COMPILED - PRODUCTION MACHINERY.pdf

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 101 : 2000 Foreword This standard is a revision of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) 606:1991 – “General Code of Safety for Agricultural Machinery”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing...

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 101 : 2000 Foreword This standard is a revision of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) 606:1991 – “General Code of Safety for Agricultural Machinery”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA). This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard. This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed below: - title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of International Standard; - detailed information on safety distance from dangerous part was included; - safety requirements for hitches, jacks and supports were included; - safety requirements on location and operation of foot-operated and hand- operated clutches were lifted from ISO 3789-2:1982 – Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment – Location and method of operation of operator’s controls- Part2: Controls for agricultural tractors and machinery; and - safety requirements on drawbar were lifted from ISO 500:1979 – Agricultural tractors – Power-take-off and drawbar - Specifications In the preparation of this standard, the following documents/publications were considered: International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4252-1:1989 Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – General. American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) S318.8:1985 Safety for Agricultural Equipment PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 101 : 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Technical Means for Ensuring Safety – General 1 Scope This standard provides guidelines pertaining to the prevention of accidents arising from the use of tractors and machinery for agriculture. It also specifies technical means of improving the degree of safety of operators and others involved in the course of normal operation, service and maintenance of the machine. 2 References The following normative documents contain provisions, which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this Standard: ISO 5692 : 1979, Agricultural vehicles – Mechanical connections on towed vehicles – hitch- rings – Specifications. ISO 6489-1 : 1991, Agricultural vehicles – Mechanical connections on towing vehicles Part 1: Hook type. 3 Principles in providing safety Tractors and machinery for agriculture shall be designed and constructed in such a way that they do not cause danger when properly used. Operating and maintaining the machine should be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. These requirements shall primarily be met by the design of the machine. If this is not possible, the machine shall be equipped with special means for ensuring safety, for example guards or safe location of the dangerous parts. Functional components that need to be exposed for correct operation shall be shielded to the maximum extent permitted by the intended function of the components. Additionally, in such circumstances, warning of the hazard shall be indicated on the machine (see clause 8).  PAES 101: 2000 4 Moving parts treated as dangerous In general all moving parts shall be treated as dangerous; particular attention is drawn to the following : - all shafts (including joints, shaft ends and crank shafts), pulleys, flywheels, gearing (including friction roller mechanisms), cables, sprockets, belts, chains, clutches, couplings and all blades or wings of fans; - the run-on point of any belt, chain or cable; - keyways, keys and grease nipples, etc. that protrude from moving parts; - all points where the danger of pinching or shearing is possible; - ground wheels or tracks adjacent to the operator’s position (standing platform, seat, footrest) and passenger seat (where provided). 5 Guard types There are three types of guards designed to prevent contact with the moving parts by a person and/or clothing. These may be classified as: a) shield or cover; b) casing; c) enclosure; and are described respectively in 5.1 to 5.3. 5.1 Shield or cover Protective devices designed and fitted so that alone or with other parts of the machine, they prevent the dangerous part being reached from the side or sides covered (see figure 1). Shield Cover Moving part Moving part Figure 1 – Shield and cover 3 PAES 101: 2000 5.2 Casing Protective device designed and fitted so that, alone or with other parts of the machine, it prevents contact with the dangerous part from all sides (see Figure 2). Casing Moving part Figure 2 – Casing 5.3 Enclosure Protective device, which by means of a rail, fence, frame or the like ensures the safety, distance necessary so that the dangerous part cannot be reached inadvertently. 6 Guard construction Guards shall be sufficiently strong. Unless it is clearly inappropriate, these shall, without cracking, tearing or permanently deflecting, withstand a perpendicular static load of 1,200 N. Parts designed as platforms and steps, which are also guards, shall comply with appropriate strength requirements for platforms and steps. Where a guard is in such position that it may occasionally be used as a step, it shall withstand a load of 1,200 N. Guards shall be rigidly fixed, have no sharp edges, be weather-resistant and retain their strength under extremes of temperature, taking into account the intended use. Guards shall be designed in such a way that operating and servicing the machine can be readily carried out. Guards shall normally be permanently attached to the machine; these may be easily opened, in which case these should remain attached to the machine in some way, for example by means of a hinge, slide, linkage or other suitable means, and should be provided with a convenient means to keep them closed. “Permanent attachment” includes the use of threaded fasteners, split pins, or other means that can be dismantled with common hand tools. In some circumstances it is necessary for guards which can be opened to be designed so that the movement of dangerous parts is automatically stopped when the guard is opened or the design prevents the guard from being opened until all movement of the dangerous parts has ceased. This can be achieved for example by designing the guard securing device(s) so that the part will stop before the guard is opened. A suitable warning notice shall be fitted to all such guards and to any opening in them without such securing devices. 4  PAES 101: 2000 Guards may be formed of a welded or rigid mesh or grill. The size of the allowable opening depends on the distance between the guard and the moving parts as given in clause 7. The design of the guard shall be such that it is not possible to distort the mesh or the grill during proper use in such a way that the opening size and distance relationship exceeds the limits given in clause 7. 7 Safety distance There may be circumstances where the requirements of clause 3 can be met by ensuring a safety distance, as described in 5.3, from dangerous part. It is possible to circumvent the protection provided by a safety distance (as specified in 7.1) by the misuse of steps, ladders, boxes or chairs, etc., but the general principle of a safety distance, in compliance with clause 3, is acceptable provided the criteria in 7.1 and 7.2 are met so that the dangerous parts are out of reach. 7.1 Safety distance from dangerous part The safety distance is based on measurements from the location where a person can occupy to operate, maintain or inspect the dangerous part. 7.1.1 Upward reach The safety distance for upward reach is 2,500 mm for persons standing upright. 7.1.2 Reach below barriers No safety distance is specified where it is possible to reach below a safety barrier, unless the aperture is small enough to be considered only in relation to finger, hand or arm access in which case the requirements of 7.1.6 apply. 7.1.3 Reach over barriers Barriers, the height of which is less than 1,000 mm above the location, which a person can occupy, shall not be acceptable. The safety distance for sideward or downward reach over barriers of 1,000 mm or greater height depends on a) the distance from the ground level to the dangerous part; b) the height of the guard; c) the horizontal distance between the dangerous part and the guard. When designing a barrier, the dimensions in Table 1 shall be met (see figure 3). 5 PAES 101: 2000 c dangerous moving parts b a c b a Figure 3 – Principles for determining the distance required from a guard to the dangerous part Table 1 – Downward and sideward safety distance Dimensions in millimeters b1) a 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 c 2400 - 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 2200 - 250 350 400 500 500 600 600 2000 - - 350 500 600 700 900 1100 1800 - - - 600 900 900 1000 1100 1600 - - - 500 900 900 1000 1300 1400 - - - 100 800 900 1000 1300 1200 - - - - 500 900 1000 1400 1000 - - - - 300 900 1000 1400 800 - - - - - 600 900 1300 600 - - - - - - 500 1200 400 - - - - - - 300 1200 200 - - - - - - 200 1100 1) Values of b < 1000 mm do not increase the reach. Moreover, the danger arises of falling towards the danger source. 6  PAES 101: 2000 7.1.4 Round reach Table 2 shows the extent of reach around barriers, which can be attained, taking into account the aperture and the distance from other obstructions. Dangerous components shall be beyond these limits if they are not independently guarded. Table 2 – Extent of reach Dimensions in millimeters Limb Safety distance, Illustration From To r Finger base Finger tip r >120 r r Wrist Finger tip r >230 Elbow Finger tip r >550 r Shoulder Finger tip r >850 r 7 PAES 101: 2000 7.1.5 Inside reach through guards The safety distances depend on the shape of the openings. 7.1.6 Openings The openings shall not exceed the size appropriate to the distance of the guard from the moving part (see Tables 3a and 3b). Table 3a – Reach dimensions through rectangular opening or slot Dimensions in millimeters Width of aperture Safety distance Limb Illustration (rectangular opening or slot), a to danger source, b Finger tip 4 120 b a Hand 20 < a < 30 b > 200 b a Arm 30 < a < 135 1) b > 850 1) When the width is greater than 135 mm, part of the body can also pass through the aperture. In this case, safety distances as specified in 7.2 shall be observed. 8  PAES 101: 2000 Table 3b – Reach dimensions through mesh or grill Dimensions in millimeters Width of aperture Safety distance Limb Illustration (diameter or lateral length), a to danger source, b Finger tip 4 120 b a Hand 20 < a < 40 b > 200 b a Arm 40 < a < 250 b > 850 7.1.6.1 Polygonal openings Polygonal openings, where the diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed is not less than the distance between the two apexes that are the furthest apart, shall meet the same requirements as for round openings. The diameter of the inscribed circle shall be regarded as the size of the opening. All other polygonal openings shall be regarded as slots. 9 PAES 101: 2000 7.2 Pinching points A pinching point is considered dangerous for the parts of the body illustrated in Table 4 if the appropriate minimum separation distance is not maintained. The design of the machine shall ensure that the next bigger part of the body cannot pass through. Table 4 – Minimum separation distance for pinching points Dimensions in millimeters Minimum separation Limb Illustration distance required Finger 25 Hand Wrist 100 Fist Arm 120 Foot 120 Leg 180 Body 500 10  PAES 101: 2000 8 Provision of information 8.1 Operating manuals Where safety precautions are necessary during operation and servicing of agricultural machines, appropriate instructions shall be provided with the machine. Operating manuals shall also include a warning that a revolving hitch or a revolving clevis shall not be connected with a mating unit which also revolves on a towed machine or trailer. 8.2 Warning notices Durable warning notices shall be affixed to the machine where parts present danger to the operator. Also included are circumstances where the inadvertent lowering of parts of equipment can cause danger. Particular danger or safety warnings shall be indicated on the notice. Existing national or other regulations may require specific symbols, sizes, layout or color. The warning notice shall be either pictorial or text in a language acceptable to the user or, if appropriate, the national regulating authority concerned. 9 Working stability Machines and trailers that may create a danger to the user through tilting, as a result of the shifting of the center of gravity (for example when emptying or filling), shall be provided with means of preventing such danger. Hydraulically raised components that need to be held in a raised position to allow servicing or adjustment shall be provided with an independent and reliable means of retaining them in the required position. 10 Operator’s workplace 10.1 Handholds and steps Any machine, on which the presence of a driver or operator is necessary, including any place to which access is required for service or maintenance, shall be fitted with handle or handholds and steps so the person has a safe, convenient means of mounting and dismounting. Both handholds and steps may be parts of the machine if they are suitably designed and placed. Steps shall be designed in relation to the general construction in order to ensure protection from moving parts. If moving parts, for example tire sections, form restrictions or trapping areas with the steps, a suitable means of protection shall be provided. Steps shall have a non-slip surface a vertical retainer at both sides. 11 PAES 101: 2000 The dimensions for steps will normally be found in the parts of this standard relating to specific machines. Where there is no specific provision, the steps shall comply with the dimensions in millimeters as shown in Figure 4. Where access is provided by a series of steps which are designed to be used alternately each by one foot, then the minimum width and height specified do not apply. Door sill level 300 max. 300 max. 120 min.3) 1) 150 min. 550 max. 2) 200 min. Ground level a) multi-step configuration Door sill level 300 max. 1) 200 min. 150 min. 550 max. 2) Ground level b) single step configuration Figure 4 – Limiting dimensions of steps ________ 1) Minimum clearance and not size of tread surface. 2) The dimensions shall be obtained also with the largest tires (normally inflated). 3) The vertical distance between adjacent steps shall be equal (within a tolerance of + 20 mm). 12  PAES 101: 2000 10.2 Operating positions Means shall be provided to prevent the operator from falling from his workplace. Any platform on which the operator is required to stand during the operation of the machine shall be level and shall have a non-slip surface, and if necessary, drainage shall be provided. The platform shall be provided with the following: a) a foot-guard (toe-board) on all sides, which shall be fitted around the edge of the platform or not more than 50 mm farther away and shall extend not less than 75 mm above the platform; b) a guard-rail which shall be not less than 1000 mm and not more 1100 mm above the platform and an intermediate rail so that the vertical distance between any two rails does not exceed 500 mm. However, it is not required to provide a foot-guard or fixed guard-rails for the platform: a) when the machine itself affords protection at least equal to that which the foot- guard and guard-rail would provide if these were fitted; b) when the operation permits access of persons or movement of material. A rail or chain shall be provided across the access when the machine is operating. 10.3 Seats On a machine on which the operator is required to sit, a seat shall be provided which will adequately support the operator in all working and operating modes. Adequate and comfortable support and protection for the feet shall be provided. 10.4 Operating control The operating controls, such as steering wheel or steering levers, transmission levers, cranks, pedals, and switches, shall be arranged and fitted in such a way as to allow safe and easy control and manipulation by an operator in the normal operating position. Pedals and controls shall be positioned so that they do not obstruct access. The function of the controls shall be marked on or near the control. 10.4.1 Steering mechanism The steering mechanism shall be so designed as to reduce the force of any sudden movement of the steering wheel or steering lever(s) due to reaction from the steered wheel(s). 10.4.2 Lifting and lowering controls Provision shall be made to protect and locate controls so as to prevent accidental operation which may cause dangerous movement. 13 PAES 101: 2000 10.4.3 Clutches (Drive engagement controls) The following requirements shall be complied with where appropriate: a) Foot-operated clutches It should be located in a position convenient to the operator’s left foot. To disengage, the pedal should be pushed forward. In such case of a combined traction-drive/PTO clutch, the PTO shall be disengaged on the second stage. b) Hand-operated clutches It should be located in a position convenient to the operator. To disengage, the control should be moved rearward. Control should be operated only with the operator in the operator’s station. 10.4.4 Stopping devices for power sources Every power source shall be fitted with a device by means of which it can be stopped quickly. It shall be so designed that it does not depend on sustained manual effort for its operation and that, when it is in the “stop” position, the power source cannot be started unless the device is reset manually. This device shall be readily accessible - on manned machines: to the operator in his normal operating position; - on unmanned machines: on or near the power source or near the operating control position. The purpose and method of operation shall be clearly indicated. The control shall be red in color and preferably in contrast with the background and other controls. 10.4.5 Valves, taps and switches In the case of hand-operated valves, taps and switches or their means of control provided for controlling pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical systems, the function and effect of the device in each of its positions shall be clearly indicated, where necessary for safety reasons. 10.4.6 Pedals Pedals shall be of adequate size and of appropriate configuration. These shall have slip- resistant surfaces in order to minimize the possibility of the operator’s foot slipping off the pedals, and where necessary, be provided with a rim at the edge of the pedal. 10.4.7 Differential locks Any manually operated device fitted to a machine to lock the differential gear shall be designed and fitted so that there is a clear indication to the operator that the lock is engaged. It shall be designed so that it minimizes the possibility of inadvertent actuation. 14  PAES 101: 2000 11 Means for moving and supporting machines 11.1 Hitches Mobile machines that are not self-propelled shall be provided with suitable hitch devices. Machines used for towing or which are towed shall be provided with a towing device constructed and fitted to be secure for the purpose. 11.1.1 Hitch hook If the towing machine is equipped with a hitch hook, it shall be in accordance with ISO 6489-1. The towed machine shall, in such case, have a drawbar eye according to ISO 5692. 11.1.2 Drawbars The drawbar shall be situated in the longitudinal mid-plane of the tractor. The diameter of the hole in the drawbar should be 33 00.5 mm. The thickness of the drawbar shall be not more than 32 mm. 11.2 Jacks and supports 11.2.1 Machines, which are not stable when disconnected, shall be provided with a jack or other support to prevent tilting. Supports shall be attached (to avoid the risk of losing them), but these may be detached only if necessary to permit the machine to operate. 11.2.2 Non-stable machines or trailers having a drawbar shall be provided with a jack capable of raising or lowering the drawbar. The jack shall be constructed and secured to the machine so as to prevent the drawbar from falling when the jack is in use and shall have a base of adequate size to prevent it from sinking into soft ground. This requirement applies to: - all trailers of unladen mass (bare weight) exceeding 500 kg; - any other machine when the machine is unladen and the downward force acting through the drawbar at the hitch point exceed 250 N. The downward force acting through the drawbar shall be measured with the machine stationary on horizontal ground and the drawbar hitch point at a height of 400 mm above the ground. This requirement shall not apply to a machine or trailer with a drawbar designed to be picked up mechanically by the towing vehicle, but in such cases, a stand capable of securely supporting the drawbar with the hitch point 150 mm above the ground level shall be fitted. 15 PAES 101: 2000 12 Power transmission 12.1 Power take-off (PTO) The PTO shall be protected as indicated in 12.1.1 to 12.1.3. 12.1.1 When in use, a cover or, if necessary, a casing that protects the sides of the PTO, shall be fitted. 12.1.2 An additional non-rotating casing shall be provided when the cover or casing is not in position and when the PTO is not in use. This casing shall encase the PTO completely and be fixed to the tractor or machine body. 12.1.3 The provisions covering instructions of guards (see clause 6) shall also be met. 12.2 Power intake connection (PIC) The PIC shall be protected as indicated in 12.2.1 and 12.2.2. 12.2.1 A casing which completely encloses PIC and overlaps the casing fitted to the PTO drive-shaft so that no part of the shaft (or couplings, clutches, etc.) is exposed at any time shall be fitted. 12.2.2 The provisions covering construction of guards (see clause 6) shall also be met. 12.3 PTO drive-shafts The drive-shaft shall be protected as indicated in 12.3.1 to 12.3.3. 12.3.1 A casing which provides stationary protection against contact with the PTO drive- shaft and protects the shaft throughout its length (whether the machine is towed, mounted or semi-mounted) shall be fitted. 12.3.2 The guard shall be firmly mounted, i.e. it shall be detachable only by means of tools. It may be permanently fitted to the shaft. 12.3.3 The provisions covering construction of guards (see clause 6) shall also be met. 16  PAES 101: 2000 13 Miscellaneous 13.1 Exhaust pipes The outlet of the exhaust pipe shall be located and directed in such a way that the driver or any other operator obliged to stand on the machine will not normally be exposed to harmful concentrations of noxious gases or fumes, for example by locating the outlet over or to the side of the head level of the operator or the air intake of the cab. 13.2 Hot parts Protection shall be provided to minimize the possibility of inadvertent contact with any exposed element which may cause burns during mounting, dismounting or operating the tractor or machine. 13.3 Battery The location of the batteries shall be such that hazards to the operator due to fumes and electrolyte are minimized. 17  PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 102 : 2000 Foreword This standard is a revision of the Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 399:1980 – “Operator Manuals and Technical Publications for Agricultural Tractors and Machines”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA). This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard. This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed below: - title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of International Standard; and - detailed information on the contents and presentation of operator’s manual were included. In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3600:1996 – Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment – Operator’s manuals – Content and presentation. PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 102 : 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Operator’s Manual – Content and Presentation 1 Scope This standard gives guidance for the content and presentation of operator’s manual for tractors and machinery for agriculture. 2 Definitions For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply: 2.1 left-hand side for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the left when an observer is facing in the normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which is on the left when an observer is facing the machine 2.2 right-hand side for mobile machines, it is the side which is on the right when an observer is facing in the normal forward direction of travel of the machine; and for stationary machines, it is the side which is on the right when an observer is facing the machine 3 Content of operator’s manual 3.1 Identification of manual 3.1.1 Any document drafted in accordance with this standard shall be identifiable as the relevant manual for a specific machine. NOTE This requirement can be achieved by including such information as the identity of the manufacturer, machine model, and publication name on the front cover of the manual. 3.1.2 Each operator’s manual shall have its own part number and date of issue. 3.1.3 Each publication should identify the following: - the name and address of the manufacturer and/or distributor of the machine; - the name and address of the importer of the machine (if imported); - the model designation of the machine; - the name or type of publication; - the part number or publication number by which the manual may be ordered; PAES 102 : 2000 - the printing or publication date; - the language in which the manual is written. 3.2 Categories of information 3.2.1 This standard covers all the information that the user of a machine will need. The information in the manual shall be organized in a logical sequence for easy understanding of the user. 3.2.2 Operator’s manual should give safety precautions, controls and operating instructions in the front portion. The extent of information provided will depend on the type of machine and the operator’s needs. 3.2.3 Where the work involved is complex, procedures that are performed only once (for example, initial set-up or installation) may be detailed in a separate publication. 3.3 Machine identification 3.3.1 Model designation and number This information enables the operator to identify readily the machine to which the operator's manual belongs. 3.3.2 Serial numbers Information that enables the operator to locate and identify the whereabouts of serial numbers and/or codes of the major components of the machine, and any additional information necessary for initial communication with a dealer, shall be provided within the manual. A section shall be provided in the manual to record this information, and it shall be completed at the time of delivery or installation. 3.4 Introduction 3.4.1 The introduction shall stress the importance of the information given in the manual. 3.4.2 The introduction shall explain why the manual has been provided with the machine. It shall also provide the reader with any information that will help him to interpret the manual correctly. 3.4.3 Each publication should contain a statement advising the reader where to get assistance if items covered in the publication are not understood. 3.4.4 Attention shall be drawn to the use of the safety alert symbol to highlight information about potential dangers to the user. 3.5 Intended use 2  PAES 102 : 2000 This category shall inform the operator of the function for which the machine is designed and, where appropriate, draw attention to ways in which the machine should not be used. If the machine is designed for use in association with other machinery, the information shall state the type of machinery that is suitable for such use. 3.6 Content A content list shall be provided to identify the main categories of information in the manual and where they can be found. The content list shall be presented clearly and simply; it shall begin on a right-hand page. Page numbers for the beginning of each main category shall be clearly shown. 3.7 Safety notes and warnings 3.7.1 General This category shall draw the operator's attention to potential hazards associated with the use, movement, transport, cleaning, clearing blockages and maintenance of the machine. It is important also to state the precautions to be taken to minimize or avoid any hazards. Safety information should also be included in other sections of operator’s manual whenever an operating procedure may result in personal injury or damage to machinery if not observed carefully. 3.7.2 Safety signs Safety signs that appear on the equipment shall be reproduced in legible size in the operator's manual, either in the appropriate section of the text relative to the point of use, or in the safety section, or in separate safety sign section. Text that explains the meaning of a safety sign should be included in the operator's manual if the safety sign itself does not contain a written message. A safety sign may appear in more than one section of the manual. Other relevant information about safety signs includes: 3.7.2.1 Information on the location of each safety sign on the machine or equipment; 3.7.2.2 Instructions on the need to keep safety signs clear and visible on the equipment; 3.7.2.3 Instructions to replace safety signs if they are missing or illegible; 3.7.2.4 Instructions that new equipment components installed during repair shall include the current safety signs specified by the manufacturer and shall be affixed to the replacement component; 3.7.2.5 Instructions on how to obtain replacement safety signs 3.7.3 Hazards 3 PAES 102 : 2000 It is essential that any known hazards relating to the use of the machine, and any restrictions for it use by classes of persons (such as children) be clearly stated. 3.8 Operating information This category shall provide the operator with logical instructions for the effective operation of the machinery. Operating information should include the general specifications and description of the machine or equipment, identification of controls, instructions for proper operation of machine, and troubleshooting information. A performance curve (if applicable) shall be provided. 3.9 Accessories and attachments This category shall inform the operator of any choice of authorized accessories and attachments and how they affect the safety, operation, and maintenance of the machine. 3.10 Maintenance instructions 3.10.1 General This category shall provide information to the operator in light of the resources likely to be available to him. Maintenance instructions should be divided into logical groups appropriate to the machinery such as checks, inspections, and tests; other routine maintenance tasks; and fault diagnosis and correction. The manual should be confined to maintenance tasks within the capability of the operator. Such tasks may include cleaning, clearing blockages, replenishment, lubrication, external visual examination, simple tests, and correction of minor deterioration. The designer of the machinery should consider the maintenance work necessary to keep it running “as designed” and make a decision as to which information is to be included in the operator’s manual and which information is more suited to a workshop or technical manual. 3.10.2 Maintenance schedules Where maintenance tasks are required to be carried out at specific intervals (such as time, distance, running hours, completed operations) they should be summarized in tabular form with further details, if necessary, in the text. Where maintenance times vary according to individual conditions of operation (such as checking and replenishing coolant) this should be stated. 3.10.3 Specialized tasks Where maintenance tasks require specialist knowledge or resources, this shall be stated. If any work carried out by an authorized person would affect the warranty on the machinery, it is important that this be stated. 3.10.4 Details of maintenance work 4  PAES 102 : 2000 The instructions for each task should include details of dismantling and reassembly procedures and identification of replacement parts, materials, tools, test equipment and services required. It is important that the warnings of the possible hazards and information about safety precautions are given. For example, if a ballasted rear wheel is to be removed from a tractor, there is a potential stability hazard both during removal and subsequent temporary storage; the manual should identify this potential hazard and give instructions for safe removal of the wheel and its temporary storage. 3.11 Storage This category shall provide the operator with instructions and information, including precautions to be taken and any tools or special equipment required, to prepare the machinery for storage. A list of storage requirements should be provided, including information about supplies and services needed, periodic inspections, tests, limitations on storage life, etc. Procedures for preparing the machinery for use after storage should also be given. 3.12 Handling, reception, transportation, assembly and installation 3.12.1 General This category shall contain technical information and instructions for handling, reception, transportation, assembly, installation, and initial set-up of the machinery (unless this will be carried out by the dealer). It should also describe machine disassembly for transport and subsequent reinstallation in another location or different environment. Information on handling, reception, transportation, assembly, and installation may be either contained in a separate publication or included in the operator’s manual. A separate publication is usually appropriate for more complex machines. 3.12.2 Reception Unpacking instructions should be given and attention drawn to any specific points that need care or special treatment, unless this will be carried out by the dealer. Lifting points, slings, spreaders, etc. should be specified. 3.12.3 Transportation Instructions for preparing the machinery for transportation, including precautions and information about the tools required, should be included. A list of requirements should be provided and procedures for preparing the product for use after transportation should be given. 3.12.4 Installation 5 PAES 102 : 2000 Detailed instructions should be given about the operations necessary to install the machine and to bring it to full working condition. Where necessary, reference should be made to performance specifications and to acceptance inspection and testing. Externally provided services (such as air, electricity, gas, water, and fuel) should be specified and methods of connections detailed. It is important to emphasize any precautions that must be taken before connecting services. 3.12.5 Initial set-up Procedures for the initial set-up of the machine should be detailed in full. Any special tools or testing and calibration equipment should be listed. 3.12.6 Environment The required environment for handling, installation and storage should be stated. 3.12.7 Hazards It is important that specific notes on hazards and safety precautions should be included where appropriate. If applicable, information on fire prevention and chemical or other contamination should be included. 3.13 Specifications This category shall include all relevant dimensions and technical data necessary to assist the operator achieve a higher standard of operational performance and reliability. Where applicable, the relevant national or International Standards to which the machine or its component parts have been built should be stated. If two or more machines are linked to form a system in which their functioning is interdependent, the technical specifications of the interface should be provided. 3.14 Dismantling and disposal This category shall inform the operator of the action to be taken on the completion of the useful life of the machine or its parts, with instructions on dismantling and disposal. It is essential to include warnings of any hazards and safety precautions to be taken during dismantling and disposal. 3.15 Warranty It is important that manufacturers draw the operator's attention to any action which may invalidate the warranty. 3.16 Alphabetical index 6  PAES 102 : 2000 A document of more than 32 pages should have an alphabetical index. The index should be placed at the end of the manual. 3.17 Parts list 3.17.1 Where no separate parts list or catalogue exists, a parts list shall be included within the operator’s manual. When included, a parts list should contain sufficient information (such as part number and description) for each item so that the correct replacement part can be obtained. Sources of supply should be indicated. Ratings, dimensions, and recognized standards should be quoted for items such as bolts, nuts, seals, and O-rings. 3.17.2 Parts lists should indicate those replacement assemblies, and parts which the operator is expected to identify. Parts lists should be illustrated, where applicable, or refer to suitable illustrations elsewhere, so that each item can be located. If it is impossible or inadvisable to dismantle an assembly or to replace an individual part of an assembly, the constituent parts should not be listed. 4 Presentation of operator's manual 4.1 General considerations This clause provides guidance on presentation which is applicable to operator's manual. 4.1.1 Paper size A5 format is suitable for most cases, although 1/3 A4 format is adequate for simpler machinery and equipment. A4 format is recommended for complex machines to allow coverage with an acceptable number of pages. A4 format is also suitable for static equipment where there is no storage problem. NOTE A5 (210 mm x 148 mm) and A4 (297 mm x 210 mm) 4.1.2 Protection For initial shipment, the manual should be sealed inside a transparent, water-and-oil-resistant plastic envelope. 4.1.3 Front cover The front cover should be made from a stiff, durable material, and be the same size as the pages of the manual. A cover of greater stiffness than the pages is generally appropriate, although a paper cover of the same stiffness as the pages is acceptable for small manuals. 4.1.4 Rear cover 7 PAES 102 : 2000 The rear cover should be of the same material and size as the front cover. If appropriate, there should be a pocket inside for storage of a separate parts list. 4.1.5 Binding Any type of binding which provides substantial anchorage for the pages, while allowing the text to be accessed without damage, may be used. 4.1.6 Divider leaves Major subjects or categories of information may be conveniently indicated for rapid reference by divider leaves, which may be ordinary card or printed in color to attract attention. 4.1.7 Notes One or two blank pages at the back of the manual for notes on individual conditions are always useful. 4.2 Presentation of the text 4.2.1 General The manual should be written in a style and language which can be readily understood by the operator. Manuals shall be available in the language of each country where the machine is sold. Where the manufacturer presents instructions concurrently in more than one language, the number of languages should be restricted to allow easy use of the manual. The number of languages to be presented depends upon the complexity of the machine. The more complex the machine, the fewer languages should be used. Manuals may be translated to different dialects. 4.2.2 Author The author could be generally conversant with agriculture and engineering but need not be an expert on the machine in question. He or she should have some knowledge of technical writing principles. It is also useful if the author has operated the machine or is otherwise familiar with its operation. 4.2.3 Level of text When developing the text, it should be assumed that the reader (operator) has only minimal prior knowledge of the machine and its operation. 4.2.4 Style of text Text should be brief and simple. Related data should be grouped together in a logical order. Sentences should be short and direct. References to time intervals should be specific. Paragraphs should be short and relate to one topic only; accepted standards of grammar and usage should be maintained. 8  PAES 102 : 2000 Instructions should be positive and given in the imperative. Extensive use of negative statements is not good practice psychologically; negatives should therefore be used only sparingly. The active voice should be used for descriptive discussion. 4.2.5 Checking The draft should be carefully checked for typographical errors, technical accuracy, and ease of understanding. 4.3 Typographic design 4.3.1 General Page layout should be designed for easy reading. Line length and type size are interrelated. 4.3.2 Paper The paper should be good quality white paper that is sufficiently opaque to prevent information printed on one side of the sheet from making information printed on the other side difficult to read. 4.3.3 Color Where colored paper is used, the contrast between the paper and the ink should not be appreciably less than that provided by black ink on white paper. Where colored inks are used, consideration should be given to the relationship with the color of the paper, the increased cost, and the effect on methods of reproduction. 4.3.4 Reproduction Reproduction copies should be clean, clear, and durable. Such copies may be produced by lithography, by xerography, by laser printing or by letterpress. Inks should produce a dense, sharp image. 4.3.5 Type size Ideally, the type size should be such that the main text will not be less than 10 points. 4.3.6 Margins The margins should be wide enough to allow for binding. Inner margins (left-hand on odd- numbered pages, right-hand on even-numbered pages) should be 10 mm to 15 mm to allow clear readability when the bound manual is open. Outer margins (right-hand on odd- numbered pages, left-hand on even-numbered pages) should be sufficient (6 mm to 10 mm) to ensure that page content is not cut during the printing and binding process. Top and bottom margins should be equal to inner margins. 9 PAES 102 : 2000 4.3.7 Columns Text on A4 format paper should usually be presented in a single column. On larger page sizes, two columns should be used, although a single-column format is also acceptable. 4.3.8 Headings Headings should be used consistently throughout the manual to provide a systematic method of presentation. Headings should be in larger type size than the text and in a bolder typeface or an alternative color. Levels of headings can be differentiated by the use of varying weights or typographical fonts, upper case and lower case letters, and by underlining. To avoid confusing the reader, the number of levels should be kept to a minimum; normally three levels are sufficient. 4.4 Text conventions 4.4.1 General Consistent forms of language, spelling, numbering, symbols, etc. shall be used throughout the manual. 4.4.2 Terminology Terminology should be consistent throughout the manual. Names and part numbers shall be used consistently in all technical information. Technical terms that require specialized knowledge should be avoided except where no other terms convey the intended meaning. If a manual uses an appreciable number of words, phrases, or abbreviations that may be unfamiliar to the reader, a glossary should be provided or reference made to appropriate documents. Alternatively, if only a small number of terms are used, explanatory notes may accompany the first use of each term, either in parentheses (round brackets) or as a footnote. 4.4.3 Glossaries, abbreviations, signs and symbols Glossaries should explain words or phrases that may be unfamiliar to the reader and needs a specialized knowledge. Abbreviations should not be used unless a list of those used, together with their meanings, is included. Abbreviations should terminate in a full stop. Symbols for units of measurement shall remain the same in both singular and plural forms and shall not be followed by a full stop except at the end of a sentence. 4.4.4 Upper case letters Words set in upper case letters should be used sparingly. It is usually better to use bold lower case letters to emphasize key words or phrases. When referring to controls which have identifying titles on them (for example, STOP control) then upper case letters can be used. 10  PAES 102 : 2000 4.4.5 Spelling Spelling should conform to standard practice for the language in which the manual is published and should be consistent throughout the manual. 4.4.6 Measurements and quantities All measurements and quantities should be expressed in the International System of units (SI units) followed, where appropriate, by an equivalent alternative in parentheses. 4.4.7 Numbers All numbers shall be written in Arabic numerals. The only exception is when a sentence starts with a number; in such cases, the sentence should be reordered to move the number from the beginning of the sentence, or, if this proves impossible, the number may be expressed in words. Numbers consisting of more than four digits (except dates) should be shown in group of three, counting from the decimal marker to the left: for example, 21 000. This practice will void confusion in areas where a comma is used as a decimal marker. 4.4.8 Left-hand and right-hand Left-hand and right-hand should not be abbreviated in the text, except in charts. For static or unusual equipment, these terms should be defined. Clockwise and counterclockwise require an explanation of the direction of view. 4.5 Illustrations 4.5.1 General Illustrations with supporting text are, in general, a “user-friendly” way of presenting technical information; good illustrations provide relief in what may be a difficult document for the reader. When a manual is likely to be translated into a foreign language, it is important that no words appear on the illustrations. Use numbers, letters or symbols on the illustration, with an explanation for each number, letter or symbol used in the text of the manual. Illustrations should be provided with a descriptive caption. Illustrations should be as simple as possible with no superfluous information. Illustrations should be reviewed in detail for consistency throughout the manual and for agreement with general engineering and technical writing practices. Where an illustration appears in the text of a manual, it should be referred to as a “figure”. Components should be identified in illustrations by numbers or letters, which can then be referred to in the text. 11 PAES 102 : 2000 4.5.2 Position Illustrations in the body of the text should be either adjacent, or as close as possible, to the related text. If repeated reference to a diagram is made from different parts of the text, consideration should be given to the use of a foldout diagram. Where possible, illustrations should be presented in portrait format for easy reading. If, because of its size, an illustration is presented in landscape format, then the top of the illustration should be on the left side of the page. 4.5.3 Use of color Color should be used only if it is necessary to clarify complicated diagrams. Techniques such as shading, cross-hatching, and screening should be used in preference to color. If color is used, primary colors are preferable. If black-and-white illustrations in a manual appear in colored form elsewhere (for example, in colored wall charts or transparencies) the manual should make use of distinctive shading patterns to delineate the different colors consistently. 4.5.4 Limitations of color Color blindness, microfilming, photocopying, possible confusion of colors when seen in poor or colored light, cost and difficulties of reproduction should be taken into account when the possibility of using color is considered. These considerations apply particularly to safety notices. 4.5.5 Clarity Simple line illustrations or good quality photographs provide the best clarity of reproduction. Shading should be used only if it contributes to the information given in the drawing; decorative shading should be avoided. 4.5.6 Scale If an indication of scale is required, it should be given in a form which is independent of the reproduced size of the drawing. It is sometimes possible to indicate scale by including in the illustration a ruled measure or some object of known size. 4.5.7 Balance between text and illustrations Illustrations and text should complement each other and should be prepared together to shorten and simplify the subject matter. Illustrations should always appear adjacent to the related text. A modular approach may be used which links text and illustrations closely together in logical blocks, groups, or modules, each covering one topic. 12  PAES 102 : 2000 4.5.8 Charts Information which is required frequently, or which is easier to explain in flow form should be included as charts. These should be accompanied by a glossary of abbreviations, symbols, and any unfamiliar terms. 4.5.9 Tables Tables should be presented with the minimum number of lines required for clarity. Tables should preferably appear at the appropriate point in the body of the text. Alternatively, tables may be collected together at the end of the relevant text or form a separate supplementary document. A title and number shall be provided for each table. 4.6 Instructions 4.6.1 General Instructions identified as WARNING, CAUTION, and IMPORTANT should be used to emphasize important points in the manual. WARNING and CAUTION are used for safety- related information where personal injury may be involved. IMPORTANT is used for instructions when machine damage is involved. “NOTE” is used for supplementary information. 4.6.2 Warning and Caution Instructions identified as WARNING and CAUTION emphasizes important safety points where personal injury may be involved. These instructions call attention to instructions which need to be followed precisely to avoid a hazardous situation. WARNING and CAUTION instructions should be placed immediately before the text to which they apply and should be signaled in the left-hand margin by the safety alert symbol. These instructions should be placed in prominent positions that relate directly to any illustrations to which they apply. The appropriate heading should always be included and set in bold upper case type. 4.6.3 Important Instructions identified as IMPORTANT call attention to instructions which must be followed precisely to avoid damaging the product, process, or its surroundings. These instructions should be worded or located to indicate their point of application and be set to the same measure (column or page width) as the related text. The heading should always be included and set in bold type. 13 PAES 102 : 2000 4.6.4 Notes Instructions identified as NOTE present supplementary information. These instructions should be worded or located to indicate their point of application and be set to the same measure (column or page width) as the related text. The heading should always be included and set in bold type. 4.7 Numbering of pages, figures and tables 4.7.1 General Arabic numerals should normally be used for all numbering of pages, figures, and tables within the manual. Blocks of text (such as clauses and subclauses, divisions and subdivisions, or paragraphs and subparagraphs) may also be numbered. 4.7.2 Page numbering Page numbers should be visually separate from the text. The numbering system should be designed to make selection of the correct page as simple as possible. In short manuals, pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the manual. In long manuals, pages should be numbered consecutively within each main division. It may be helpful to identify pages by the number of the main division followed by a hyphen and then the page number: for example, “Page 7-12” is the twelfth page of section 7. 4.7.3 Numbering of figures and tables Figures, tables, and other non-textual material should be cross-referenced to the corresponding text to eliminate confusion. If such cross-referencing cannot be achieved, figures and tables should be numbered consecutively in the same manner as pages. In other words, if each section is page-numbered separately, the first figure in section 1 should be “Figure 1-1”; the third figure in section 2 should be “Figure2-3”, and so on. Figure and table numbers should have a prefix (“Figure” or “Table”) to distinguish them from page numbers. 4.8 References and index 4.8.1 References Different sequences of numbering should be used for footnotes and for references cited in the text: for example, letters or symbols for one and numerals for the other. Reference numberings, letters, and symbols should be printed s superscripts or, if on the line, in parentheses or square brackets immediately following the relevant word or phrase in the text. 4.8.2 Index The index should include all major topics covered by the manual and indicate the page number where the indexed information is located. 14  PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 103 : 2000 Foreword This standard is a revision of the Philippine National Standard (PNS) 556:1992 – Method of Sampling". The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA). This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard. This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed below: - title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of International Standard; and - modification of the sampling method and providing example for each step. In the preparation of this standard, reference was made to Design and Analysis of experiments 3rd edition by Douglas C. Montgomery. PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 103 : 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Method of Sampling 1 Scope This standard prescribes the procedures for sampling agricultural machinery and its components, unless specified in the respective product specification. This applies to the finished products in the production line. 2 Definitions For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply: 2.1 acceptance test test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot 2.2 lot in any consignment, all components or equipment under study NOTE To constitute a lot, all components or equipment of the same kind, type, size, and manufactured from the same material shall be grouped together. 2.3 routine test test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications which are likely to vary during production 2.4 type test test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification NOTE This is intended to check the general qualities and design of a given type of component or equipment. PAES 103 : 2000 3 Procedure 3.1 Acceptance of Test Sampling 3.1.1 Scale of Sampling 3.1.1.1 The sample shall be selected at random from the lot using the following procedure: 3.1.1.1.1 Determine the value of r using the following equation: N Let r n where: r is the upper limit of the set of numbers which will be used in selecting the components or equipment in the sample. N is the size of the lot n is the size of the sample for a given lot size (see Table 1) Table 1 – Scale of Sampling For Visual and Dimensional Tests For other Tests Lot Size Sample size Sample size N n n Up to 10 1 1 11 to 25 2 2 26 to 50 3 2 51 to 100 5 2 101 to 300 13 3 301 to 500 32 5 501 to 1000 50 8 1001 to above 80 13 3.1.1.1.2 Draw any number from 1 to r at random. 3.1.1.1.3 Let this number as z, representing the first sample starting from any component or equipment in a lot, count them in one order as 1, 2, 3…up to z where the unit corresponding to z will be the first sample. 3.1.1.1.4 Then start counting from the next until r. Every rth component or equipment thus counted shall be withdrawn to give the required number of component or equipment in the sample. (see the following example) Example: 2  PAES 103 : 2000 a) For instance, a lot size (N) equal to 20 shall have a sample size (n) equal to 2 from Table 1. Therefore, N 20 r 10 n 2 b) Let say from 1 to 10, the number drawn is 8 which is our z. Since the component H is the 8th component, it shall be the first sample to be considered. c) Starting from component I, count them in order up to 10. The 10th component is component R. Therefore; it is the second sample to be considered. Components A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T step b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 step c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3.1.1.2 The samples from each lot shall be tested for ascertaining the conformity of the lot to the requirements of the relevant product specification. The number of samples from each lot shall be taken according to columns 1 and 2 of Table 2. Table 2 – Scale of Sampling and Permissible Number of Defectives For Visual and Dimensional Tests For other Tests Lot Size Permissible Permissible Sample size Number of Sample size Number of N n Defectives n Defectives Up to 10 1 0 1 0 11 to 25 2 0 2 0 26 to 50 3 0 2 0 51 to 100 5 0 2 0 101 to 300 13 1 3 0 301 to 500 32 3 5 0 501 to 1000 50 5 8 1 1001 to above 80 7 13 1 3.1.2 Conformity 3.1.2.1 Tests for visuals and dimensional characteristics – The component or equipment selected at random according to sub-clause 3.1.1.1 shall be examined for visual and dimensional characteristics. The component or equipment failing to satisfy any one or more of these requirements of the specification shall be considered as defective. The lot shall be considered as conforming to the requirements for these characteristics, if the number of defective component or equipment in the sample does not exceed the number given in column 3 of Table 2. 3.1.2.2 Tests for other than the visual and dimensional characteristics – If the lot conforms to the requirements for visual and dimensional characteristics, a sub-sample of size 3 PAES 103 : 2000 given in column 4 of Table 2 shall be taken at random from the component or equipment selected in sub-clause 3.1.2.1. Each of the component or equipment in the sub- sample shall be taken at random and shall be tested for the requirements of characteristics other than visual and dimensional characteristics. A component or equipment not satisfying any one or more of the requirements shall be considered as defective. The lot shall be considered as conforming to the requirements if the number of defectives in the sub-sample does not exceed the number given in column 5 of Table 2. Note: If no requirement other than visual and dimensional is specified in an individual specification, columns 4 and 5 of Table 2 and sub-clause 3.1.2.2 shall not be considered. In such cases, the lot fulfilling the tests given in sub-clause 3.1.2.1 shall be considered as conforming to the requirements of the specification. 3.2 Routine tests Each component or equipment shall be tested for routine tests. Specific tests to be conducted shall be as given in the relevant specification. 3.3 Type tests 3.3.1 For type tests, the manufacturer or the supplier shall furnish to the testing authority one sample of product. The test sample shall be selected by the testing authority with agreement of the manufacturer or the supplier. All the relevant information regarding the component or equipment along with a detailed specification shall also be furnished by the manufacturer or the supplier. 3.3.2 The sample so selected, shall be tested for all the requirements specified in the specification of the product. If the sample passes all the requirements of the specification, the product shall be considered to be eligible for type approval. 3.3.3 In case the sample fails, two more samples shall be taken in accordance with sub-clause 3.3.1 and tested for all requirements. If in the repeat test no single failure occurs, the product shall be considered eligible for type approval. If the sample fails in the repeat test, the product shall be disapproved. The manufacturer or the supplier shall be asked to improve the design and resubmit the product for type approval. 4  PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 104 : 2000 Foreword This standard is a revision of the Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 400:1980 – “Operator’s Controls, Location and Method of Operation for Agricultural Tractors and Machines”. The revision was initiated by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) under the project entitled "Enhancing the Implementation of AFMA Through Improved Agricultural Engineering Standards" which was funded by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) of the Department of Agriculture (DA). This revised standard was reviewed by the Technical Committee for Study 1- Development of Standards for Agricultural Production Machinery and was circulated to various private and government agencies/organizations concerned for their comments and reactions. This standard was presented to the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers (PSAE) and subjected to a public hearing organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC). The comments and reactions received during the presentation and public hearing were taken into consideration in the finalization of this standard. This standard has been technically revised in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 - Rules for the Structure and Drafting of Philippine National Standards. The main changes are listed below: - title of the standard has been modified in conformity to the format of International Standard; and - modification of some method of operation and sentence construction.. In the formulation of this standard, reference was made to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 3789-2:1982 – Tractors, machinery for agriculture and forestry, powered lawn and garden equipment – Location and method of operation of operators controls- Part 2: Controls for Agricultural tractors and machinery. PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STANDARD PAES 104 : 2000 Agricultural Machinery – Location and Method of Operation of Operator’s Controls – Control for Agricultural Tractors and Machinery 1 Scope This standard applies to the following agricultural machines: agricultural tractors, self- propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and combination thereof primarily used for agricultural operations. 2 Definitions For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply: 2.1 agricultural tractor self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily designed to pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines used for agricultural, forestry and other related works 2.2 pedestrian-operated machine machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a pedestrian, designed to carry out agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat on an attachment or trailer 2.3 right-hand and left-hand designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s station 2.4 self-propelled machine having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the machine, designed to carry out agricultural operations while on the move 3 Type, Location and Operation of Controls The type, location and method of operation of the operator’s controls are laid down in Table 1 for agricultural tractors and self-propelled machine, and in Table 2 for pedestrian- operated machines. 2 PAES 104 : 2000 Table 1 – Type, Location and Operation of Controls for Agricultural Tractors and Self-Propelled Machines CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 1 ENGINE 1.1 Starting The engine may only be started if: 1) the transmission(s) is (are) in the neutral or park position or 2) the traction clutch is disengaged and 3) the operator is in the operator’s seat (station). 1.1.1 Ignition switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “on” position. (if separate from seat. starter switch) 1.1.2 Starter switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “start” position. (if separate from seat. ignition switch) 1.1.3 Starter/ignition switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Rotate switch in a clockwise direction to “positive ignition” position. Any (spark ignition) seat. auxiliary position provided shall be located between the “off” and “ignition” positions. 1.1.4 Starter switch Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “start” position. If a rotational switch is provided, rotate (compression ignition) seat. clockwise to operate engine starter. If an engine pre-heater circuit is provided, this control shall occur before the “starter” position or maybe activated by rotating the control counter-clockwise. 1.1.5 Recoil type Recoil starter handle should be so Pull grip. located that it cannot be operated from the front of the machine. 1.2 Speed 1.2.1 Foot-operated Shall be readily accessible to the Push pedal forward and/or downward to increase engine speed. operator’s right foot and preferably to the right of the brake pedal(s). 1.2.2 Hand-operated Within easy reach and preferably in The recommended direction of motion of the control is in a plane generally front of, or to the right side of the parallel to the longitudinal axis of the propelling vehicle. The direction of operator. motion shall be away from the operator (generally forward or upward) to increase engine speed.  Table 1 (continued) CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 1.3 Stop 1.3.1 Spark ignition Easily accessible from the operator’s Rotate starter ignition switch counterclockwise to “off” (open circuit) seat. position. 1.3.2 Compression ignition Easily accessible from the operator’s Move control to “stop” position. Control shall automatically remain in the seat. Control or the position “stop” “stop” position without the application of sustained manual effort. shall be red in color or in contrast with the background and any other control. 2 STEERING 2.1 Steering wheel In front of the operator When a steering wheel control is provided, a clockwise rotation shall effect a right turn, and a counterclockwise rotation shall effect a left turn. 2.2 Two levers In front of the operator When two levers are provided for steering to achieve a right turn the right- hand lever shall move rearward; to achieve a left turn the left-hand lever shall move rearward. 2.3 One lever In front of the operator When one lever is provided for steering, a lateral motion of the lever to the right shall effect a right turn and a lateral motion to the left shall effect a left turn. 3 BRAKES 3.1 Service 3.1.1 Foot-operated The brake pedal(s) shall be located The direction of motion shall be generally forward or downward to conveniently to the operator’s right engage. foot. Where separate brake pedals are provided on wheeled tractors for the independent right-hand and left-hand brake controls, it shall be possible to obtain combined control such that there is no undue deviation from a PAES 104 : 2000 straight path of travel. 3 4 PAES 104 : 2000 Table 1 (continued) CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 3.1.2 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. Pull motion to apply is preferred. Where means are provided for independent right and left hand operations, it shall be possible to obtain combined control such that there is no undue deviation from a straight path of travel. 3.2 Parking 3.2.1 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. A “pull” motion is preferred. A device shall be provided to retain the brake(s) in the applied position. The device shall not be liable to accidental release. 3.2.2 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator. Depress brake pedal and lock-in position. 3.3 Braking of trailers or towed equipment 3.3.1 Foot-operated Combined with the pedal(s) of service The direction of motion shall be generally forward and/or downward to brake. engage. 3.3.2 Hand-operated Separate right-hand lever Pull motion to apply. 4 TRANSMISSION 4.1 Clutch (includes combined transmission and power- take-off) 4.1.1 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s left foot. Push pedal forward or downward to disengage. 4.1.2 Hand-operated Within convenient reach of the Move rearward to disengage. operator. Positive means shall be provided for holding the clutch control in the disengaged position so that it is incapable of being re-engaged unless manually operated. It is recommended that the clutch should be operated only from the operator’s seat.  Table 1 (continued) CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 4.2 Combination ground speed and direction (continuously variable combined control) 4.2.1 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s right The control shall have the effect of a pedal being pivoted under the foot. operator’s foot and shall remain at rest in the neutral position. Forward and/or downward motion of the front of pedal shall cause forward motion and increasing forward speed; downward motion of the rear of the pedal shall cause reverse motion and increasing reverse speed. Where the control can pass directly from forward to reverse through the neutral position, provision shall be made for a secondary motion. A positive “neutral” location shall be provided. 4.2.2 Hand-operated Accessible to the operator. Forward motion shall increase speed and reverse motion shall decrease speed. Where the control can pass directly from forward to reverse through the neutral position, provision shall be made for a secondary motion. A positive “neutral” location shall be provided. 4.3 Gear Selection 4.3.1 In-line operation Convenient to the operator. From neutral position, move control progressively in an upward and/or (hand-operated) forward direction to select gears giving increased forward speeds. From neutral position, move control progressively in a rearward and/or downward direction to select reverse gears giving increased reverse speeds. Where the selection control can pass directly from forward to reverse through the neutral position, a separate “neutral” control shall be provided. Provision shall be made for secondary motion when passing through neutral so as to prevent accidental movement of the control. PAES 104 : 2000 5 6 PAES 104 : 2000 Table 1 (continued) CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 4.3.2 Non-in-line Convenient to the operator. Shifting pattern shall be simple and clearly marked. In particular, the operation neutral position shall be clearly identified and easy to select. 4.4 Direction control Convenient to the operator. Move control generally forward for forward vehicle motion and move (forward-reverse generally rearward for rearward vehicle motion. If a neutral position is non-variable speed provided, provision shall be made to prevent accidental movement of the hand-operated) control from neutral. 4.5 Master implement header or gathering unit clutch (self-propelled machines) 4.5.1 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. Movement shall be generally rearward and/or downward to disengage. Positive means shall be provided for holding the clutch control in the disengaged position so that it is incapable of being re-engaged unless manually operated. The clutch shall be operated only from the operator’s seat. 4.5.2 Foot-operated Preferably convenient to the Push pedal forward or downward to disengage. operator’s left foot. 5 DIFFERENTIAL LOCK Preferably convenient to the Move forward or downward to disengage. There shall be a clear indication operator’s right foot or hand. when differential lock is engaged. 6 POWER TAKE-OFF (PTO) 6.1 Clutch 6.1.1 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s left Push pedal forward and/or downward to disengage. In the case of a foot. combined traction-drive/PTO clutch, the PTO shall be disengaged on the second stage. 6.1.2 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator. Move control downward and/or rearward to disengage. Control should be operated only with the operator in the operator’s station.  Table 1 (continued) CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 6.2 Power-Take-Off (PTO) shaft disengagement 6.2.1 Lever Convenient to the operator. The disengaged position shall be clearly marked, and visible from the operator’s seat. Controls shall be operable only with the operator in the operator’s station. 7 IMPLEMENTS AND AUXILIARIES (Hydraulics and Remote controls) 7.1 Lift mechanism It shall be possible to lock the control lever(s) or mechanism in position during road transport and servicing, or adjusting of implements in the raised position, unless other means are provided. 7.1.1 Hand-operated Convenient to the operator’s right Move lever upward and/or rearward to raise; downward and/or forward to hand. lower. 7.1.2 Foot-operated Convenient to the operator’s right Downward movement of the forward part of the pedal to lower and foot. downward movement to the rear part to raise. 7.2 Service selector(s) Clearly marked to identify function in each position. 7.2.1 Hydraulic Optional, but readily visible from the operator’s normal position 7.2.2 Electric Optional PAES 104 : 2000 7 8 PAES 104 : 2000 Table 2 - Type, Location and Operation of Controls for Pedestrian-operated Machines CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 1 ENGINE 1.1 Starting The engine may only be started if: 1) The traction transmission is in neutral or “park” position, or 2) The traction clutch is disengaged. 1.1.1 Starter/ignition Situated so that it can only be Rotate switch in a clockwise direction to “positive ignition” position. switch operated from the normal operating position. 1.1.2 Starter switch Situated so that it can only be Move control to “start” position. If a rotational switch is provided, rotate (compression ignition) operated from the normal clockwise to operate engine starter. This “start” position shall always be operating position. the final position. If an engine pre-heater circuit is provided, this shall occur immediately before the starter position. 1.1.3 Recoil type Recoil starter handle should be Pull grip. so located that it cannot be operated from the front of the machine. 1.1.4 Inertia type Should not be operated from the Wind handle and release control. front of the machine It shall be impossible to release the inertia mechanism unless: 1) The traction transmission is in the neutral or park position, or 2) The traction clutch is disengaged. 1.2 Speed 1.2.1 Hand accelerator 1.2.1.1 Throttle lever Accessible to the operator’s Push the lever forward to increase engine speed and pull lever to the rear right-hand side when at normal to decrease engine speed. The engine can be stopped by moving the lever operating position to its extreme rearward position 1.2.1.2 Turning handle Accessible to the operator’s Turn counter-clockwise to accelerate right-hand side  Table 2 (Continued) CONTROL LOCATION OPERATION 1.3 Stop 1.3.1 Spark ignition Control to be forward and Rotate starter ignition switch counter-clockwise to “off” (open circuit) within easy reach of the position. With pull switch, pull out; with sto