Philosophy of Beauty and the Physical Self
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Questions and Answers

According to St. Augustine, what made things beautiful?

  • They were created by God.
  • They followed a set of mathematical rules.
  • They gave delight. (correct)
  • They were associated with love and desire.

    • What is the meaning of the phrase 'a closed yet filled container' as applied to the human body?

    The human body is a closed system, meaning it is a contained entity. However, it is also filled with various systems and processes that work together to keep it functioning.

    What does the halo effect refer to?

  • The tendency to evaluate individuals based on their physical appearance, even unrelated to their other traits. (correct)
  • The conscious effort to control eating habits and to purge after overeating.
  • The influence of material possessions on a person's sense of identity.
  • The effect that cultural traditions have on a person's view of their own body image.

    • In the context of Eastern tradition, how is the body viewed?

    <p>As a vessel of desires and attachments, and a vehicle for spiritual growth and self-realization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of body image?

    <p>Body image is how individuals perceive, think, and feel about their body and physical appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-esteem refer to?

    <p>The overall evaluation of one's own worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The material self refers to things a person can call his or her own, including possessions, family, and friends.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stages of love?

    <p>Lust, attraction, and attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a lesbian and a gay person?

    <p>A lesbian is a woman attracted to women and a gay person is a man attracted to men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of sexual orientation?

    <p>Cisgender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a person whose gender identity does not align with the sex they were assigned at birth?

    <p>Transgender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define sexual health.

    <p>Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Material self is a concept that includes the body and possessions, but not relationships.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the “foot-in-the-door” phenomenon, a person is more likely to agree to a larger request if they've already agreed to a smaller request.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the “door-in-the-face” phenomenon?

    <p>To make a large request, which you know will be rejected, followed by a smaller request that is more likely to be accepted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five stages of the buyer decision process?

    <p>The five stages of the buyer decision process are need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post-purchase behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-actualization is the highest level in Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Babaylans thought to have been?

    <p>Shamanistic spiritual healers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    “Ginhawa” is a Visayan term associated with wisdom, located in the head.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of ritual?

    <p>Political Rituals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of digital self?

    <p>The digital self is the online representation of an individual, including their digital footprint and social media presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Self

    • St. Augustine believed things were beautiful because they gave delight.
    • Plato connected beauty to love and desire, beauty exists in the realm of Forms.
    • Aristotle asserted beauty is characterized by order, symmetry, and definiteness.
    • David Hume stated beauty exists only in the mind perceiving it.
    • Immanuel Kant argued that judgments of beauty are subjective.
    • Francis Hutcheson viewed beauty as dependent on external and internal senses.
    • William James saw the physical self as the source of sensation, crucial for personality.
    • He stressed the importance of physical training for consciousness and soul.
    • Sigmund Freud considered the physical self as the center of human experience.
    • He conceptualized the body ego as the source of ego development.
    • Wilhelm Reich believed the mind and body are one, playing a crucial role in human experiences.
    • He asserted that it stores and transmits bioenergy.
    • Erik Erikson linked human experience to the body.
    • The body plays a role in early development and intellectual competence.
    • B.F. Skinner emphasized bodily behavior in studying human behavior.
    • He considered the human body a "closed yet filled container".

    Cognitive Bias

    • Error in reasoning, evaluation, remembering, or any other mental process
    • Often a result of holding preferences or beliefs despite contrary information.
    • Halo Effect: Attractive individuals are rated more favorably in various attributes.
    • People assume other positive qualities.

    Culture and Perception of Beauty

    • Cultural traditions influence body image and self-esteem.
    • Standards of body sizes are culturally specific.
    • Eastern traditions, particularly in India, emphasize the physical self for spiritual growth.
    • Yoga views the body as a vessel for spiritual desires/enrichments.
    • Practices promote a strong and pure body for spiritual growth.

    Body Image and Self-Esteem

    • Body image is how individuals perceive their body and appearance.
    • Self-esteem is an overall evaluation of a person's worth.
    • Physical appearance (height, weight, skin color, clothes, hairstyle) influences this.
    • Parental ideals, peer pressure, and media representation also influence this.

    Causes of Poor Body Image

    • Criticizing oneself or others due to physical appearance.
    • Perceptual component; body size estimation.
    • Attitudinal component of how one thinks/feels about body size/shape.
    • Preoccupation with imagined appearance defects (body dysmorphia).
    • Out-of-control eating episodes followed by vomiting/laxative use (bulimia nervosa).
    • Eating minimal amounts of food/excessive exercise (anorexia nervosa).
    • Binging without purging (binge-eating disorder).

    Human Sexuality

    • Sexuality is a complex issue, encompassing biological, social, and cultural elements.
    • A central aspect of human life, involving sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction.
    • Influenced by biology, psychology, social factors, and more (economics, politics, culture, etc).
    • Sexual health involves understanding one's body, recognizing risks, setting boundaries, and acting responsibly.
    • Sexual self-esteem is the perception of one's worth as a sexual being.
    • Sexual self-efficacy is the perception of control over sexual experiences.

    Sexuality Dimensions

    • Gender Identity : Sense of one's own gender, including female, male, or non-binary.
    • Sexual orientation: Physical, emotional, or romantic attraction (heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, pansexual).
    • Gender expression : How one communicates their gender identity.
    • Biological sex: Assigned sex at birth based on genitalia, hormones, and chromosomes.
    • Sexual response cycle: The sequence of physiological and psychological processes during arousal.
    • Erogenous zones: Areas in the body highly sensitive to sexual stimulation.

    Other Concepts

    • Body Shaming: Criticizing self or others based on appearance.
    • Body Image Disturbance: Perceptual difference between estimated and actual body sizes.
    • Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Preoccupation with imagined defects in appearance.
    • Eating Disorders: (Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, Binge-eating Disorder) - Out-of-control eating patterns.
    • Culture of Resistance: Embracing beauty in diversity and opposing damaging cultural standards of beauty.
    • Self-Acceptance: Embracing one's physical self; prioritising health above societal standards of beauty.
    • Gender-Based Violence: Sexual act, attempt or unwanted comment/advance against a person's sexuality using coercion.
    • Material Self: Sum total of all components that a person can call their own, including body, clothes, belongings, family, friends etc.
    • Consumer Culture: Material items that are associated with social statuses and define self-worth.

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Self-actualization: Achieving one's full potential.
    • Esteem: Self-respect, recognition, status.
    • Belonging: Feeling connected to others.
    • Safety: Feeling secure and safe.
    • Physiological: Basic needs like air, water, food, shelter.

    Spiritual (and Religious) aspects

    • Spiritual aspects explore the human spirit; religiosity is adherence to a specific faith
    • Contemplative practices (e.g., meditation, prayer) enhance understanding and compassion

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    Comprehensive Terms and Definitions PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate connections between beauty, the physical self, and human experience as articulated by various philosophers from St. Augustine to Erik Erikson. This quiz covers theories of beauty, the relationship between mind and body, and the importance of the physical self in shaping personality and experience. Test your knowledge on these foundational concepts in philosophy and psychology.

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