Communications Revision - Notes

[Week 1-8 ] Types of communication - - Intrapersonal - Interpersonal - Intercultural - Mass - Mediated - Public communication Interference- anything that interrupts communication Reflected appraisals- how you perceive yourself based on how others see you Perception- process sel...

[Week 1-8 ] Types of communication - - Intrapersonal - Interpersonal - Intercultural - Mass - Mediated - Public communication Interference- anything that interrupts communication Reflected appraisals- how you perceive yourself based on how others see you Perception- process selection, organisation,interpretation of information - Halo effect -- when an impression you had on one instance influences your opinion in another instance - Recency effect- you allow the most recent information to influence your perception - Attribution theory- explains how people try to understand the causes of others actions - Cultivation theory -- people get their information from mediated sources rather than through direct experience **William Schutz**- Affection, inclusion, control Relational Dialectics Theory (RDTs) 1. Certainty & uncertainty 2. Connectedness & separateness 3. Openness & closedness - Linguistics- the scientific study of language - Syntax -- a subset of rules for arranging words and phrases into sentences - Semantics- the study of linguistic meaning - Denotative meaning - literal meaning of the word - Connotative meaning- emotional association with the word - Pragmatics- the study of how context contributes to meaning - Emblems- movements or positions of the body that have precise meaning Chronemics -- study of nonverbal communication Components of nonverbal communication - Artifacts, haptics, chronemics, vocalics, proxemics, kinesics - **Semiotics** -- the science of communication signs - **Communication**- the science and practice of transmitting information [Persuasion] 1. Lagos ( appeal to logic) 2. Pathos (appeal to emotion) 3. Ethos ( appeals to credibilty) - The concept of anchorage- how a piece of text grounds and delimits the potential meaning of an image. - Principals of visual rhetoric -- Arrangement, grouping, emphasis, clarity - Lateral communication- employees on equal hierarchal levels - Diagnol communication- employees on different hierarchal levels Power= Interpersonal influence + Higher status Disinhibition- a tendency to transmit messges without the consequences Johari Window- tool to illustrate and improve self awareness and mutual understanding between individuals within a group. Network concepts; - Homophily- people who are similar - Propinquity- place and spatial dimensions - Exogenous -- having an external cause - Endogenous- having an internal cause **Animal Analogies = David Johnson** **Kinesics-** study of bodily movement **Proxemics-** study of personal space and territory **Chronemics-** role of time Functions of nonverbal communication - Complementry - Regulatory - Substituting - Accenting - Global- copying entire piece of work - Patchwork- copying bits and pieces of work - Incremental- failing to give credit - Academic- reusing ones own work Synthesis- organizing information from multiple sources and presenting it **[CRAAP]** CURRENCY, RELEVANCE, AUTHORITY, ACCURACY,PURPOSE [Week 8-12 ] - Specific Purpose Statement -- General Purpose Statement + Audience + Topic Ethnocentrism- The tendency for a person to judge other cultures primarily from the viewpoint of her or his own culture often reflecting on attitude of superiority. Homogenous audiences are groups that share at least one important demographic or attitudinal characteristic eg. Soldiers in an army platoon Frame of reference -- based on life experiences, attitudes, beliefs and values. Audience-centred involves keeping your audience foremost in mind through all phases of the speech process. Glossophobia- speaking anxiety Paralanguage -- non verbal vocal qualities - Asynchronous communication allows audience members to view a web presentation at various times. - Synchronous communication requires all members of an audience to view a web presentation at the same time HURIER Model 1. Hearing 2. Understanding -- comprehend the meaning of what the speaker says 3. Remembering - recall what the speaker said 4. Interpreting- assign the meaning to what the speaker says 5. Evaluating- judging the speakers believability and intentions 6. Responding Types of listening -- critical, comprehensive, appreciative, Pseudo(fake listening) Enculturation- process of acquiring a culture Acculturation- process through which a person or group from one culture comes to adopt practices and values of another culture Communication codes that tend to differ significantly from society to society - Hand gestures - Jargons - Idiams Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a group of people of people just because they are members of that group. Some cultural differences that influence how people communicate with each other - Uncertainty avoidance vs uncertainty acceptance - Low context vs high context - Collectivism vs indiviualism Jargon is a language with a technical meaning. - Physical noise --something that makes an actual sound - Psychological noise -- worries or mental proccesses - Physiological noise- conditions of the body, hunger or fatigue - Social noise- includes biases and prejudices - Environmmental noise- physical, external noise - Structural noise- refers to speechs lack of organization that makes it difficult to follow Examples Noise- groaning periodically and loudly Glazing over -- Staring into the distance blankly Selective attention- browsing the internet during a presentation Pseudolistening- nodding encouragingly at the speaker but doodling To be an ethical listener - Focus your attention on the speaker - Practice civility- use good manners when someone else is speaking - Seek out opposing viewpoints and keep an open mind to controversial ideas