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SSC GK PARMAR'S GK BATCH Biology Cell Lecture :- 1 For Notes Join Telegram : Click on the icon. For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel Click on the icon.  SSC GK SSC GK BATCH 2.0...

SSC GK PARMAR'S GK BATCH Biology Cell Lecture :- 1 For Notes Join Telegram : Click on the icon. For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel Click on the icon.  SSC GK SSC GK BATCH 2.0 Biology Tissues / ऊतक Lecture :- 2 For Notes Join Telegram : Click on the icon. For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel Click on the icon.  Plant and Animal C Kingdom SS R A RM PA  C Father of Taxonomy : 1735: Carl Linnaeus SS Gave 2 Kingdom Classification Animal -- Plant 5 kingdoms Taxonomy: it is the science of classifying and naming i - the living organisms R 5 kingdoms classification by Robert Whittaker in 1969 These two · Me important s ett kingdoms Kingdoms arevery very important A I Ernst Haeckel in 1866 coined the term “Ecology” ↳ 3 Kingdom Classification (1864) I Father of Indian ecology: Ramdeo Mishra RM ↑ Carl Woese (1997): 3 domains TRICK to learn the order ) > - ) Kabaddi Play PA Class Our Of Girls E Sum Some  Diversity in living organism ↓ ↓ Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Classification is based on following: ↓ ↓ ↓ Monera Unicellular Multicellular ↓ ↓ ↓ Prokaryote v/s Eukaryote cell structure Protista Cell wall W Cell wall X : Unicellular/Multicellular organization ↓ ↓ ↓ Plantae Fungi Animalia C e Moses Modes ofofnutrition nutrition Further classification is done into sub groups SS KINGDOM MONERA Microscopic, Prokaryotic Can be autotrophic/heterotrophic I Prokaryotic - I Cell wall maybe present/absent R eg: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cynobacteria (Blue-green algae) Well defined nucleus and membrane bound organelles is absent ↳ A KINGDOM PROTISTA Kingdom Monera Classification · Archaebacteria - Mostly autotrophs Characteristics RM - Few photosynthesis Unicellular eukaryotic organisms Locomotion through appendages - Eubacteria Cell wall is present Cell wall is absent except Euglena · / Plasma membrane is present Cytoplasm present... Mode of Nutrition Ribosomes present Autotrophic/Heterotrophic PA eg: Unicellular algae,( diatoms,) protozoa Classification of kingdom Protista PHYLUM PROTOZOA Unicellular, mostly aquatic, solitary or colonial free living/parasitic/symbiotic eg: Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium , Plasmodium - C SS Helps in movement/locomotion Also, helps to move food to its oral cavity R A RM Euglena has a - PA tail-like structure T Helps in cell movement  C - - I SS false feet R A KINGDOM FUNGI RM PA Characteristics Multicellular except yeast. Cell wall is present and is made of complex sugar chitin  benefit from each other Some are in symbiotic relationship !... eg: Lichen - Blue green algae + fungi India’s first lichen park: Uttarakhand C changes gives food gives water + shelter colour due to to fungus + minerals to algae global warming SS Used in medicine: Penicillin Alexander Fleming Used in bakery: Yeast discovered Penicillin Mode of nutrition Heterotrophic R A Saprophytic: Decaying organic material as food Parasitic: Dependent on protoplasm of a host organism for food RM PA  KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular - Eukaryotes C Cell Wall present Cellulose ! AutotrophsA Sedentary ic in in nature nature SS R A FI RM conducting tissue without PA ↓ ↑ hidden reproductive Cryptogams organs  C SS R ⑦. A RM single cotyledon Two cotyledons PHYLUMS OF KINGDOM PLANTAE PA Characteristics of Thallophyta no distinguished root or stem elemen Plantsdodo Plants nothave have well-differentiated body parts. or body Plants are called as algae Mostly aquatic eg: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, and Chara Presence or absence of vascular tissues : Ability to bear seeds Ability to produce flower  Phycology: Study of algae I ↑ Green algae: Chlorophyceae / Red algae: Rhodophyceae C : Brown algae: Phaeophyceae Sargassum grass, V SS Lamanaria (Kelps) Chlorella ↑ Blue green algae: Cyanobacteria Characteristics of Bryophyta R / Antheridium: the male sex organ of algae, Moses, ferns, fungi, and other non- flowering plants A They are known as “Amphibians of Plant Kingdom” = Well differentiated body: Stem and leaves RM Root like structures present: Rhizoids Autotrophic, non-motile No specialised tissues for water and food conduction ↑ Found in damp and moist areas M eg: Riccia Ricia, Moss (funaria), Marchantia PA  > Found in cracks of rocks, moist and shady places Characteristics of Pteridophyta - First terrestrial plants zameen par - Well-differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves C I Well-developed reproductive organs are hidden - Specialised tissue for food and water conduction: Vascular tissues are present SS eg: Marsilea and fern , Horsetails R A RM PA  Characteristics of Gymnosperms Gymno: Without cover : Sperma: Seeds without fruit C - Usually perennials, evergreen and mostly woody plants True roots, stem, and leaves are present Xylem vessel absent SS eg: Pinnes and Deodar , Cycas Pinus coniferous forest: in temperate regions Characteristics of Angiosperms R Plants A Types L v - Monocots Woody Non-woody Angio: Covered - Dicots I v Sperma: Seed Herbs Shrubs RM ↓ They are flowering plants and produce seeds enclosed within fruit Stem They are highly evolved Ovary gets modified into fruit Seeds have embryo inside it and these seeds develop inside ovary Embryos have structure: Cotyledons seed leaves - PA seeds that were - Cotyledons earlier ovules ↓ Emerge / - W Green V that was earlier During seed germination ovary  C SS KINGDOM ANIMALIA Eukaryotic R Classified into phyla on the basis ii - A Multicellular of extent and type of body design differentiation found Heterotrophic Cell wall absent RM Most of them are mobile Characteristics of Porifera They have holes called pores i.e. body is perforated that is why called sponges Have water canal system (pores se paani) PA Asymmetrical body Cellular level organization Two layer germ layers: Diploblastic Exclusively aquatic Ectoderm: cells Endoderm: cells inside the outside the body body Endoskeleton is present · Other examples: Euplectella, Spongilla PA RM A R SS C  Characteristics of Coelenterata/Cnidaria Aquatic animals It· Tissue level organisation C Hard skeleton developed outside called Exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate Body made of two layers: Diploblastic Ectoderm: makes up cells outside of body Anus is absent Endoderm: makes inner lining of the body SS Radial symmetry (divided in equal parts from anywhere) Central gastrovascular cavity is present eg: Coral and hydra - Mouth is present surrounded by tentacles I Hydra) R Mostly marine somewhere, freshwater animals (eg: A Characteristics of Platyhelminthes They have dorsoventrally flattened body, dorsoventrally flattened body like a ribbon RM · Bilateral symmetry Organ level organisation Triploblastic animals: three germ layers True internal cavity/coelom absent: Acoelomate PA Body cavity. They can be parasitic or free living Coelom have organs accommodated Either free, living or parasitic and terrestrial Free living Parasite Suckers and hooks are usually present Hermaphrodite (Male+Female part present) animals Anus is absent  Characteristics of Nematodes/Aschelmithes Body is cylindrical Animals show sexual dimorphism / - Bilateral symmetry C Triploblastic organisation Organ * level organisation Organ system organization No real organs present SS false cavity Pseudocoelom present L Alimentary is complete: mouth and anus (Different (entry and exitandpoint entry same) exit point) eg: Elephantiasis (filarial worms) Worms in intestines (roundworms/pinworms) Sexes are separate R A Hermaphrodite: having both male and female part Unisexual: either male or female part RM ↑ Locomotory organs paired, lateral appendages parapodia (Nereis) - Alimentary canal is tube like extend from mouth to anus They are usually found in freshwater, marine ↑ - Characteristics of Annelida water, land PA Bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic : Cylindrical/dorsoventrally flattened Brown colour skin is present True coelomate animal True organ packaged in coelom - Organ ⑭level systemorganisation organization - Body segmetation is present / Reproduction: Sexually  Characteristics of Arthropoda Largest phylum in animal kingdom : They have jointed legs C Bilateral symmetry Segmented body into head, thorax/cahals thorax, abdomen Open circulatory system (blood openly flows; not through a blood vessel) SS Coelom is present and is blood filled Triploblastic Respiration through gills, trachea Excreation through Malpighian Tubules Exoskeleton is made of chitin Unisexual R A RM PA Devil fish: common name of octopus Characteristics of Mollusca ↳ 2nd largest phylum Body is soft Exoskeleton is hard (snails) Little segmentation Open circulatory system  Blue colour blood: Haemocyanin Alimentary canal is complete Kidney like organs for excretion is present Respiration through gills C Unisexual SS Characteristics of Echinodermata - Spiny skinned organism I Star shaped, spherical, elongated - Radial symmetry : I ↑ - Triploblastic Coelomic cavity is present No segmentation R A I Organ Me level systemsystem organization RM Characteristics of Chordata Types: I They have notochord: rod like structure Notochord not - a) Protochordata - Paired gills slits in pharynx developed b) Vertebrata - Bilateral properly I - Triploblastic Notochord PA - Organ system level organisation properly - Closed blood vascular system developed - Heart is ventral Rod like structure - - Hemichordata Invertebrates - >  C SS Characteristics of Protochordata - R Do not have proper notochord present during all stages of life A I Bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic Post anal tail present - I Coelomate animals RM I Nerve cord is present - Pharyngeal gill slits present PA  Ill C SS R A RM Characteristics of Vertebrates Characteristics of Cyclostomata PA They are jawless vertebrates ! eg: Petromyzon/Myxine , hog fishes, lamprey Arthropoda · Crayfish - Silverfish Characteristics of Pieces Mammals - Whale They are fishes / Dolphins eg: Dog fish, Shark, tuna Chambered heart: 2  Characteristics of Amphibians They have mucous glands in skin for respiration : They have 3 chambered heart ↳ or through gills eg: Frogs, toads, R amphibians salamander C Characteristics of Reptiles SS They have 3 chambered heart Exception: Crocodile 4 chambered heart Cold blooded animals eg: snake, turtle, lizard, crocodile Characteristics of Aves R A They are warm blooded animals They have 4 chambered heart They lay eggs RM Characteristics of Mammalian They are warm blooded organism They have 4 chambered heart PA They have mammary glands Exception: Mammals but lay eggs eg: Platypus and echidnas PA RM A BRAIN R SS C  Nervous System L X Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System V V V Brain Spinal Cord Nerves C Information ↓ Body Brain SS - T Notochord - Vestigial organs: organs, tissues or cells in the body, which are no more functional, the way they were in their ancestral form of trait - Examples: Tailbone Coccyx R A I Wisdom tooth : - Pinna Tonsils RM > - Sense Organs Photoreceptors - Olfactory PA ↑ Thermoreceptors - > Tactile Photoreceptors < ↳ Gustatory  Layer of brain called “Meninges” that covers and protects the brain Control and Coordination... C inflammation of meninges causes a SS disease called “Meningitis” Parts of Brain R A Fore Brain Mid Brain RM major part of brain Brain - Male: 1400 g > Adult - Female: 1300 g - The adult brain accounts for a mere of 2% of body weight Meningitis: an inflammation or PA > - 20% of O2 and 20-25% of swelling of protective Glucose membrane, covering the brain and spinal cord - Caused by a viral or bacterial Hind Brain infection Total no. of bones in brain: 22 smallest portion of brain * 14: 14:Facial bones cranial 8: Cranial bones 8: facial  Fore Brain Function loss of memory and Controls voluntary action difficulty in performing " C Associated with hunger, memory, pain loss of memory day to day function Parts SS Cerebrum (Memory) Associated diseases: Amnesia and Dementia Thalamus (Pain and Sensation) Touch (skin), Nose, Tongue Alzheimer’s · p) Disease Hypothalamus (Regulates body temperature and Hunger thrust and Sleet) Fore brain > Hind brain > Mid brain Mid Brain R Eye movement and pupil dilation A Function ↑ Controls involuntary actions such as change in pupil size and reflex movements (vision, hearing) RM Hind Brain Function a) Cerebellum PA Controls posture and balance b) Pons Connects Brain and Spinal Cord 7 Memory storage c) Medulla Oblongata Controls ANS - Respiration/heartbeat/Digestion Automatic Nervous System  basic unit of nervous system Longest cell in our body ".. C SS Cell body Cyton Glial cells Synapse R A Gap between nerve ending of one neuron’s and dendrite of other neuron. Here electrical signal is converted into information which is in the chemical signal RM Hormones Hormones discovery: E.H. Starling Growth related Plant Hormones PA Not growth related Types 1) Auxin Growth hormone It is involved in phototropism (response towards light) 2) Gibbrelin Growth hormone W Responsible for germination/flowering  3) Cytokinins W Promote cell division Cyto: cell i Kinin: division.... C 4) Abscisic Acid - It inhibits growth SS - It is a stress hormone 5) Ethylene Gaseous hormone It helps in fruit ripening Hormones in Animals R A Types RM 1) Endocrine Glands They are ductless glands They secrete hormones into the blood eg: adrenal glands, pituitary glands, etc Ductless Glands PA a) Thyroxine Released by thyroid gland largest endocrine gland Located in neck region Butterfly shape Due to the deficiency of Iodine, thyroid gland is effected a and causes a disease birth disease known as Goitre Hypothyroidism: thyroid gland doesn’t produce Thyroxine Hormone enough thyroid hormone Hyperthyroidism: overproduction of thyroid hormone I used in treatment of goitre  - Anti diuretic hormone / Helps kidney to control the When secreted in less amount of water amount leads to dwarfism When secreted in surplus amount leads to Acromegaly b) Growth Hormone It is secreted by pituitary gland (Master Gland) : Growth hormone is also known as Somatotropin C c) Adrenal Gland It regulates blood pressure, heart beat It located above kidneys SS - Also known as “Fight or Flight hormone” - Deficiency causes Addison’s disease - It helps in regulating blood glucose level / -Sugar levels ↑ Insulin & Glucagon X cells · Secreted by Pancreas 2 largest gland ↳ Mixed gland R cells: B cells of Islet of Langerhans It regulates sugar levels (glucose level in the blood) A Sex Hormones RM W In male: Testosterone involved in secondary sex characteristics In female: Estrogen/Progesterone female secondary sex regulating menstrual cycle, characteristics pregnancy PA Melatonin Regulate sleep Released by Pineal Gland pea-sized gland It is located in brain  Plant Movement Types ! “touch me not” plant C 1) Nastic Movement Not growth related eg: movement in response to touch: Thigmonastic Movement SS 2) Tropic Movement Growth related a) Phototropic movement I R Movement in response to light Positive movement: Towards the light source Negative movement: Away from the light source A RM 1 + Ve Ve + 7 PA W  b) Hydrotropism Movement ↑ Movement in response to water C =@π@π@° - VE SS - V R A RM c) Chemotropism Movement eg: Growth of pollen tube Movement in response to chemical stimuli towards the ovule ) PA - r  d) Geotropism Movement Movement in response to Gravity... C SS R A RM PA REPRODUCTION  -I requirement of only one living being requirement of male and female to produce offspring REPRODUCTION It is a method by which offsprings are produced by the living beings. Reproduction is not a necessary instinct for survival of a living being ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION I It involves a single parent - Occurs in simple organisms like microorganisms, plants SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ↑ It involves two parents / Mother ↑ Father eg: in humans, dogs, elephants, birds, fishes, plants  TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION a) BINARY FISSION ↑ It is a process of reproduction in which a unicellular organism divides into two organisms I Only for unicellular organisms Protozoa that causes Kala I Azar disease 1 I reproduction on basis of particular orientation any orientation I Nucleus inside spreading to Bi: meaning two divide  Malaria causing protozoa b) MULTIPLE FISSION It will develop many offsprings I. ↑ It happens in unicellular organisms: Malarial Parasite, Plasmodium Plasmodium Many daughter nuclei develops green algae c) FRAGMENTATION ↑ it is used by simple multicellular organisms like spirogyra and sea anemone & Green algae I Red algae mode of reproduction: Fragmentation  I Breaks into half, which is not fully develop that later develops into complete spirogyra d) BUDDING I It is a process used by simple multicellular organisms like hydra and yeast P Develops buds to form I main method of reproduction in hydra is budding complete hydra  not exactly a method of Bread mould reproduction. e) REGENERATION It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like planaria and hydra, rhizopus " Phylum: Platyhelminthes Eg: Tapeworms, flatworms They are free living f) VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION cutting of parent plants - organisms repairs or regenerates the missing part of the body and forms a complete organism again It is a type of reproduction where new plants grow from a fragment or Buds develop that is not completely developed  eg: in a barren land when it rains, grass grows as stems are present on the ground TYPES i) CUTTING: a part of plant (stem or leaf) is cut and planted into soil eg: rose plant, money plant, sugarcane plant, -> Why is vegetative propagation done? banana plant I To save time I To get varieties of plants of same ii) LAYERING: the stem of the plant is bent All ↑ or different type to the ground and covered with soil eg: Lemon, strawberry iii) GRAFTING: cutting from some other plant attached to the stem of a plant and planted to soil eg: Rose plant  g) TISSUE CULTURE Scientific artificial vegetative propagation is known as tissue culture : Tissue from different parts of plant are cultured in chemicals in laboratory to develop into a new plant used in ornamental plants eg: Snake plant Cost of selling such plant is very high h) SPORE FORMATION It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like rhizopus Bob and stick like structures that releases spores and these spores further reproduces to rhizopus bread mould green colour fungus on bread: rhizopus  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION PLANT Pollen grains : I D - Ovule becomes seeds - Reproductive organ in plants: Flower Two types of · female flower ↑ Male + female part = Bisexual/Monoecious, eg: Hibiscus, sunflower, rose, lily, tulip, tomato, chilli Only Male or Female = Unisexual, eg: Papaya, cucumber, watermelon, musk melon, i l bitter guard ourd Male part has: I Filament: supports anther Anther: produces pollen + collectively called STAMEN - collectively called PISTIL Female part has: : Stigma: sticky bulb that catches pollen Style: passageway for &grains pollen - Ovary: the part of pistil that holds the eggs awaiting fertilisation. Becomes the fruit  Pollination: pollen grains reach stigma through -- - I I Wind Water Insect I 11 Anemophily Hydrophily ↑ Antemophily Entomophily REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS Male sex cells Female sex cells It ↓ Male gamete Ovum Sperm 1 I Zygote Embryo ↓ Child  Seminal fluid (semen) Vas deferens (sperm duct) I Urethra Produce - > Sperm MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN Ovules Zygote Embryo FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN Fetus ↑ At the age 11-12 The ovaries start to mature, the oviducts, uterus, vagina, breast, become pigmented, this is the first sign of menarche Menopause: natural decline in reproductive hormones in women when she reaches her 40s or 50s · Gametogenesis Insemination Fertilisation Zygote Implantation Gestation > > D > Cervical cancer is caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)  Artery: Deoxygenated blood/waste : Fetus Placenta Veins: Oxygenated blood/nutrition Placenta >Fetus IVF (In vitro fertilisation) IVF is a type of fertility treatment where eggs are combined with the sperm outside the body in a lab. The embryos are then inserted into women’s vagina through the cervix up to the womb Methods of Sterilisation I Tubectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception for woman. It involves surgically blocking the fallopian tube so that the egg released by ovary cannot reach the uterus & Vasectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception in male. It involves cutting the supply of sperm to the semen - Parthenogenesis: it is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of an embryo occurred directly from an egg without the need of fertilisation Honey bees, lizard Meaning.Parthe: Virgin ↑ Genesis: Birth  site of fertilisation : primary sex organ Seedless fruit Development of fruit without fertilisation: Parthenocarpy Transfer of pollen grains from one anther to stigma of another flower of the same plant is called: Geitonogamy Productivity of an ecosystem is composed of: net primary productivity and gross primary productivity - > - energy Gross required primary to make productivity - Energy total biomass food to- gross primary => required make food consumed productivity Sequence of parts of female reproductive organ: Stigma - Style - Ovary / Thalamus I One nucleus of the pollen tube and secondary nucleus of the ovum grows into: Endosperm S Arteries in umbilical cod: ord: Two : Ability of a single cell to produce a fertile, adult individual: Totipotency Cloning: process of creating exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism Mutation: change in DNA or gene Female gamete undergoes development to form new organisms without fertilisation in some organism like honey bees, some lizards or birds: Parthenogenesis / Reproduction in humans is: Internal Fertilisation ↑ In Vitro fertilisation: joining of women’s egg and man’s sperm in a laboratory dish (artificial way of fertilisation) - Metamorphosis: Change in form Four stages of metamorphosis: I I # #  - Oviparous: lay eggs eg: Frog I Viviparous: directly produce offsprings eg: humans Hereditary and Evolution L TT: pure tall Tt: tall First studied by: Gregor Johan Mendel ↑ / tt: short * ↑ father of genetics Pea plant (as it shows varieties) Scientific name: Pisum sativum Sex Determination - Male/Female ↑ Chromosome: 23 pairs (total: 46) ↓ ↓ 1 pair (sex chromosome) 22 pairs (autosomal chromosomes) ↓I I Turner syndrome: Female is missing one X Male Female chromosome (not a Mendelian disorder) ↓ ↓ XY XX Down syndrome: due to extra chromosome !? I Sperm + Ova = Zygote (not a Mendelian disorder) Y X ↓ Male chromosome determines the sex of a foetus - Homologous organs: look similar but functions are different & Analogous organs: look different but functions are similar  LIFE PROCESS C DIGESTION+RESPIRATION SS R A RM PA  4 components of Life Process: Digestion " Respiration Circulation Excreation C DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SS Mouth (Buccal Cavity) Releases Salivary Amylase = (enzyme) releases bile juice, it Food pipe is stored in gall bladder food directly goes to - stomach Sphincter R in stomach HCL is released A muscles - Gastric juice, ↓ - medium is Acidic -1 I Allows food to RM pH value: 1.6 pass to small ↓ intestine highly acidic. Vestigial Food excreation Large intestine small intestine jejunum and ileum is inside and duodenum is outside Longest part of large PA finger-like projections: Villi (provides intestine Complete digestion surface area for food absorption) -> Salivary Amylase: breaks complex carbohydrates to simple carbohydrates - -> Stomachbreaks Pepsin: 1. proteins HCl: kills-> harmful Aminobacteria; Acids medium Acidic - Needs acidic medium from gastric juice Amino acids 2. Pepsin: breaks protein HCl is present in gastric juice pH: 1.6 ↑ Mucus membrane: protects inner delicate lining of stomach from gastric juice  Sphincter muscle: it allows food to pass from stomach to small intestine : Small intestine: 7-8 m length, longest part of alimentary canal ↓ 3 parts: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum Major part of digestion occur here C Liver: largest gland located on right side of abdomen ↓ SS Dark red brown colour colour Small intestine: basic/alkanine Bile juice functions - (Enzyme secreted by liver) - Fat globules (large) R globules -> Smaller fat A amylase: breaks carbs I - Pancreatic juice (secreted by Pancreas) ~ T- ↑ - lipase: fats -> fatty acid RM Second largest gland - trypsin: proteins -> amino acid ↓ Works in basic medium provides by bile juice PA - Large Intestine: 1.5 m length - Maltose: Maltase: in salivary gland and ↓ small intestine Maltose -> Glucose Absorption of water from food  ↑ Alimentary Canal: the whole passage along which food passes through ↓ Mouth Liver and pancreas are ↓ C not its part Oesophagus ↓ Stomach SS ↓ Small intestine ↓ Large intestine ↓ R Rectum ↓ A Anus Liver RM Liver converts glucose into glycogen and amino acids into proteins · - It is of dark red brown colour Position: right of abdomen side Kupffer cells: star shaped phagocytic cells in the lining of liver sinusoids (They are involved in breakdown of RBCs) It is the largest gland PA Hepatocytes: They are the major parenchymal cells of the liver responsible for various cellular functions Villi The finger-like projections in small intestine They help in increase of surface area for food absorption  Breathe in: upper Exhale: down ↑ Y Lungs surrounded by rib cage (boney structure) I RESPIRATORY SYSTEM hairs and mucus C purifies the air in-Breathe from larynx: sound box - Adam’s apple nose nostrils SS Pharynx: where - both food and air Earnrings of enters / cartilage (lines in trachea) = Trachea bronchus -> ↓ - Bronchi When we breathe - Prevents trachea - S R in it lowers to give - I When we breathe out Bubble-like structures from collapsing space to lungs Lungs shrink and diaphragm(upper) comes A I to original position L Connected to capillaries Breathe in connected to ↓ RM Sheet-like arteries and 02 21% - -> Alveoli supplies this oxygen to blood capillaries supplies O to structure L. CO-0.036% every cell N27 78% O rich blood: Cells oxygenated blood Breathe out ↑ (respiration) PA CO 4.4% i O 16% - reaches lungs Waste material a -) (CO N27 78% ↳ - - Diffusion from high - ↓ C6 H12O6 - conc. to low conc. ATP: 38 molecules ↑ Food stored in form of Glycogen in Liver Carried by veins (carries deoxygenated blood) ↓ Through exhalation to Exhale < - high concentration of CO24-- alveoli  CO24 Oxygenated blood !) Lungs - Heart Heart carries it to lungs again I C C takes oxygen ated blood SS to all the cells # This CO2 travels Respiration to heart CO (deoxygenated blood) 2 R A lungs is covered by outer.. Different forms of respiration: membrane called pleura RM - Anaerobic respiration: in absence of oxygen in yeast -> Ethanol + CO + Energy 2 ↑ Aerobic respiration: in presence of oxygen in mitochondria -> CO + Water + Energy 2 PA Lack of oxygen: oxygen in minute concentration in muscle cells Lactic acid + Energy Develops cramps in muscle during athletic activities  ↑ Network of air tubes for gas exchange in insects: Tracheae - Present between lungs: Thymus gland · Upper part of the respiratory tract with small hair-like structure: Cilia C ↑ Fibre cannot be broken down by the GI tract, does not provide energy but helps the body get rid of wastes and keeps the intestinal tract healthy SS - Metabolic reactions are carried out by: Protein ↳Catabolism: break down - I Anabolism: synthesis R Fluid secreted by new mothers during initial days of lactation, that boosts baby’s immune system: Colostrum A , Indigestible portion of our diet: Roughage RM Pouch connected to the junction of small intestine and large intestine: Caecum Bariatric surgery brings changes in: Digestive system Done in obese people PA Organ that can regrow after damage: Liver  Nose teeth: Incisors Central incisor incisors: 4x2 = 8 - Lateral incisor - Uses: food biting = 32 C & Canine: 2x2 = 4 / Uses: tearing of food SS Larger in canine animals i li Premolars: 4x2 = 8 Uses: chewing of food R Hardest part of hunman body: Enamel Molars: 6x2 = 12 Uses: grinding of food A (Outer covered of teeth) made of Calcium phosphate Inner covering: Dentine Dental formula: I C P M RM I C P M Strongest part of human body: Jaw =2123 = Adults 2123 Wisdom teeth: 3rd molar In children: Premolar absent Elephant’s outer teeth is known as tusk (incisors) 3rd molar absent PA 2102 / Bird’s beak: extended, modified form of teeth 2102  C CIRCULATION SS AND EXCRETION R A RM PA  CIRCULATORY SYSTEM C - Pumping organ: pumps blood to cells SS R A Pacemaker: Artificial Heart O rich blood: bright red :To measure arterial blood pressure : Sphygmomanometer is used. CO rich blood: dark red RM Lungs M # Largest vein - Largest artery Pulmonary artery - (right) longer - I - - PA Collects blood Sinoatrial node 5 ↓ initiates heartbeat ↓ W & Because of aorta ↑ I ↓ Largest artery Septum (dividing wall J J E Pumps blood The human heart pumps blood between left and right Largest vein Carries blood from heart to part of heart) different parts of the body  superior vena cava (Il Lungs =E pulmonary vein deoxygenated Right Left blood * C Atrium Atrium SS Ventricle Ventricle inferior vena cava pulmonary artery R Heart to different body parts (pure blood) A F Narrow, thicker (due to pressure) RM Arteries: carries oxygenated blood Veins: carries deoxygenated blood - different body parts to Pulmonary artery: carries deoxygenated heart (impure blood) Exception blood (right ventricle to lungs) Pulmonary vein: carries oxygenated blood (lungs to left atrium) PA - When heart contracts: systole 120 mm of Hg (if more than this, then > high BP) / When heart relaxes: diastole > 80 mm of Hg (if less than this, then low BP) - Sound oh heart: lubb-dubb (when heart contracts)  Blood Group valves of heart: Mitral (Bicuspid valve) ~ Discovery: Karl Landsteiner Aortic Universal donor: O- Tricuspid C Universal acceptor: AB+ by YM Bhendel# SS Bombay blood 1952, Bombay): Lacks H antigen on RBCs, have anti-H in the serum i.e. cannot take blood from anyone Systole: Contractions I Diastole: Relaxation * Given B+ blood R ↑ Rh is derived from the use of blood of rhesus monkeys in the basic test for determining the presence of Rh antigen Pacemaker: in humanArtificial blood heart A A+- B+ Rh factor is a protein on the surface of ↓= RBCs RM can die due to blood Rh+ Protein present coagulation Rh- Protein not present PA  EXCRETORY SYSTEM Waste removal Solid eg: by kidneys +E. C Basic unit of kidney: Nephron (specialised cells) Gaseous eg: Liquid eg: by skin (sweating) Millions of nephron present in one SS by lungs kidney Deoxygenated blood Kidney to heart Renal vein Heart X Right kidney is slightly R down than left kidney A C M P ↓b + !" 2 ureters, sends - Cortex Medulla Pelvis RM wastes to urinary blood ⑲ Yellow solid waste PA from anus due to bilirubin Waste product: Ammonia Urea is major excretory e Kidney converts ammonia to urea product Urine Ureter Urinary bladder Colour: yellow due to Urobilin/Urochrome  Reabsorption E -Ultrafiltration (filters everything) and removal of C nutrients/urea C ↓ SS Nephron: removes R A - Colour: Yellow RM Urine component: - This colour comes from - liver cells are made of kupffer Water: 95% urochrome/urobilin, a cells I waste product that ↑ Urea: 2% comes from breakdown ~ pH: 4.5-5 4.8 & of haemoglobin I Kidney stone made of: Calcium oxalate PA - When both kidney malfunctions: Dialysis is done - ↓ Artificial process to remove the waste from blood  ↑ Large bean-shaped lymphoid organ in human body: Spleen (lymphoid organ) Swollen bluish veins resulting from valves that do not close properly: : C Varicose veins A healthy individual has 12-16 gm of haemoglobin in in every 100 mL SS of blood Heart weight: 285 gm RBCs develop in bone marrow R Brain weight: 1300-1400 gm, male brain weighs more than females A Blood clot (coagulation) is formed because of presence of platelets RM Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood Sweating/perspiration is a nature’s way of releasing excess water from the body Flame cells: kidney, found in aquatic vertebrates PA DISEASES AND DEFICIENCY  Classification of diseases on the basis of time Acute disease: diseases that last for a short period of time eg: fever, cold, cough Chronic diseases: diseases that last for a long period of time eg: Diabetes, TB, elephantiasis (filaria) COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES Communicable diseases: diseases that spread from one person to another (infectious diseases) eg: AIDS, cold, chicken pox, COVID Non-Communicable diseases: diseases that cannot spread from contact (non- infectious) eg: diabetes, arthritis, glaucoma, polio DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS DNA - - Virus has a genetic material - RNA: Retrovirus eg: COVID virus - Behaves as a non-living entity outside / Requires a host to replicate (becomes living entity later) Parasitic The person develops a symptom called as Hydrophobia (fear of water) VIRUS DISEASES TRICK Dr. M I S H R A ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ dengue measles influenza swine flu hepatitis rabies AIDS ↓ H1N1 B E S T M P ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ - Poliomyelitis virus bird flu encinitis small pox *mums Mumps polio ↓ ↓ ↓ Entovirus H5N1 eradicated in 1979, last case in Somalia (Africa) Genetic material encoded in a protein envelope known as Capsid Length: 2 um..... Diameter: 0.5 um Coccus Bacillus Spirillum  Size/diameter: 20-200 nm : 1st to discover antibiotics Penicillin: Alexander Fleming Difference between virus and bacteria Virus Bacteria Genetic material: DNA/RNA + Protein & They are prokaryotes, they lack true nucleus ↓ and membrane bound organelles, instead they Retrovirus have nucleoid. Their genetic material is called Eg: CORONO virus genophore (bacterial DNA) - Non-living entity Unicellular and living entity It needs a host cell Divides on its own : Parasitic/Saprophytic I & Parasitic in nature / It cannot be treated with antibiotics - Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections Pathogens 1. Virus 2. Bacteria 3. Protozoa 4. Fungus Diseases caused by Virus HEPATITIS Types: A, B, C Hepatitis A: Transmission through food : It affects liver (hepatitis is inflammation of the liver) Hepatitis B: Sexually transmitted through bodily India’s first indigenous Hepatitis-A vaccine: Havisure fluids - Hepatitis C: Transmitted when in contact with JAUNDICE infected blood It mainly affects liver MUMPS It a viral disease that affects the parotid salivary glands (cheek and jaw area) POLIO Totally eradicated from India, as declared in 2023 It affects the nervous system nerves in spinal cord or brain stem Virus: Poliomyelitis/Polio virus 1st polio vaccine was created by: Dr. Jonas Salk Inactivated (killed) polio vaccine (IPV) by Dr. John Salk Live attenuated (weakened) oral polio vaccine (OPV) by Dr. Albert Sabin CERVICAL CANCER It affects the cervix region in women Virus: Human Papillomavirus Causes cancer in the cervix Detected through: Smear Test  M Diseases caused by virus DENGUE carrier: female Aedes aegypti mosquito : AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome sexually-transmitted diseases virus: HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (retrovirus) death: due to weak immune system method of transmission: sexual contact, blood transfusions, from mother to baby test: ELISA Test (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) AIDS DAY: 1st Dec Diseases caused by bacteria Widal Test Transferred Affects reproductive organs TRICK through animals T Wo Go L P A T T ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ tetanus whooping cough gonorrhoea leprosy pneumonia typhoid anthrax ↑ typhoid Tuberculosis (TB) ↓ V V Clostridium tetani Salmonella typhi CH P S Streptococcus * Mycobacterium Salmonella tuberculosis typhi,↑ pneumoniae Clostridium tetani =>> cholera plague syphilis Mainly attack lungs Vibrio cholera Commonly referred as “White Plague” Acne caused due to: Staphylococcus bacteria Di d ↓ Affects respiratory Diphtheria tract  PLAGUE / Death due to plague known as: Black Death - 1897-1906: 12 Million death in India Caused by: Yersinia pestis : LEPROSY ~ Affects skin ↑ Also known as Hansen’s Disease & Caused by: Mycobacterium leprae CHOLERA Caused by: Vibrio cholera It is a water borne disease Death due to cholera known as: Blue Death TUBERCULOSIS Caused by: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Vaccine: BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)  Diseases caused by fungi - B -> Baldness A -> Athlete’s foot R -> Ring worm S -> Scabies A -> Asthma Diseases caused by Protozoan Detection: VIVAX TEST Malaria -> 25th April (Malaria Day) ↑ Protozoa: plasmodium - Carrier: female Anopheles mosquito · Treatment: Quinine (found in bark of cinchona tree) Sleeping Sickness I Protozoa: Trypanosoma I Carrier: Tse Tse flies > - Kala Azar I Protozoa: Leishmania ↑ Carrier: Sandfly  Disease caused by Fungus B: Baldness A: Asthma R: Ring worm S: Scabies Skin disease > - A: Athlete’s Foot PANDEMIC/EPIDEMIC/ENDEMIC Pandemic: Sudden an intention cases across several countries, continents, or the world : Epidemic: Sudden increase in cases spreading through a large population & Endemic: These disease are constantly present in a population or region with relatively low spread  GENETIC DISORDERS Genetic disorders are caused due to gene malfunction (meiosis) - Down Syndrome MENDELIAN DISORDERS Thalassemia C- Change in gene (gene defects) - I Sickle Cell Anaemia L - ↑ - Colour blindness L I Turner’s Syndrome: *X-chromosome One X-chromosome isismissing missing, seen only in female in female / Albinism v Angelman Syndrome I Klienfelter Syndrome: Presence of an extra copy of X-chromosome in males v ↓ sexually transmitted diseases Spread of diseases ↑ Air: TB, Pneumonia, common cold ↑ Water: Cholera, Diarrhoea, Amoebic dysentery  ↑ TB spread through droplet infection (affects lungs) - Visible sign of severe Iodine deficiency: Swelling in neck (goitre), if thyroid gland doesn’t promote Thyroxine hormone - Antibiotics do not work against viral diseases but only against bacterial diseases (disrupts cell wall formation) - Beri beri cannot be prevented by vaccination ↓ According to WHO, “Hygiene refers to conditions, health, and prevent spread of disease” - ~ Plant diseases W Citrus cranker: bacteria -, I Rust ofm disease: fungus wheat: fungus - Yellow vein mosaic: virus W Aster Yellow: bacteria Crown Gall: bacteria. Ergot: fungus Snow mild: fungus " Black know: fungus Blight: fungus/bacteria Disease caused by drinking contaminated water: Cholera - Epilepsy: disorder resulting in abnormal electrical discharge from brain cells causing seizures ↑ Jaundice: skin and eyes turn yellow due to deposit of bile pigments Pernicious anaemia: due to B12 deficiency Varicella Zoster virus: Chicken pox  Wilson disease: excessive amount of deposition of Cu = ↑ Night blindness: due to Vitamin A Nyctophobia: fear of darkness Diabetes mellitus: Glucose level is high Monkey bite: disease caused is Rabies Soft bone disease: Osteomalacia Osteoporosis: when bones become fragile, due to deficiency of Vitamin D Osteomyelitis: inflammation in bone Mad Hatter Disease: due to Mercury poisoning also responsible for Minimata disease Inhaling iron dust causes Siderosis disease Itai Itai: caused due to Cadium deposition Blue baby syndrome: caused due to Nitrate deposition Rickets: affects bones Dementia, diarrhoea, dermatitis: three M D’Souza D’s causedcaused in Pellagra by Pellagra I Helicobacter pylori: responsible for peptic ulcers Escherichia coli: causes diarrhoea : - Mode of tranmission of disease “Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi”: insect Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG): Tuberculosis X-linked recessive disorder: Ne Haemophilia Hemophilia A A Evil influence of stars: Influenza Plague is caused by bacteria: Yersinia pestis - Flavivirus: genetic material is RNA  NUTRITION IN C PLANTS AND SS ANIMALS R A RM PA  NUTRIENTS IN ANIMALS Nutrients is consumed in day to day life High energy storage ↓ ↓ - Vitamins A Macronutrients Micronutrients W ↑ ↓ - C L t L Minerals Carbohydrates Fats Proteins -Amino acids SS ↳ Body building nutrients V ↑ Glucose -CHO ↓ Storage: Adipose tissueneeded for↓growth of body Sugar Energy Benedict Test: a chemical test that detects · R 1912: Casimir Funk, coined the term “VITAMIN” reducing sugars in a solution A On the basis of solubility: RM -> KEDA PA Amino Acids ↓ t Essential amino acid Non-essential amino acid ↓ ↓ our body cannot synthesises on our body synthesises on its own its own  Carbohydrates/Sugar V V Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates Two molecules of sugar I ↓ 1 molecule of sugar ↓ ↓ Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides ↓ ↓ ↓ C - Glucose Sucrose Glycogen - Fructose - > Fruits, honey Grains sugar (in cereals) < Maltose Starch ↑ Galactose Lactose Cellulose SS Milk sugar Fats > - provide energy Stored in adipose tissue > Provides insulation to the body Saturated fats D R They are not easily digested as the molecules are tightly packed together, and they have higher melting point Single bond A Unsaturated fats D Double/Triple bond They are easily digested RM Healthier Found in vegetable oil, nuts and seeds Trans fat it is a type of unsaturated fat that occurs naturally or artificially in foods :... / PA Proteins Produced by the breakdown of amino acids ↓ v Total: 20 amino acids Body building Growth CHON Present in: Essential: need to be consumed Egg: white part (proteins), Eg: Leucine, Histidine, Lysine, ↑ yolk: yellow part (fats, Non-essential Tryptophan vitamins, etc) Body synthesises on its own Soyabean Eg: Glutamine, glycine, proline, arginine PA RM A R SS C  In carrot, mango, apple, papaya I In fish oil - I Sunlight Synthesised by our C I body SS In sprouts L In citrus fruits R /Nightblindness A - - I RM Vitamin B complexes Total: 8 PA /bleeding gums /anti-sterility I (can happen A in anyone) to No blood clotting  TRICK Diseases B1: Thymine Tho Beri Beri B2: Riboflavin R C B3: Niacin Ne Pellagra > - 3 Ds ↑ Dementia: loss of memory Diarrhoea B5: Pantothenic acid Pant - SS ↑ Dermatitis: skin issues B6: Pyridoxin e Par Minerals - Calcium: for bone/tooth health B7: Biotin Biodata (Vitamin H) ~ Iodine: to prevent from Goitre Iron: deficiency may lead to B9: Folic Acid MCa R Foster ~ Anaemia A B12: Cobalamin/ Cynocobalmine Pernicious anaemia Cyanocobalamin RM Vitamin D sources I Sunlight ↑ Fish oil Vitamin C sources - Lemon PA - Amla Vitamin E sources Sprouts ! Vitamins in milk: A, B, and D Vitamin C not present Not present in eggs as well  Lipophilic vitamin required for protection of cell membrane and blood cells formation: Vitamin E A typical adult human body contains 25g of magnesium. C Yeast breaks down the food material outside the body and then absorbs it. SS Saprophytic mode of nutrition (feed on dead or decaying matter) B12 is not present in plant foods Pernicious anaemia to be target by year 2047 (India) M R Brain gets energy from glucose Proteins are made of 20 amino acids A I Fats store maximum energy per gram RM < Soya milk: protein rich more than meat ↑ Amla is richest in Vitamin C - Autotrophic mode of nutrition: Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and PA sunlight ~ Autotrophic mode of nutrition: bacteria v Fungi: Heterotrophic mode of nutrition - Amoeba: Holozoic mode of nutrition  ↳!. ⑤>⑦π⑤ C SS ↳ R Not more than 10% transfer of energy from one tropic level to another 0.1% N