Comprehensive Terms and Definitions PDF

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Term | Definition | +===================================+===================================+ | Physical self | | +---...

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Term | Definition | +===================================+===================================+ | Physical self | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Philosophical Perspective | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Beauty is Objective | - **St. Augustine** believed | | | that things were beautiful | | | because they gave delight. | | | | | | - **Plato** connected beauty to | | | love and desire, believing | | | beauty exists in the realm of | | | Forms. | | | | | | - **Aristotle** asserted that | | | beauty is characterized by | | | order, symmetry, and | | | definiteness, demonstrated by | | | mathematical sciences. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Beauty is Subjective | - **David Hume** stated beauty | | | exists only in the mind that | | | perceives it. | | | | | | - **Immanuel Kant** argued that | | | judgments of beauty are | | | subjective. | | | | | | - **Francis Hutcheson** viewed | | | beauty as dependent on | | | external and internal senses. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Psychologists | - **William James** viewed the | | | physical self as the source | | | of human sensation, which is | | | essential for producing and | | | maintaining one\'s | | | personality. He stressed the | | | importance of training the | | | body to achieve excellent | | | physical health because it is | | | where one\'s consciousness | | | and soul dwell. | | | | | | - **Sigmund Freud** considered | | | the physical self as the | | | center of human experience. | | | He also conceptualized the | | | body ego as the source for | | | the development of all egos. | | | | | | - **Wilhelm Reich** believed | | | that the mind and the body | | | are one. He stressed that all | | | psychological experiences and | | | processes are part of the | | | physical dynamics of a | | | person. He asserted that it | | | plays a critical role in | | | human engagements through the | | | storage and transmission of | | | bioenergy needed for one\'s | | | existence and experience. | | | | | | - **Erik Erikson** equated and | | | anchored human experience | | | with the body. He believed | | | that bodily organs play | | | particular roles in a | | | person\'s early development. | | | He also believed that the | | | development of intellectual | | | competence becomes part of | | | the physical self in | | | determining how an individual | | | will choose challenging roles | | | in society. | | | | | | - **B. F. Skinner**, as a | | | behaviorist, particularly | | | stressed the role of the body | | | in studying human behavior, | | | particularly overt behavior. | | | He also considered the human | | | body as a closed yet filled | | | container. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cognitive Bias | - Error in reasoning, | | | evaluating, remembering, or | | | any other mental process that | | | is often a result of holding | | | on to one\'s preferences and | | | beliefs regardless of | | | contrary information. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Halo Effect | - Cognitive bias where people | | | rate attractive individuals | | | more favorably in various | | | attributes, assuming other | | | positive qualities. | | | | | | - The physical attractiveness | | | stereotype and the **\"what | | | is beautiful is good\"** | | | principle | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Culture and Perception of Beauty | - Cultural traditions can | | | either be a positive or | | | negative influence on body | | | image and on self-esteem. | | | | | | - Deal standards of body sizes | | | are culturally specific | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Eastern View | - Eastern traditions, | | | specifically in India, | | | particularly focused on the | | | physical self. One of its | | | manifestations is yoga where | | | the body is treated as a | | | vessel for desires and | | | attachments and becomes the | | | vehicle for spiritual growth | | | and self-realization. | | | Furthermore, this tradition | | | exercises discipline, so the | | | body becomes strong, clean, | | | and pure to achieve growth | | | and enlightenment. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Body Image | - How individuals perceive, | | | think, and feel about their | | | body and physical appearance. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Self-Esteem | - A person\'s overall | | | evaluation of his or her own | | | worth. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Appearance | - refers to everything about a | | | person that others can | | | observe such as height, | | | weight, skin color, clothes, | | | and hairstyle | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Causes of Poor Body Image | - Influences such as parental | | | ideals, peer pressure, | | | bullying, and media | | | representation lead to | | | greater body dissatisfaction. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Body Shaming | - Criticizing yourself or | | | others because of physical | | | appearance. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Body Image Disturbance (BID) | - Perceptual component: body | | | size estimation. | | | | | | - Attitudinal component: how we | | | think/feel about size/shape | | | of our body. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Body Dysmorphic Disorder | - Preoccupation with some | | | imagined defect in appearance | | | by someone who actually looks | | | reasonably normal. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Eating Disorder | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bulimia Nervosa | - Out-of-control eating | | | episodes, or binges, followed | | | by self-induced vomiting, | | | excessive use of laxatives, | | | or other attempts to purge. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Anorexia Nervosa | - A disorder where the person | | | eats minimal amounts of food | | | or exercises vigorously to | | | offset food intake, often | | | causing dangerously low body | | | weight. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Binge-Eating Disorder | - Individuals may binge | | | repeatedly and find it | | | distressing, but they do not | | | attempt to purge the food. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual Self | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Culture of Resistance | - Encourages celebrating beauty | | | in diversity and standing | | | against harmful cultural | | | practices dictating beauty | | | standards. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Self-Acceptance | - Embracing one\'s physical | | | self and understanding health | | | as more critical than | | | societal standards of beauty. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Human Sexuality | - Encompasses biological, | | | socio-cultural, and | | | constructivist approaches to | | | human sexuality beyond | | | reproduction. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Human sexuality is a complex | - Biological (essentialist | | issue: | approach) | | | | | | - Socio-cultural | | | (constructivist approach). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WHO Definition of Sexuality | - Sexuality as a central aspect | | | of being human, involving | | | sex, gender identities, | | | sexual orientation, | | | eroticism, pleasure, | | | intimacy, reproduction, and | | | influenced by diverse | | | factors. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexuality | - Experienced and expressed in | | | thoughts, fantasies, desires, | | | beliefs, attitudes, values, | | | behaviours, practices, roles | | | and relationships. | | | | | | - While sexuality can include | | | all of these dimensions, not | | | all of them are always | | | experienced or expressed. | | | | | | - Influenced by the interaction | | | of biological, psychological, | | | social, economic, political, | | | cultural, legal, historical, | | | religious and spiritual | | | factors. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Gender Identity | - Refers to an individual\'s | | | sense of their own gender, | | | including female, male, or | | | other gender identities. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual Orientation | - Refers to one\'s physical, | | | emotional, or romantic | | | attraction, including | | | heterosexual, homosexual, | | | bisexual, pansexual, and | | | more. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Gender Expression | - How one physically | | | communicates their gender | | | identity, through masculine, | | | feminine, androgynous, or | | | non-binary expressions. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Biological Sex | - Also called \'assigned sex,\' | | | referring to labels given at | | | birth based on genitalia, | | | hormones, and chromosomes. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual Response Cycle | - the sequence of physiological | | | and psychological processes | | | that take place as a person | | | becomes sexually aroused and | | | engages in sexually | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Erogenous Zone | - highly sensitive areas in the | | | body | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phase 1: Excitement | - the arousal/ initial | | | excitement phase | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phase 2: Plateau | - the period of sexual | | | excitement prior to orgasm | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phase 3: Orgasm | - experienced by both males | | | (mainly associated with | | | ejaculation) and females | | | (experiencing uterine and | | | vaginal contractions) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Phase 4: Resolution | - the body to settle down from | | | its excited state and the | | | muscles to relax, blood | | | pressure to drop | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cerebral Cortex | - Ultimately the brain is the | | | largest sex organ controlling | | | the biological urge, | | | mediating all thoughts, | | | experiences and physiological | | | responses to sex, Sexual | | | desire is initially modulated | | | by the release of sex | | | hormones, for males | | | testosterone and for females | | | oestrogen, our levels of | | | these hormones are understood | | | to affect our behaviour | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Limbic System | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Amygdala | - activation of the amygdala | | | can trigger penile erection, | | | sexual feelings, sensations | | | of extreme pleasure memories | | | of Rexual intercourse as well | | | as ovulation, uterine | | | contractions, and orgasm. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Role of Hormones in Sexual | - Oxytocin "love hormone" | | Activity | desire for close | | | relationships, released | | | during orgasm | | | | | | - Follicle Stimulating | | | Hormone (FSH): female | | | ovulation, increased sexual | | | activity nonspecific, | | | specific Luteineizing | | | | | | - Hormone regulate testes in | | | men, ovaries in women. Testes | | | produces testosterone in men. | | | | | | - Vasopressin increases | | | during erectile response in | | | male arousal phase | | | | | | - Estrogen and Progesterone | | | increase and decrease | | | motivation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Understanding the Chemistry of | - Lust | | Lust, Love, and Attachment | | | | - Testosterone | | | | | | - Estrogen | | | | | | - Attraction | | | | | | - Dopamine | | | | | | - Norepinephrine | | | | | | - Serotonin | | | | | | - Attachment | | | | | | - Oxytocin | | | | | | - Vasopressin | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Love | - is phenylethylamine -- PEA. | | | | | | - It's produced in | | | hypothalamus. Generally the | | | process of love takes place | | | in 3 stages | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 3 stages of love | - **Enchantment/Lust** - the | | | beginning our brain collects | | | information about our | | | partner. | | | | | | - **Attraction** - When people | | | get to know each other they | | | are delighted. They can't | | | stop thinking about the | | | person | | | | | | - **Attachment** - When two | | | people are involved in a | | | relationship, they fall in | | | love which grows every day | | | more and more. People become | | | emotionally attached to each | | | other. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | LGBT: What it Means | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Lesbian | - A woman who is sexually and | | | romantically attracted to | | | other women. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Gay | - Term used to describe both | | | men and women who are | | | sexually and romantically | | | attracted to the same sex. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bisexual | - Attraction to both men and | | | women. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Transgender | - A term describing a person | | | whose gender identity differs | | | from their assigned sex at | | | birth. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Types of Sexual Orientation | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Pansexual | - Attraction to any gender, | | | where gender does not | | | primarily influence | | | attraction. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Omnisexual | - Attraction to any gender, | | | where gender can play a | | | primary role in attraction. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Polysexual | - Attraction to three or more | | | genders but not all genders. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Bisexual | - Attraction to two or more | | | genders, often the same | | | gender, and other genders | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) | - Attraction is experienced to | | | the same gender. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Heterosexual (Straight) | - Attraction is experienced to | | | the opposite/different | | | genders. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Aceflux | - Identity shifts along/cross | | | the ace spectrum. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Greysexual | - Rare or limited sexual | | | attraction to any gender. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Demisexual | - Sexual attraction may be felt | | | under specific circumstances. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Asexual | - Lack of sexual attraction to | | | any gender. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Types of Gender Identities | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Trans/Transgender | - A trans/transgender person is | | | someone who does not identify | | | with the gender they were | | | assigned at birth. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Cisgender | - Individuals who identify with | | | the gender assigned to them | | | at birth. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Non-Binary | - Gender identity that does not | | | fit strictly within male or | | | female categories. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Gender Fluid | - Gender identity that changes | | | over time. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Agender | - Individuals who do not | | | identify with any gender. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual Violence | - Defined by WHO as any sexual | | | act, attempt, unwanted | | | comments, or advances against | | | a person\'s sexuality using | | | coercion. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Gender based violence | - MOMENT Your actions in a | | continuum(refer sa phone | single moment can prevent | | | violence. | | | | | | - MOMENTUM Your actions can | | | be the spark that inspires | | | others to act. | | | | | | - MOVEMENTS We can form safe, | | | supportive communities free | | | from sexual violence. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual Health | - Includes understanding one\'s | | | body, recognizing risks, | | | setting boundaries, and | | | acting responsibly according | | | to values. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual self-esteem | - Perception of their worth as | | | sexual beings. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual self-efficacy | - Perception of control over | | | sexual experiences. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sexual self-image | - Beliefs about sexual needs. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Material Self | - The material self is the sum | | | total of all that a person | | | can call his, not only his | | | body and his psychic powers, | | | but his clothes and his | | | house, his wife and children, | | | his ancestors and friends, | | | his reputation and works, his | | | lands, and yacht and | | | bank-account. All these | | | things give him the same | | | emotions. If they wax and | | | prosper, he feels triumphant; | | | if they dwindle and die away, | | | he feels cast down - not | | | necessarily in the same | | | degree for each thing, but in | | | much the same way for all. | | | | | | - The basic component of the | | | material self includes the | | | body. | | | | | | - Another component of the | | | material self is the clothes | | | that people wear. | | | | | | - The material component of the | | | self can include books, bed, | | | money, car, house and other | | | things that a person can call | | | his own possession. | | | | | | - The material components of | | | the self also includes people | | | such as immediate and | | | extended family members (my | | | family) as well as close | | | friends (my friend) that the | | | person feels psychologically | | | connected | | | | | | - Pets could also symbolically | | | define a person\'s identity. | | | | | | - A person\'s pet could be an | | | expression of one\'s social | | | status, pride, and prestige. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Identity | - It is an image we build for | | | ourselves through social | | | interaction. It is dynamic | | | and context-dependent. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | materialistic | - Someone with a high level of | | | materialism | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | materialistic person | - excessively concerned with | | | the acquisition of material | | | possessions | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | compulsive buying disorder (CBD) | - characterized by an obsession | | | with shopping and buying | | | behaviors that causes adverse | | | consequences | | | | | | - "I shop therefore I am" | | | | | | - "I shop, therefore I am: I | | | have, therefore I am?" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Consumer Culture | - A relationship where material | | | possessions are used as | | | status symbols, defining | | | self-worth and reflecting | | | success. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon | - Making you agree initially | | | with a smaller request. | | | Eventually, they will start | | | making bigger requests. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Diderot Effect | - one innocent purchase | | | spiralling into endless cycle | | | of consumption | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Door-in-the-face Phenomenon | - Following up an extravagant | | | request with a reasonable | | | one. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Buyer Decision Process | - Steps in consumer purchasing: | | | Need recognition, information | | | search, evaluation of | | | alternatives, purchase | | | decision, post-purchase | | | behavior. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Maslow\'s Hierarchy of Needs | - Self-actualization desire | | | to become the most that one | | | can be | | | | | | - Esteem Respect, | | | self-esteem, status, | | | recognition, strength, | | | freedom | | | | | | - Love and belonging | | | friendship, intimacy, family, | | | sense of connection | | | | | | - Safety needs Personal | | | security, employment, | | | resources, health, property | | | | | | - Physiological needs Air, | | | water, food, shelter, sleep, | | | clothing, reproduction | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Sadhguru | - "A spiritual person and a | | | materialistic person are both | | | seeking the same infinite. | | | One is seeking it | | | consciously, the other one | | | unconsciously." | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Spiritual Self | - Rooted in the search for the | | | sacred and a deeper | | | understanding of life and the | | | universe. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Spirituality | - as a search for the sacred, a | | | process through which people | | | seek to discover, hold on to, | | | and, when necessary, | | | transform whatever they hold | | | sacred in their lives. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Spirituality vs. Religiosity | - Spirituality focuses on the | | | human spirit; religiosity is | | | adherence to a specific | | | faith. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Contemplative Practices | - Methods for deepening | | | understanding, awareness, and | | | compassion, including | | | mindfulness, prayer, and | | | journaling. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | The four dimensions of religion | - Beliefs -- generalized system | | | of ideas and values. | | | | | | - Rituals -- repeated gestures | | | or activities such as prayers | | | and mantras. | | | | | | - Spiritual Experience- feeling | | | of immediate connection with | | | a Higher being. | | | | | | - Unique social forms of | | | community -unite in one | | | single community called | | | Church | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Religious classifications | - Polytheism - Multiple Gods - | | | Hinduism, Ancient Greeks, | | | Ancient Romans, | | | | | | - Monotheism - Single God - | | | Judaism, Islam, Christianity | | | | | | - Atheism - No deities - | | | Atheism, Buddhism, Taoism | | | | | | - Animism - Nonhuman beings | | | (animals, plants, natural | | | world) - Indigenous nature | | | worship, Shinto | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Babaylans | were considered the first | | | psychologists in the Philippines, | | | serving as spiritual leaders and | | | mediums. Our ancestors believed | | | that souls could exist outside | | | the bdy and continue after death | | | as multo. | | | | | | - **Dungan**: A life force or | | | energy with its own will, | | | residing in the body but can | | | temporarily leave. | | | | | | - **Ginhawa**: (Visayan for | | | breath) Responsible for the | | | heartbeat; affected by | | | foreign elements. | | | | | | - **Kaluluwa (Kalag)**: | | | Associated with wisdom, | | | located in the head. | | | **Kakambal** refers to the | | | living soul. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Rituals | 1. **Imitative Rituals**: | | | Patterned after myths and | | | repeat them. | | | | | | 2. **Negative Rituals**: Focus | | | on prohibitions. | | | | | | 3. **Sacrificial Rituals**: | | | Among the earliest forms of | | | religion. | | | | | | 4. **Life Crisis Rituals**: Mark | | | transitions from one life | | | stage to another. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Political Identity | - Ways individuals define | | | themselves politically, | | | influenced by family, media, | | | socio-economic status, etc. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Digital Self | - The online representation of | | | an individual including their | | | digital footprint and social | | | media presence. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+