exploration and discovery of new lands Western European kingdoms built overseas empires Coal-powered factories and vehicles Great damage to environment Examples of Empires during the Age of Mercantilism Poor labor practices In Europe: ○ Spanish Empire The Industrial Revolution made the Western European ○ Portuguese Empire empires more powerful economically and politically ○ Dutch Empire England, France, Spain, Germany, Belgium, Holland ○ French Empire The United States of America (USA) also became like ○ British Empire the Western European powers ○ Belgian Empire ✧ Birth of Communism Age of Mercantilism Because of the Industrial Revolution… Monarchy continued to be the political order Two social classes became more defined Emperors ruled their motherland in Europe, plus their The capitalists and the masses colonies in other continents The bourgeoisie and the proletariat World Order: Capitalists-the rich, the factory owners Europe-the seat of power Masses-the working class, the laborers, the factory Asia, Africa, Americas-subdued people and territories workers Australia-penal colony of the British 1800s in Europe Part 2: The Birth of Democracy and Communism The capitalists oftentimes exploit the laborers How the Monarchy gave birth to Democracy No more “equality of men” How The Industrial Revolution gave birth to Karl Marx, a German philosopher living in England, Communism observed this. He hated the exploitation of the masses by the elites ✧ Rise of Democracy Dreamt of a class-less society Monarchs and Emperors were mostly despotic due to He hatched the idea of communism their absolute powers Wrote 2 books: Das Kapital, and The Communist In France, this resulted to a revolution Manifesto The French Revolution-the First Revolution that led to democracy ✧ Spread of Communism Communism was never applied in Marx’s lifetime The French king was killed by the peasants 1917-Russia, the first country to apply communism “No more monarchy” Russian Revolution A parliament was formed to run the country Led by Vladimir Lenin People elect representatives to the parliament Ended the monarchy Start of the Soviet Era Other European countries followed the French model Kings lost their absolute powers ✧ Birth of Communism Parliaments took care of the governance of their Lenin confiscated all the wealth of Russia and countries distributed it equally among the people Concept of equality of people He set up a communist government which is iron-fisted  ✧ Post-World War 2 Communist Russia invaded 14 neighboring countries Release of the colonies (the UN calls this and integrated them in the Soviet Union “Decolonization”) Also called USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Economic losses during World War 2 caused GB, France and other European powers to give independence to ✧ Spread of Communism their colonies In 1950, China followed the Russian model The Philippines became independent Mao Tse Tung drove away Chiang Kai Shek to Taiwan Also India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and many African and Mao set up a communist government in mainland Middle East countries China The New World Order: Part 3: The World Wars and the Cold War ○ 1st World, 2nd World, 3rd World The Great Rivalry of Democracy and Communism ○ 1st World-rich democratic countries (USA, GB, France) World War 1 and World War 2 ○ 2nd World-big, powerful communist countries Caused the powerful nations to polarize (USSR, China) Grouped together and fought each other ○ 3rd World-the rest of the world WW1 Axis Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary,Ottoman Empire ✧ The Cold War WW1 Allied Powers-US, GB, France, USSR (The Big 4), Competition of the 1st World and the 2nd World to Japan, Italy convert/keep the 3rd World countries under their WW2 Axis Powers -Germany, Italy, Japan respective fence WW2 Allied Powers-US, GB, France, USSR (The Big 4) Communism vs Democracy Axis (Fascism, Monarchy) vs Allied (Democracy, Non-shooting war, just a war of ideologies Communism) Spy vs spy James Bond vs the KGB The Axis Powers lost in both wars After World war 2, the Big Four became even more USSR and China fund communist rebels in democratic known as “the undisputed world powers” 3rd World countries To overthrow the democratic government and replace The Big 4: it with a communist one US, France, GB–democratic USA and GB fund the democratic 3rd World to prevent a USSR-communist communist take-over Examples: Cuba, North Vietnam, many African countries ✧ The League of Nations and the UN After World War 1, The League of Nations was formed Korean stand-off (1920). After World War 2, Korea was partitioned by the USA Its objective is to preserve world peace and USSR At its peak, it had 58 members North Korea–became communist, because of USSR Disagreement among members and withdrawal of South Korea–became democratic, because of USA membership happened It failed to prevent World War 2 The Korean War, 1950-1953 At the end of World War 2, the League of Nations was North Korea vs South Korea abolished Communism vs Democracy It was replaced by the United Nations USSR and China helped North Korea From 51 member states in 1945, today the UN has 193 USA helped South Korea members Ended with a stalemate, a draw, a tie Purpose: peace-keeping Later, health, food security, environmentalism, and the The Vietnam War likes, became additional objectives After World War 2, Vietnam was partitioned  North Vietnam became communist because of the What the World Looks Like Politically Today USSR South Vietnam became democratic because of the USA ✧ Post-Cold War Era In 1965-1975, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam Germany became a united democratic country USSR and China funded the North Vietnamese, USA The other small communist countries in Europe helped South Vietnam became democratic South Vietnam and the USA lost the war. The USSR disintegrated Russia gave independence to the 14 Soviet republics- The 1st World countries in North America and Europe Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, formed the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Lithuania, Ukraine, etc If one member gets attacked by the communist bloc, Parliaments replaced the communist governments the other NATO members would come to the rescue. there Fortunately, this didn’t happen. China opened itself to US capitalists The United Nations had a hard time doing its job during China allowed US companies to operate in their land the cold war. Both the US and the USSR were UN members Nike, Apple, McDonalds, etc For the record, the UN deployed peacekeeping forces Now, almost everything in the world is made in China only on 2 occasions during the Cold War: Vietnam followed China’s example During the Korean War in the 1950s Communist government, but open to Western In Congo in the 1960s to aid the government against capitalists rebel forces Communism evolved into Socialism ✧ The End of the Cold War Socialism– After World War 2, Germany was also partitioned. Politically, they look like communism because it only Also the capital city of Berlin. has one political party, and nobody can oppose it, the West Germany and West Berlin became democratic people still do not have rights of speech, press, etc. because of the USA But economically, not all businesses are state-owned. East Germany and East Berlin became communist Many companies are owned by entrepreneur citizens because of the USSR and even foreigners. There is no longer “equal distribution of wealth” End of the Cold War In 1989, the East Germans had a “people power Today, only 2 countries remain as “pure communists” revolution” Cuba and North Korea They gave up communism and wanted to be But lately, Cuban leader Fidel Castro died. democratic His successor is open-minded to US partnership They destroyed the Berlin Wall, the barrier that divided Also, new North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, is having the two Germanies. exploratory talks on the unification of Korea. (where did the East Germans got the idea of a people Experts claim that sooner or later, communism will be a power revolution?) thing of the past EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 Where is Globalization in our story? After the German experience, many communist Breaking down of barriers between the communism countries in Europe followed suit. and democracy Democracy-hungry people toppled the communist The trend: The world is becoming capitalistic and governments in their countries democratic Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and even the USSR ✧ Postlude: War on Terror By the end of the 1990s, communism was almost dead Now, in the contemporary times, the 1st World has a new enemy-Terrorism Part 4: The Post-Cold War World  Islamic Extremist groups (Taliban, Al Qaeda, ISIS) have launched attacks in the 1st World The US and its allies have invaded countries that they think are “cuddling” these extremist groups Afghanistan and Iraq The US put up “democratic governments” in these invaded countries to replace the Islamic extremist governments ✧ The Role of the UN The United Nations still exists and has grew even bigger Recognizes and respects the sovereignty of states Arbitrates conflict between member states diplomatically (But the implementation of their rulings is up to the states involved, like the case of the PH and China over the South China Sea) Sends out peace-keeping forces (not combat troops) in hot spots Aids in calamities SYNTHESIS The trend: ○ The world started with simple nomadic groups here and there ○ They polarized into settlements, nations, kingdoms, and empires ○ Through time, borders separated them. Borders may be physical walls, borderlines, ideologies (like communism and democracy), despotic leaders, wars, economic systems, religion, and the likes ○ In the contemporary world, these barriers are crumbling down. ○ The breaking down of these barriers and the unification of the world is GLOBALIZATION unfolding before our eyes.