Community Policing Exam Review PDF

Community Policing - Exam Review CHAPTER 1 COMMUNITY *a social unit of any size that shares common values (safety, security, and well-being), a group of people who are connected by durable relationships COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING The identification, strengthening, and linking of a neighborhood’s ta...

Community Policing - Exam Review CHAPTER 1 COMMUNITY *a social unit of any size that shares common values (safety, security, and well-being), a group of people who are connected by durable relationships COMMUNITY CAPACITY BUILDING The identification, strengthening, and linking of a neighborhood’s tangible resources (people, organizations, businesses, housing, and natural environment) and intangible resources (relationships among residents, spirit of community, pride in the neighborhood, and willingness to work together for the common good) COMMUNITY COHESION *strong and positive relationships between people who may have different backgrounds, tackling community problems together and developing a positive climate for community-building COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATION Organization of community members that is usually dedicated to community service of some kind, frequently but not always incorporated and most often a not-for-profit organization that raises funds to support its activities CRIMINOGENIC FACTORS *Community or personal characteristics that can signal the probability of crime or social disorder (like broken windows), create opportunities for them (like leaving valuables unattended), or actually cause them (like domestic violence and poor parenting) DURABLE RELATIONS *relationships that are strong, lasting, and endure through the pressures and changes that life, family, and neighborhood can bring POLICE LEGITIMACY *Neighbors value what the police do in their neighborhood and they value how the police do it PROCEDURAL JUSTICE Fairness or perceived fairness in procedures RECIDIVISM *Reoffending that occurs after the completion of treatment or sanctions for previous criminal behavior SOCIAL CAPITAL *Positive relationships between people that enable them to work together for the common good SOCIAL CONTROL *the ways in which people influence each other’s thoughts, values, feelings and behavior in their neighborhood SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH *As defined by the OACP “protective factors such as access to income, education, employment and job security, safe and healthy working conditions, early childhood development, food security, quality housing, social inclusion, cohesive social safety network, health services, which ensure equal access to all of the qualities, conditions, and benefits of life without regard to any socio-demographic differences” also known as social determinants of safety (health index) SOCIAL DISORDER *a condition in which the behavior and activities of people at a specific location lack sufficient control or order, deviating significantly from what would be considered by most to be comfortable, reasonable, or safe VICTIMISATION Ill-treatment like bullying, oppression, discrimination, abuse, and harassment at the hands of another person or other people CHAPTER 2 CONSULTATION Seeking information, advice, input and reactions to policing priorities, investigations and actions from the broader public EXTRAJUDICIAL MEASURES Steps taken outside of the formal court system, to hold a person accountable for their actions, some examples could be restorative justice practices, community service activities, or a simple police caution LOCATION POLICING Having select officers dedicated to specific neighborhoods, so that they can get to know the neighborhood and neighbors can get to know them PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING Police approach that analyzes, and sets out to resolve, problems that underlie repeat occurrences or other patterns of offenses and social disorder REASSURANCE POLICING Maintaining relationships with the public that reduce their fears of crime and social disorder TRADITIONAL POLICING Reactive policing based on the military model of rapid response and efficient follow-up to harmful incidents CHAPTER 3 ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEMS Systems of management and communication that provide evidence about how well police do what is expected of them COMMUNITY ASSET SURVEYS Inventories of individuals, agencies, organizations, and businesses, including their interests and capabilities in furthering safety and well-being COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Police building ongoing, trusting and mutually respectful relationships with neighborhood citizens, community-based organizations and other agencies for the purposes of resolving local neighborhood problems that threaten safety and well-being COMPSTAT A program for analysis of occurrence data that is used to prioritize and mobilize police enforcement actions INTEGRITY VIOLATIONS Forms of misconduct, ethical violation, and corruptive or obstructive practices by police against colleagues or members of the public, which can erode trust and credibility both from within and outside of the police INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING The practice of using intelligence to identify the risk that offenses, harms, or victimization will occur rather than as an investigative tool after offensive and harmful incidents have occured PROCEDURAL JUSTICE Fairness or perceived fairness in procedures ROLE STRAIN Tensions and stresses an individual officer feels form conflicting demands on their performance and behavior SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION MEASURES Measures that target specific types of offenses, like the use of double-bolt locks to prevent break and enters SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT MEASURES Measures that increase people's access to the social determinants of health SYSTEMIC Situations where a problem is seen to affect the entirety of an institution or organization and not just a small part of it TARGETED ENFORCEMENT Enforcement actions that are targeted on locations where offenses are most likely to occur, on persons who are most likely to offend, and at times when offenses are most likely to occur UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING (UCR) A standard of crime reporting that counts occurrences by type and frequency, invented by the US FBI in 1966 in order to obtain a standard of reporting across all american law enforcement agencies, it is also used in canada and some other countries CHAPTER 4 PREVENTION Proactively implementing evidence-based situational measures, policies, or programs to reduce locally identifies priority risks to community safety and well-being PROTECTIVE FACTORS Positive characteristics or conditions that can moderate the negative effects of risk factors and foster healthier individuals, families, and communities thereby increasing personal and/or community safety and well-being RISK FACTORS *Negative characteristics or conditions in individuals, families, communities, or society that may increase social disorder, crime or fear of crime, or the likelihood of harms or victimization to persons or property RISK MITIGATION *Efforts to identify individuals, families, groups, or locations at imminent risk of harms or victimization and to customize interventions that reduce those risks before an emergency response is required SAFETY AND WELL-BEING FRAMEWORK A logical basis for identifying and understanding the relationships among tactics for deriving community safety and well-being SILO Metaphor for the way that many public service agencies operate with separate enabling legislation and mandates, competitive budgeting processes, and technical isolation from each other, resulting in a social service system that makes it very difficult for these agencies to collaborate Collaborate with different agencies SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Long-term, multidisciplinary efforts and investments to improve the social determinants of health and thereby reduce the probability of harms and victimization SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP The attempt to leverage solutions to social problems with the techniques of business CHAPTER 5 ASSET PRINCIPLE The idea that even in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods, there are people, agencies, organizations, and groups that can and will make good decisions for themselves and their neighborhoods, and will engage constructively in community problem solving COMMUNITY COHESION Strong and positive relationships between people who may have different backgrounds, tackling community problems together, and developing a positive climate for community-building CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design) A wide range of spatial, architectural, and physical measures applied to buildings and grounds in order to strengthen their security and the security of people who use them GATEKEEPERS A term sociologists use to refer to community members who know the most about what is going on in a neighborhood, and on whom others can rely for that kind of information MOBILIZATION MOMENT A brief moment in time during which police draw neighbors’ attention to a community problem through their enforcement actions PROFOUND INTERVENTIONS Interventions that go deeper than incident response and enforcement ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS The process of discovering the root causes of problems in order to identify appropriate solutions TARGET HARDENING Efforts taken through situational measures to strengthen the security of people, places, or things CHAPTER 6 ACCOUNTABLE Accepting responsibility for one's actions APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY An organizational development technique that advocates building on what residents already experience as positive characteristics of their neighborhood ASSET-BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT A community development approach that takes the stance that even the most police resource-intensive neighborhood has human assets that can be mobilized to strengthen the neighborhood COMMUNITY CIRCLES A technique for facilitating communication and social cohesion that ensures that all participants have equal opportunity to speak, also known as talking circles, family group conferencing, community justice circles, or restorative justice circles CONSENSUS A decision-making process that prioritizes the decision or outcome that all persons involved will support as the best one in the current circumstances INVENTORY OF COMMUNITY ASSETS A bank of information about the assets in a neighborhood, including its physical assets, community groups or associations, and human assets, that can be drawn on for resources to achieve neighborhood improvement and problem solving MAJORITY RULE A decision-making process in which a decision or outcome that gains the greater share of votes (that is, a majority) is the decision that is chosen as final RESTORATIVE JUSTICE An approach to healing and repairing relationships, with the involvement of victims, offenders, and communities transformed by a crime or wrongdoing; goals include accountability, healing, restoration of relationships, reintegration of the offender into the community, and reducing future offense CHAPTER 7 BACKBONE ORGANIZATION An agency in a collaborative that agrees to undertake some of the administration, supervision and oversight required to support the collaborative COLLABORATION Two or more social or human service organizations working together to realize mutually derived and valued goals COLLECTIVE IMPACT Working together, across sectors, to resolve large-scale social problems with shared goals, responsibilities and accountabilities CROSS-SECTORAL COLLABORATION Two or more agencies from entirely different sectors, working together to achieve shared goals SECTOR A group of organizations with specific expertise, mandate specialization, and resource allocation SHARED MEASURES Measures that all partners agree are meaningful and to which all partners have some data to contribute SITUATION OF ACUTELY ELEVATED RISK A situation that negatively affects the health or safety of an individual, family, group or place where there is a high probability of imminent and significant harm to self or others SITUATIONAL TABLE (OR HUB) A regular meeting of front line workers, from a variety of human services agencies and sectors, who work together to identify individuals, families, groups, or locations that are at an acutely elevated risk of harm and customize multi-disciplinary interventions to mitigate those risks VALUE-ADDED Extra capabilities that become possible when people work together WICKED ISSUES Problems that have many causes that fall into different sectors of specialization CHAPTER 8 COMMUNICATION NODES Connections between and among agencies and organizations that allow new information to flow among them COMMUNITY INTELLIGENCE Information about community dynamics that originates with community members and is used by community members to improve their own social control over issues like crime and social disorder KNOWLEDGE-BASED POLICING Using information technology, like social media, and collaboration with partners from other sectors to get new knowledge about the social drivers of crime and antisocial behavior, and then intervening by managing risk POLICING Community members exertion of social control for preserving order and preventing harms or victimization from crime or antisocial behavior CHAPTER 9 ASSET BASED Building a community safety and wll-being plan on the skills, knowledge, experience, and capabilities of community agencies, organizations, and individuals COMMUNITY SAFETY AND WELL-BEING PLANNING The collective effort of community agencies, organizations and individuals to determine the greatest risks to safety and well-being planning on the basis of empirical evidence that those decisions are valid DATA DRIVEN Making decisions about priority risk factors, measures to mitigate those risks and goals of community safety and well-being planning on the basis of empirical evidence that those decisions are valid EMERGENCY RESPONSE The expedited mobilization of emergency services, like fire, ambulance, or police, in response to someone's cry for help POLICE LEGITIMACY Neighbors value what the police do in their neighborhood, and they value how the police do it PREVENTION Proactively implementing evidence-based situational measures, policies, or programs to reduce locally identified priority risks to community safety and well-being PRIORITY PROBLEMS Focusing the goals of a community safety and well-being plan on risk factors that threaten the most harms or the greatest number of victims in the community RISK FOCUSED Basing decisions about investing community resources in increased community safety and well-being on hard data about real threats to community safety and well-being RISK MITIGATION Efforts to identify individuals, families, groups or locations at imminent risk of harms or victimization and to customize interventions that reduce those risks before an emergency is required SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Long-term, multi-disciplinary efforts and investments to improve the social determinants of health and thereby reduce the probability of harms and victimization CHAPTER 10 APPLIED RESEARCH The practical application of science to solve practical problems BASIC RESEARCH Science used to improve scientific theories or predictions of natural phenomena COMMUNITY-BASED RESEARCH The application of research methods in a real community setting, as opposed to a more highly controlled, laboratory setting CONTINGENCY TABLE A two-way, or two-dimensional, table that arrays frequencies of one variable in relation to another DIRECT OBSERVATION Type of observation in which an enumerator works off a prescribed list of questions and records respondents’ answers in a question-and-answer format ENUMERATORS People who gather survey data (VIA interviews, direct observation) EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES Any variables (factors, conditions, circumstances, etc) that could affect results of an evaluation FOCUS GROUPS Groups of community members who are asked to discuss their feelings, reactions, and attitudes to whatever the program manager is interested in while an observer takes notes about the discussion MAIL SURVEY A survey in which the respondent indicates their reactions on a self-administered questionnaire and then mails that form back to the surveying organization PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS Scholarly journals that ensure quality information by virtue of the fact that no article gets published in them unless it has been vetted by scholars in the field to which it pertains POPULATION Everyone to whom the evaluator expects to generalize the program evaluation findings PROGRAM EVALUATION Applied research that is designed to test the efficacy (effectiveness and efficiency) of a program QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Measures the why and how of something; yields more in-depth description than quantitative measures QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Measures who, what, when, where, things that are fairly discrete and can be observed fairly easily with high reliability and validity SAMPLE A subset of the population that is presumed to be representative of the population on the criterion measures the evaluation is asking about