Conditional Sentences, Modals, & Vocabulary PDF

# What Are Conditional Sentences? - **Definition:** Conditional sentences describe situations that can be real, possible, unlikely, or imaginary. They depend on a particular condition. Only if this condition is fulfilled, then a result is possible. Conditional sentences are composed of two clauses:...

# What Are Conditional Sentences? - **Definition:** Conditional sentences describe situations that can be real, possible, unlikely, or imaginary. They depend on a particular condition. Only if this condition is fulfilled, then a result is possible. Conditional sentences are composed of two clauses: the "if" clause (condition) and the main clause (result). - **Examples:** 1. **If** you heat water (condition), **it boils** (result). [real; present] 2. **If** it rains, I **will bring** an umbrella. [possible; future] 3. **If** I won the lottery, I **would buy** a house. [unlikely; future] 4. **If** I had eaten carefully, I **would have enjoyed** good health. [imaginary] # Types of Conditional Sentences - **Zero Conditional:** Facts that are always true. - **First Conditional:** Possible future events. - **Second Conditional:** Imaginary or unlikely events. - **Third Conditional:** Imaginary past events. # English Conditionals - **Scale of Probability:** - **Zero Conditional:** - "If you heat water, it boils." - **Definite** - **Second Conditional:** - "If it rained tomorrow, I'd stay inside." - **Impossible** - **First Conditional:** - "If I have time later, I'll do some shopping." - **Possible** - **Third Conditional:** - "If I had known, I would have told you." # Zero Conditional Sentences - **We use zero conditional sentences to express general truths, scientific facts, and situations that always occur when certain conditions are met.** - **Structure:** "If + present simple, present simple." - **Examples:** 1. **If** you heat water, **it boils**. 2. **If** you mix red and blue, you **get** purple. 3. **If** you heat ice, **it melts**. - **Activity:** Make zero conditional sentences in the given exercise. # Exercise (Zero Conditional) - **Complete the sentences using the correct form:** 1. **If** you ___(heat)___ ice, it ___(melt)___. 2. **If** you ___(mix)___ red and blue, you ___(get)___ purple. 3. **If** people ___(eat)___ too much sugar, they ___(get)___ cavities. 4. **If** you ___(turn)___ off the lights, the room ___(become)___ dark. 5. **If** it ___(rain)___, the ground ___(get)___ wet. # Zero Conditional Answer Key - **Answers:** 1. **If** you **heat** ice, **it melts**. 2. **If** you **mix** red and blue, you **get** purple. 3. **If** people **eat too much** sugar, they **get** cavities. 4. **If** you **turn** off the lights, the room **becomes** dark. 5. **If** it **rains**, the ground **gets** wet. # First Conditional Sentences - **We use first conditional sentences to talk about possible future events that are likely to happen if a certain condition is met.** - **Structure:** "If + present simple, will + base verb." - **Example:** **If** you study hard, you **will pass** your exam. # First Conditional - **Examples:** - **If** I study hard, I **will pass** the exam. - **If** it rains tomorrow, we **will cancel** the picnic. - **Variations:** We can use "may," "might," or "can" instead of "will" for **less certainty**. - **Example:** **If** you hurry, you **might catch** the bus. - **Activity:** Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in first conditional sentences. # Exercise (First Conditional) - **Complete the sentences using the correct form:** 1. **If** you ___(study)___ hard, you ___(pass)___ the exam. 2. **If** it ___(rain)___ tomorrow, we ___(cancel)___ the picnic. 3. **If** she ___(get)___ the job, she ___(move)___ to New York. 4. **If** they ___(invite)___ us, we ___(attend)___ the party. 5. **If** he ___(apologize)___, she ___(be)___ happy. # First Conditional: Answer Key - **Answers:** 1. **If** you **study** hard, you **will pass** the exam. 2. **If** it **rains** tomorrow, we **will not go** to the park. 3. **If** she **gets** the job, she **will move** to New York. 4. **If** they **invite** us, we **will attend** the party. 5. **If** he **apologizes**, she **will be** happy. # Second Conditional Sentences - **We use second conditional sentences to talk about unlikely or imaginary situations in the present or future and their possible results.** - **Structure:** "If + past simple, would + base verb." - **Examples:** - **If** I ran everyday, I **would win** the race. - 1. **If** I worked hard, I **would pass** my exam. - 2. **If** I had wings, I **would fly**. - **Activity:** Rewrite sentences to create second conditional structures. # Exercise (Second Conditional) - **Complete the sentences using the correct form:** 1. **If** I ___(win)___ the lottery, I ___(buy)___ a new car. 2. **If** he ___(be)___ taller, he ___(become)___ a basketball player. 3. **If** we ___(live)___ in Paris, we ___(speak)___ French fluently. 4. **If** he ___(not be)___ so busy, he ___(join)___ us for dinner. 5. **If** they ___(have)___ more money, they ___(travel)___ more often. # Second Conditional: Answer Key - **Answers:** 1. **If** I **won** the lottery, I **would buy** a new car. 2. **If** he **were** taller, he **would become** a basketball player. 3. **If** we **lived** in Paris, we **would speak** French fluently. 4. **If** he **weren't** so busy, he **would join** us for dinner. 5. **If** they **had** more money, they **would travel** more often. # Third Conditional Sentences - **We use third conditional sentences to talk about past situations that did not happen and their imagined results.** - **Structure:** "If + past perfect, would have + past participle." - **Example:** - 1. **If** I **had studied** more, I **would have passed** my exam. - 2. **If** he **had run** faster, he **would have won** the race. - **Activity:** Rewrite the given sentences to make appropriate third conditional sentences. # Exercise (Third Conditional) - **Complete the sentences using the correct form:** 1. **If** I ___(know)___ about the party, I ___(go)___. 2. **If** she ___(wake)___ up earlier, she ___(catch)___ the bus. 3. **If** they ___(save)___ money, they ___(buy)___ a house. 4. **If** we ___(take)___ the right turn, we ___(not get)___ lost. 5. **If** he ___(study)___ harder, he ___(pass)___ the exam. # Third Conditional: Answer Key - **Answers:** 1. **If** I **had known** about the party, I **would have gone**. 2. **If** she **had woken** up earlier, she **would have caught** the bus. 3. **If** they **had saved** money, they **would have bought** a house. 4. **If** we **had taken** the right turn, we **wouldn't have got** lost. 5. **If** he **had studied** harder, he **would have passed** the exam. # Common Errors In Conditional Sentences - **Incorrect Tense Usage:** - **Example Error:** **If** I **will go** (incorrect), I **will call** you. - **Corrected:** **If** I **go**, I **will call** you. - **Overuse of "would" in the "if" clause:** - **Example Error:** **If** I **would know** (incorrect), I **would tell** you. - **Corrected:** **If** I **knew**, I **would tell** you. # Introduction To Modals - **Definition:** Modals are auxiliary verbs that express necessity, obligation, possibility, permission, and ability. - **Common Modals:** Can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to. - **Examples of Use:** - **Necessity/Obligation:** - I **have to** pay my electricity bill tomorrow. - I **must** exercise daily for good health. - **Possibility:** It **might** rain later. - **Permission:** **Can** I use your computer? - **Ability:** I **can** swim two hundred meters without stopping. # Overview: Modals and Their Uses - **Possibility:** - Can - Could - May - Might - **Obligation/Necessity:** - Must - Have to - Should - Ought to - **Offers/Requests/Suggestions:** - Shall - Will - Would - Can - Could # Modals for Possibility - **Can/Could:** General possibility. - **Example:** Anyone **can** join the club. - **Example:** It **could** happen to anyone tomorrow. - **May/Might:** Slight possibility. - **Example:** We **may** go to the mall this weekend. - **Example:** He **might** be at the gym now. - **Could:** Past or future possibilities. - **Example:** They **could** arrive late due to traffic. (future) - **Example:** You **could have won** if you had tried harder. (past) # Modals for Ability - **Can:** Present ability. - **Example:** I **can** play the piano. - **Example:** They **can** speak French fluently. - **Could:** Past ability - **Example:** When I was a child, I **could climb** trees easily. - **Example:** **Could** you **swim** when you were ten years old? - **Activity:** Write three things you can do now and three things you could do in the past. # Modals for Permission - **Can/May:** Asking for and giving permission. - **Example:** **Can** I borrow your notes? (less formal) - **Example:** **May** I leave the room? (more formal) - **Example:** You **may** start the exam now. - **Could:** Asking for and giving permission. - **Example:** **Could** I open the window? - **Example:** You **could** go now. - **Activity:** Practice asking for permission using "can," "may," and "could" in different contexts. # Modals for Obligation and Necessity - **1- Must:** Strong obligation or necessity. - You **must** submit the assignment by tomorrow. - Drivers **must** stop at a red light. - **2- Have to:** External obligation or necessity. - I **have to** attend a meeting at 10 AM. - We **have to** wear uniforms at work. - **3-Should(common/strong advice)/Ought to (formal/old-fashioned/moral ground)** - **Example:** You **should** apologize to her. - **Example:** You **ought to** apologize to her. # Modals for Offers, Requests, and Suggestions - **Shall:** Offers and suggestions (mainly in British English). - **Example:** **Shall** I open the door for you? (O) - Offer. - **Example:** **Shall** we meet at the café? (S) - Suggestion. - **Will/Would:** Offers, polite requests, and predictions. - **Example:** **Will** you join us for dinner? (O) - Offer. - **Example:** **Would** lend me some money?(R) - Polite Request. - **Example:** He **will** probably call later. (P) - Prediction. - **Can/Could:** Informal requests or offers. [formal; may] - **Example:** **Can** I help you? (O) - Offer. - **Example:** **Could** I have the menu, please? (R) - Polite Request. - **Activity:** Create a dialogue using modals for making offers and suggestions. # Modals In The Past - **Could have:** Indicates a past possibility that did not happen. - **Example:** She **could have** taken the earlier train. - **Example:** You **could have** warned me. - **Should have/Ought to have:** Expresses regret or missed obligation. - **Example:** I **should have** brought an umbrella. (regret) - **Example:** They **ought to have** informed us earlier. (missed obligation) - **Would have:** Describes hypothetical situations in the past. - **Example:** **If** it **had rained**, we **would have cancelled** the picnic. - **Example:** I **would have helped** you **if** I **had known**. # Negative Forms Of Modals - **Cannot/Can't:** Expresses impossibility or prohibition. - **Example:** You **can't** park here. (Prohibition) - **Example:** He **cannot** be serious! (Impossibility; present moment) - **Must not/Mustn't:** Prohibits an action strongly. - **Example:** You **mustn't** touch that! - **Example:** Students **must not** leave the classroom during the test. - **Should not/Shouldn't:** Advises against an action. - **Example:** You **shouldn't** eat too much candy. - **Example:** He **should not** speak to his elders like that. # Common Mistakes With Modals - **Overuse of "must" when "have to" is appropriate:** - **Example Error:** I **must** go to work today. (Better: I **have to** go to work today.) - **Using past tense with modals incorrectly:** - **Example Error:** He **musted** leave early. (Correct: He **had to** leave early.) - **Mixing modal meanings:** Confusing advice with obligation. - **Example Error:** You **must** eat healthy. (Better: You **should** eat healthy.) - **Activity:** Identify and correct the mistakes in the given modal sentences. # Practice Exercises - **Exercise 1:** Choose the correct modal to complete each sentence. - **Example:** You ___(can/must)___ be quiet in the library. - **Example:** He ___(have to/must)___ finish the report by Friday. - **Exercise 2:** Rewrite the sentences using different modals. - **Example:** It is necessary for you to leave early. (Expected Answer: You **must** leave early.) - **Example:** It is possible she will join us. (Expected Answer: She **might** join us.) - **Exercise 3:** Identify and correct errors in modal usage. - **Example:** She **could went** to the store. (Corrected: She **could go** to the store.) - **Example:** You **must to see** a doctor. (Corrected: You **must see** a doctor.) # Vocabulary Development Overview - **Objective:** - To understand the need for building a strong vocabulary. - To learn practical strategies to enhance vocabulary. - To use tools like dictionaries and thesauruses effectively. # Need And Significance Of Vocabulary - **1.Improves Communication:** The larger your vocabulary, the more effectively you can express ideas. - **Example:** Instead of saying "good," you can say "excellent" or "exceptional." - **2.Increases Understanding:** Knowing more words helps you understand complex texts and conversations (philosophy, law, history). - **3.Boosts Confidence:** A rich vocabulary makes you more confident in speaking and writing. - **Example:** Using varied vocabulary when presenting or writing an essay increases impact. # Techniques To Build A Sound Vocabulary - **Reading Regularly:** - 1. Read different genres (news, fiction, non-fiction) to find new words. - **Example:** Read an article on economics to discover terms like "inflation" or "recession." - 2. Focus on **context** to infer meanings. - **Example:** In the sentence, "The meeting was adjourned," you can guess that "adjourned" means "ended" or "paused." - 3. **Word Lists:** Maintain a **journal** for new words and their meanings. # Strategies To Build Vocabulary - **1.Word Games & Apps:** - Use word games like Scrabble and apps like Duolingo to make learning fun. - **2.Daily Practice:** - Learn 5 new words daily and use them in conversations. - **3.Active Use:** - Integrate new words in writing and speaking. Practice them in different sentences. # Practical Exercise On Synonyms And Antonyms - **Exercise:** - **Choose a Word:** Example: "Bright." - **Synonyms:** luminous, radiant. - **Antonyms:** dim, dull. - **Sentences Using Synonyms:** - The room was **luminous** with sunlight. - Her smile was **radiant**. - **Sentences Using Antonyms:** - I can't read anything in this **dim** light. - His ideas were rather **dull** and boring. # Use Of Dictionary In Vocabulary Development - **Quick Tips:** - 1. Look up words you don't know while reading. - **Example:** Reading a book, you find "benevolent" and look it up. It means "kind and gentle". - 2. Check meaning, pronunciation, and usage examples. - **Example:** Learn that "serendipity" (the occurrence of events by chance) is pronounced/serən dipəti/. - 3. Use the dictionary to learn **word origins** for deeper understanding. - **Example:** The word "benevolent" comes from Latin: "bene" (good) + "volent" (wishing). # Using The Dictionary: Practical Exercise - **Exercise:** - **Challenging Word:** Example: "Obfuscate." - **Meaning:** To make something unclear or obscure intentionally. - **Pronunciation:** /ˈɒbfəˌskeɪt/ - **Example Sentence:** "The politician's speech was designed to obfuscate truth." # Thesaurus: A Tool For Expanding Vocabulary - **Practical Use:** - Use it to find synonyms and enrich your writing and speaking. - **Example:** Instead of saying "important," find alternatives like "crucial," "vital," or "significant." - **Tip:** Ensure the synonym fits the context-some words may not be exact matches. # Practical Thesaurus Exercise - **Exercise:** - **Original Sentence:** "The project was very important to the team." - **Thesaurus Improvement:** "The project was crucial to the team." - **Repeat for 2 more sentences:** - **Original:** "She is a good speaker." - **Improved:** "She is an eloquent speaker." - **Original:** "He is always happy." - **Improved:** "He is always cheerful." # Contextual Vocabulary Learning - **Use Context:** - Guess meanings based on surrounding words or ideas. - **Example:** In the sentence, "The lawyer's rebuttal was concise and to the point," you can infer "concise" means brief or short. - **Practical Tip:** Highlight new words while reading and infer their meanings before checking the dictionary. # Root Words, Prefixes, And Suffixes - **Why Learn Roots?** - Understanding **root words** helps us understand unfamiliar words. - **Example:** "tele-" (distance) + "vision" (seeing) → television = seeing from a distance. - **Other examples:** - "Bio-" (life) + "logy" (study) = Biology (study of life). - "Un-" (not) + "believable" = Unbelievable (not believable). # Practical Root Word Exercise - **Exercise:** - **Word:** Unbelievable - **Breakdown:** - **Prefix:** "Un-" = not. - **Root Word:** "Believe" = to trust or accept. - **Suffix:** "-able" = capable of. # References - **Merriam-Webster Dictionary** - **Example:** Benevolent - **Link:** https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benevolent - **Cambridge Dictionary** - **Example:** Obfuscate - **Link:** https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/obfuscate - **Thesaurus.com** - **Example:** Important - **Link:** https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/important - **Thesaurus.com** - **Example:** Eloquent - **Link:** https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/eloquent