Class 10th History Revision PDF

Class 10th Complete History revision Made by: Digraj Singh Rajput Use Code → DIGRAJ to get Maximum discount on all unacademy subscriptions.  Class 10th - History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe  Frederic Sorrieu The dream of democratic and Social republic...

Class 10th Complete History revision Made by: Digraj Singh Rajput Use Code → DIGRAJ to get Maximum discount on all unacademy subscriptions.  Class 10th - History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe  Frederic Sorrieu The dream of democratic and Social republic Idea Transfer of power to people The French Revolution and the idea of nation Carried to whole Europe The idea of la patria and le citoyen, tri colour flag, Collective identity was National assembly was elected, hymns were Napoleon and the created through composed, centralised administrative system, French civil code of 1804 was used as a common language. Privileges based on birth were abolished, equality before law, Civil code of 1804 abolished the feudal system, guild restrictions were removed, trade, transport, and communication were improved.  How did the idea of nationalism emerged in diverse Europe? Aristocracy New middle class Liberalism (Political + Economic) This class united by a A working class population Political: Government by consent, end common way of life and a middle class to autocracy and clerical privileges. that cut across regional (Composed of divisions industrialists, Businessmen, Economic: Freedom of market and and professionals) abolition of state imposed restrictions. E.g. Zollverein New conservatism after 1815 Undoing changes during Napoleonic war bourbon dynasty Ruling class/Monarchs 1815, Treaty of Vienna was restored, France lost its territories, Series of states ware again came back to power (Hosted by Duke Metternich) setup around France, Main intention was to restore monarchies overthrown by Napoleon Secret societies sprang up, objective was to overthrow monarchy, Giuseppe Mazzini The Revolutionaries formed young Italy (Marseilles) and young Europe (Berne).  France, July 1830, Belgium breaking away from Greek war of The Age of Revolutions (1830 - 1848) constitutional monarchy the United Kingdom of Independence Netherlands Hunger, Hardship and Revolt in France, Feb 1848 1848: The Revolution of liberals in Germany region Bad situation (Food shortages and widespread Liberals demanded constitutionalism and National unification unemployment) in France led to the abdication of Frankfurt parliament ,All German national assembly drafted Louis Philippe and Republic was established in the constitution but rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV France. Position of women and outcome of failed attempt.  A cultural movement which sought to create nationalism The Romantic imagination and National feeling based on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder → claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the people → das volk People emphasis was given on operas, music and dance forms (Poland after partition) Karol kurpinski used operas, music and dance forms (Polonaise and Mazurka) for nationalism. Use of Polish language by people of Poland as a national resistance against Russian domination.  The Making of Germany, Italy and Britain Germany Italy Britain Demonstrated the dominance Politically fragmented into seven state, Inhabited by different ethnic of Prussian state power only Sardinia piedmont was under groups. (English, Welsh, Scot and Otto Van Bismarck fought princely rule. Irish three wars over seven years. Failed attempt of Giuseppe Mazzini English grew steadily and asserted (Austria, Denmark, and King victor Emmanuel II took the domination. France) responsibility 1688, English parliament seized Jan 1871, William I was Cavour unified north Italy with the help of power from monarch proclaimed as German France and defeated Austrian forces in Act of union (1707) England Emperor. 1859 Scotland Modernizing the currency, Giuseppe Garibaldi, with the help of 1801, Ireland was forcibly banking legal and judicial Peasants unified the kingdom to two incorporated in UK system was emphasized. sicilies in south. English culture dominance (Union Jack, god save our noble king)  Giving a face to nation → Allegory Visualising the Nation France: Marianne (Expressed liberty and Republic) Germany: Germania (Wears a crown of oak leaves, signifying heroism)  When idealistic principles are left behind and a country tries to dominant Nationalism and Imperialism social, politically and economically over other country is called imperialism In Europe Anti imperial movements in colonics Nationalist tension in Europe (Balkan gave rise to nation states in other World War I region) fighting among themselves X parts. Big power entry  Class 10th - History Nationalism in India  Increase in defence expenditure, war loan and increased taxes, Prices of goods The first World War Resentment doubled, forced recruitment, crop failure and influenza epidemic. Resentment among masses Nationalist force intensified Opportunity for Mahatma Gandhi (Satyagraha) nationwide movement Further Events [Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Incident (The idea of truth and Non Non-cooperation Movement Khilafat movement (Hindu+Muslim)] Violence, Champaran, Kheda (Nagpur, Dec 1920) Ahmedabad)  Differing strands within the movement (NCM began in 1921) Countryside Town Peasants Tribals Plantation - Boycott of schools, colleges, - Baba Ramchandra - Gudem Hills of A.P. - Their own notion of Swaraj. services and election and - Nai-Dhobi Bandh. - Story of Alluri Sitaram Raju. - Inland Emigration Act of 1859. foreign products. - Oudh-Kisan Sabha - His idea - Boycott of plantation fields. - Exception : Justice party. Limitations Limitations - Violence - Idea of ‘Swatantra Bharat’ Limitations Violence [House of - Expensive Khadi talukdars were attacked] - No alternative indigenous institutions.  Towards Civil Disobedience Non cooperation movement (Jan 1921 - Feb 1922) ? Civil Disobedience movement (April 1930 - March 1931) Swaraj party (C.R Das, Motilal Nehru argued to participate in council election.) Economic depression (Fall in agriculture prices, countryside was in turmoil) Simon commission (No Indian member, “go back simon”) Offer of ‘Dominion status’ X ‘Purna swaraj’ (J.L Nehru,Subhas Chandra Bose at Lahore session 1929)  Salt March and the civil disobedience movement On 31 Jan 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.(Including abolition of salt tax) Lord Irwin was unwilling to negotiate X Gandhiji started salt March (24 days, 240 miles, 6 April Dandi Coast) Beginning of civil disobedience movement NCM V/S CDM → People were asked to refuse cooperation as well as break colonial laws. (Breaking of salt, foreign cloth were boycotted, peasants refuse to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes) Assesting of leaders ஃ CDM was called off Gandhi - Irwin pact was signed, II round Reaction of colonial (Abdul Ghaffar khan) table Conference government Brutal repression - Violence  How participants saw the movement Countryside Women Towns and Cities Rich Peasant Poor peasant - Large scale Merchant and Industrialist Workers - They were not in a - Lower revenue participation. - For expanding their - Not participated in position to pay demands. - Participated in business, they reacted large number. revenue demanded by - Tenants wanted land protest marches, against colonial policies that - Industrialist came government. rent paid to the manufactured salts restricted business. closer, workers stayed - Government also landlords to be and picketed - Formation of Indian aloof. refused to reduce reduced or remitted. foreign cloth and Industrialist and - Still Gandhian idea revenue. - Often joined radical liquor shops. commercial congress, 1920 dominated among ∴ Rich peasant were movement. - Services to nation - FICCI, 1927. some. enthusiastic supporter - Congress was as a sacred duty of - Participation was led by Reluctance of congress of civil disobedience unwilling to support women. Purshottamdas Thakurdas to support worker. movement. ‘no rent’ campaigns. and G.D. Birla. - Later development. Upliftment Aspirations and Concerns  The limits of Civil Disobedience Caste Issues Religious Issues Untouchables VS Sanatanis Hindu VS Muslims Viewpoint of congress. Congress came to be visibly associated openly with Gandhiji → Untouchable as ‘Harijans’. Hindu religious nationalist. Began demanding reserve seats, Muslim league. separate electorate. Religious processions with militant fervour provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes. Individual Level Dr. B.R. Ambedkar VS Mahatma Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah VS M.R. Jayakar ➔ Organised dalits into depressed classes association. ➔ Failed negotiation over the demand of reserved ➔ Demanded separate electorates for dalits. seats in central assembly and representation in ➔ Gandhiji's opposition Poona Pact, September 1932. Bengal and Punjab province.  The Sense of Collective Belonging Achieved partly through the united struggles and partly through cultural processes. ❖ History, fiction, folklore and songs popular prints and symbols all played a part in making of nationalism. ❖ India came to be visualised with image of Bharat mata. Vande Mataram was written as a hymn to the motherland by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. ❖ Movement to revive Indian Folklore. Contribution of Rabindranath Tagore, Natesa Sastri [The folklore of Southern India] ❖ Use of Icons and symbols to unify people. → Flag ❖ Reinterpretation of History → To infuse confidence [Glorious time and development].  Class 10th - History The Making of Global World Pre - Modern World Since time immemorial, human societies have been interlinked Silk routes: Major trade and cultural links of routes connecting Asia, Europe and northern Africa. Food gives the idea of long distance cultural exchange, e.g. pasta, discovery of America Conquest Disease Trade Europeans reaching Spanish conquerors and their China and India (richest countries) America and India victory over Americans (Exploitation) through smallpox. China restricted overseas trade, shifting of the centre of world trade westwards. Poverty and hunger in Europe, diseases and religious conflicts → People fled from Europe The Nineteenth Century Economists identify three types of movement or 'flows' within international economic (1815 - 1914) exchanges- flow of trade, labour and capital. (Inter connected) The world economy → Britain → Corn laws X Protest by industrialists and urban dwellers X Abolition of corn law takes shape By 1890, a global agricultural economy Movement of Scrapping of corn laws → Import of food had taken shape, accompanied by capital, railways complex changes in labour movement & ships and Agriculturist in Britain migrated patterns, capital flows, ecologies, and people. technology. In India, Canal colonies → (British Indian government built a network of irrigation canals to transform semidesert wastes into fertile agricultural lands that could grow wheat and cotton for export.  New technology, namely, Colonisation stimulated refrigerated ships, which Impact on poor in Europe Role of new investments and enabled the transport of Social peace technology improvements in perishable foods over long + transport. distances. Imperialism abroad Expansion of trade and closer relationship with the world economy Late nineteenth century also meant a loss of freedoms and livelihoods. colonialism In 1885, the big European powers met in Berlin to divide African territories among themselves. Various countries became colonial powers during this century. Rinderpest A disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives of people in Africa Europeans were attracted to Africa due to its Destroyed livelihoods, forcing the Africans vast resources of land and minerals. to start working according to the Africans were however unwilling to work for Rinderpest stipulations established by the Europeans. wages. Death of cattle Control over the scarce resource of cattle Employers had to use alternate ways to make enabled European colonists to conquer and them work. subdue Africa.  Indentured labour Destination Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyana and migration from India Suriname), Mauritius and Fiji. hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese They were treated really harshly at their workplaces labourers went to work on plantations, in New but to survive, they either started fleeing or blending mines, and in road and railway construction system of cultures and adapting to it to make a community for projects around the world. slavery self-expression. E.g. Hosay, Chutney music, They were promised to be sent back after five Rastafarianism. years. Indian Entrepreneurs Shikaripuri Shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were amongst the many groups of Abroad bankers and traders who financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast Asia, using either their own funds or those borrowed from European Banks.  With industrialisation, British cotton manufacture began to Indian Trade, Colonialism expand, and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict and the global system cotton imports and protect local industries. Expert of raw Expert of India textiles faced stiff competition material Manufactures Britain had ‘Trade surplus’ Settled deficit with other countries by that + Paid home charges  Modern Industrial Nations The Inter war economy First world war (1914-18) During the war, industries were (Allies V/S central powers) restructured to produce war-related goods. Impact → Death and destruction, workforce , Economic link X Europe , US Britain found it difficult to recapture its position. (Burdened with external debts) Post War Recovery It was difficult Once the war boom ended → Expenditure unemployment Glut in wheat production → fall in agricultural price. Rise of mass production and consumption Rise of mass production and Mass production, the housing and consumer boom of the 1920s consumption created the basis of prosperity in the US. Assembly line production Fordist model was copied Mass production Henry ford (conveyor belt dictated the all over the Europe pace of work) Hire -purchase  The Great Depression Began around 1929 Causes (i) Oversupply and overproduction problems. (ii) Low demand, high unemployment. (iii) Reduction in purchases due to diminished savings. (iv) The failure of banks, which was the impact of the stock market crash as more people withdrew their savings from the banks leading to closure. Across India, peasants' indebtedness increased. India and the Great They used up their savings, mortgaged lands, World wide impact depression and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals they had to meet their expenses. In these depression years, India became an exporter of precious metals, notably gold. It helped speed up Britain's recovery, but did- little for the Indian peasant. The depression proved less grim for urban India.  Second world war (1939 - 45) (Allied Rebuilding a world economy The post war Era power V/S Axia power) Emergence of U.S and soviet union. Post war settlement Bretton Woods Institution Two key lessons An industrial society based on mass To preserve economic stability and full employment in production requires mass consumption for industrial world in 1944 a framework was agreed sustenance. upon at Bretton woods → setting up of IMF (to deal The goal of full employment could only be with external surpluses and deficits) and world bank achieved if governments had power to (to finance post war reconstruction) control flows of goods, capital and labour. Bretton Woods system: controlled by western industrial power, based on fixed exchange rate.  Unprecedented growth of trade and incomes for the Western Early post War Years industrial nations and Japan Decolonisation and Independence Overburdened by poverty, lack of resources Colonies in Asia and Africa emerged as free, independent nations. From the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions began to shift their attention more towards developing countries. Developing countries organised themselves as a group the Group of 77 (or G-77)-to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). End of Bretton woods & Beginning of globalisation Impact Developing countries The US dollar now no longer commanded confidence as the became attractive world's principal currency. Lower destinations for The collapse of the system of fixed exchange rates and the income and investment by foreign introduction of a system of floating exchange rates. poverty MNCS competing to End of the Bretton Woods System led to periodic debt crises in capture world markets. the developing world.  Class 10th - History The Age of Industrialisation Dawn of the century, published by E.T. Paull Two Magicians, published in inland printers, 26 music Co. New York, England, 1900 January 1901.  Before the Industrial Revolution Proto Industrialisation [The period of production before the coming up of factories] Merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the Countryside, Supplying Money to Peasants and Artisans, persuading them to produce for an International Market. Merchants X Trade guilds in town X Poor peasants producing for merchants A close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns, but the work was done mostly in the countryside. Proto Industrialisation → Production process was brought under one roof Coming up of the factory Invention boosted production - 1st cotton mill – Richard Arkwright  Cotton was leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation, then iron and steel led the way. The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. The pace of Industrial change Traditional industries did not remain entirely stagnant, small innovation were taking place. Technological changes occurred slowly. Example: Steam engine of James Watt Hand labour and steam power Hand labour was preferred over steam power. No shortage of labour, seasonal nature of work, variety can be produced only by hand labour The aristocrats and the bourgeoisie - preferred things produced by hand. Life of the workers The abundance of labour in the Market affected the lives of Workers. [No connection = no work, seasonality of work, looked for odd jobs, Construction and building of cities inflation unemployment made them hostile towards technology e.g., brought some relief woman attacking on spinning Jenny]  The age of Indian textiles Coming up British Industrialisation in silk and cotton goods from India dominated By the 1750s this network, controlled by colonies the international market, Ports like Surat and Indian Merchants, was breaking down. Hooghly were involved in bustling trade to. Trade through the New Ports came to be transport this variety of cotton controlled by European Companies, and was carried in European ships. What happened to Before weavers? Britishers Indian textile had huge demand, there were acquired many buyers and supply merchant and weavers power could bargain. After East India company established political power. Once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. They controlled weavers through advances, Gomasthas and loans. Impact on weavers  Manchester comes to India = Cotton industries Industrialists in Britain demanded import duties developed in England and export market for their products. Impact Cotton weavers in India faced two problems-their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank, Supply of raw material + Factories in India Having earned from trading with China, Indian had vision of Factories come up developing industrial enterprises in India. [Dwarkanath Tagore, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata, Seth Hukumchand and GD Birla were some early entrepreneur.] Workers? Challenges faced in operation under British rule (European managing agency) In most Industrial Regions, Workers came from the districts around. Example: Ratnagiri. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the Industrial Centres. Role of jobber  How Indian Industries managed to survive? Engaged in products meant for export e.g. plantation The Peculiarities of They Avoided competing with Manchester made products (yarn not cloths) Industrial Growth Nationalist movement and first world war helped Indian Industries to grow. Small scale Industries predominate Large industries formed only a small segment of the economy while factory industries grew steadily. Only a small proportion of the total industrial labour force worked in registered factories, others worked in unregistered shops and small factories. Handicraft people also adopt new technology without pushing up the cost e.g. fly shuttle Situation of rich weavers was always better than the poor weavers. Market for British manufacturers attempted to take over the Indian market and were assisted by advertisements in persuading the consumers. How? Goods Manufacturers were Printing Calendars to popularise their products. Images of Gods, Figures of Important Personages, of Emperors and Nawabs, adorned Advertisement and Calendars. Made in Manchester labels to promise quality were used Indian manufacturer used nationalist message (Swadeshi)  Class 10th - History Print Culture And The Modern World  Woodblock printing [Traditional Chinese “Accordion book”] Increase in printed book with the civil services The first printed books China examinations in China. Blooming urban culture diversified the use of print. Print in Japan Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra. Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. (Ukiyo - Kitagawa Utamaro) Chinese paper reached Europe Print comes to Silk route In 1295, Marco Polo brought the knowledge of woodblock printing from Europe China. [Idea spread to the other parts of Europe] As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many countries. Manuscripts Limitation Need for even quicker and cheaper technique. Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known printing press Gutenberg’s printing press in the 1448. The first book he printed was the Bible.  The shift from hand printing to mechanical The print Revolution and its impact How? printing led to the print revolution. A new reading public → Printing reduced the cost of books, Oral culture entered print and printed material was orally transmitted. Religious debates and the fear of print Anxiety and criticism associated with print It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. In 1517 Martin Luther wrote ninety-five these → beginning of Protestant Reformation Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith Print and dissent even among little-educated working people. Menocchio, a miller V/S Roman Catholic Church The Reading Mania Literacy rate There was a virtual reading mania, various types of material were out. Almanacs, penny chapbooks in England, bibliotheque bleue in France, book on folktales and ballads. Newspaper and journals, ideas of scientists and philosophers were published. Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth-century France, declared: Tremble, therefore, 'The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public tyrants of world! opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.' Print as a means of spreading enlightenment Print culture and the Print culture created a condition under which French Revolution occurred? French revolution I. Print popularised the idea of enlightened thinkers II. created a new culture of dialogue and debate. Conclusion III. Outpouring of Literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality.  The Nineteenth century Emergence of new readers among children, women, and worker Children Production of school textbooks, a children's press in France (1857), Grimm brother in Germany complied traditional folk tales. Women Become important readers as well as writers. Jane Austen, Bronte sisters, George Eliot → Defined new type of women through writings. Worker Lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar workers, artisans and Lower-middle-class people. Richard M.Hoe perfected the power driven cylindrical press, offset press was developed, electrical press, method of feeding paper improved. Novels were Further Innovations serialised, cheap shilling series and paperback editions was introduced. Dust cover/book jacket was also an innovation. India and the world of print Situation Before print Manuscripts dominated Limitation The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries Many of the Print comes to India: regional tracks printing began. James Augustus Hickey weekly magazine - Bengal Gazette and Gangadhar Bhattacharya newspaper - Bengal Gazette Religious debates were carried out in public and in print Religious Reform and Public Debates Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate. Religious reformers V/S Hindu orthodoxy [Ram Mohan Roy’s Sambad Kaumudi (1821) Samachar Chandrika by Hindu Orthodoxy]. Ulamas and their worries → used of print to spread religious message Deoband Seminary (1867) Religious texts were printed in vernacular languages. Ramcharitmanas (Calcutta, 1810) Print stimulated the publication of conflicting opinions amongst communities, but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India. New forms of publication Novels, lyrics, short stories, essays about social and Political matters Printed paintings [even poor could afford], cartoons and caricatures appeared. Women and print (+Ve) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home. (-Ve) Concerns and fear of Rebel women defied prohibitions. Rashsundari Debi Amar Jiban 1876 conservative Hindus Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experience of women and Muslims. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote against the miserable lives of widows. Print in different language for women on various issues In Punjab: Ram chaddha published Istri Dharm Vichar, The Khalsa Tract Society Published book In Bengal: The Battala area published popular books, Pedlars sold these books to homes.  Print and the poor people Public libraries were now set up in cities and towns to expand the access to books Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba phule's Gulamgiri (1871) Kashibaba’s chhote aur bade ka sawal (1938), Kanpur mill worker who wrote poems under the name of Sudarshan chakr (Sacchi kavitayan) setting up of libraries to educate worker. [Bangalore cotton mill workers] Print and Censorship Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was more concerned about Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule. After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Vernacular press act, 1878 It provided the government with extensive rights to !! Warning !! If ignored, Confiscation of press censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about Punjab revolutionaries in his kesari  SOMETHING BIG Coming Soon… All SOMETHING FOR ALL !! The 15th March Best #Together we can, we will Crafted with love BY DIGRAJ SINGH RAJPUT