Communicable Diseases: Group 3 Presentation PDF

GROUP 3 PRESENTS Communicable Diseases GROUP 3 PRE-TEST 1. A microscopic, single- A. Bacteria celled organisms. They B. Virus exist in almost every C. Disease environment on earth, D. Fungi including inside the human body. A. Bacteria...

GROUP 3 PRESENTS Communicable Diseases GROUP 3 PRE-TEST 1. A microscopic, single- A. Bacteria celled organisms. They B. Virus exist in almost every C. Disease environment on earth, D. Fungi including inside the human body. A. Bacteria 2. A type of organism that B. Virus includes yeasts, molds, and C. Disease mushrooms. D. Fungi PRE-TEST 3. The spread of an infection A. Reservoir within a community is B. Port of Exit described as a “___,” several C. Microorganism interconnected steps that D. Chain describe how a pathogen moves about. 4. Any person, animal, arthropod, A. Contact plant, soil or substance (or B. Reservoir combination of these) in which an C. Port of Entry infectious agent normally lives D. Fungi and multiplies. PRE-TEST 5. The means by which a A. Contact pathogen exits from a B. Port of Exit reservoir. C. Port of Entry D. Mode of Transmission 6-10. Is Covid-19 an example of communicable disease? Why or why not? Explain your answer in not less than 2 sentences. GROUP 3 ISOLATION PRACAUTION Isolation refers to measures designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors. Several sets of guidelines have been used in hospitals and other healthcare settings.  Standard precaution 1. Standard Precautions: These are the basic level of infection control that should be used in the care of all patients all the time. They include: Hand hygiene Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection Safe injection practices Safe handling of potentially contaminated equipment or surfaces Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette  Contact Precaution 2. Contact Precautions: These precautions are used for infections that spread by direct or indirect contact with the patient or the patient's environment. Measures include: 1. Wearing gloves and gowns when touching the patient or their environment 2. Placing the patient in a private room or cohorting patients with the same infection 3. Limiting patient movement outside the room  Droplet Precaution 3. Droplet Precautions: These precautions are for infections spread through large respiratory droplets (e.g., influenza, pertussis). They involve: Wearing a surgical mask when within 3 feet of the patient Placing the patient in a private room or cohorting patients with the same infection Having the patient wear a mask if they need to leave the room CHAIN OF INFECTION Six links make up the chain of infection 1. etiologic agent, or microorganism; 2.reservoir; the place where the organism naturally resides 3. portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission; 5. portal of entry 6. host  Etiologic Agent Microorganisms: Disease producing, also called pathogens Virus, parasite, fungus, bacterium The extent to which any microorganism is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganisms present, the virulence and potency of the microorganisms (pathogenicity), the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the host, and the ability of the microorganisms to live in the host’s body.  Reservoir Reservoir/Source: Environment/habitat where a pathogen can live and multiply Environmental surfaces/equipment, body fluids (blood, saliva), urine/fecal material, food/water, soil, skin, respiratory tract.  Portal of Exit Portal of Exit: How the pathogen exits or leaves reservoir Skin to skin, skin to surface, blood, mucous membranes, oral cavity, fecal Other potentially infectious material (OPIM): Seminal fluid, saliva, urine/fecal material, any body fluid contaminated with blood.  Mode of Transmission How a pathogen moves from reservoir to susceptible host Direct Transmission: Airborne, droplet, contact (e.g., skin), bite, needlestick or other sharps injury. Droplet: 1 m (3 ft) of each other. Sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing, or talking can project droplet spray into the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose, or mouth of another individual. Indirect Transmission: Fomites – contaminated equipment or medication (multidose vials, single dose vials), vectors, food, water. Mode of Transmission Indirect transmission. Indirect transmission may be either vehicle borne or vector borne: 1. Vehicle-borne transmission. A vehicle is any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agent into a susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry. Fomites (inanimate materials or objects). 2. Vector-borne transmission. A vector is an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agent. Mode of Transmission 3. Airborne transmission occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air. Airborne dust includes material that has settled on surfaces and become resuspended by air currents as well as infectious particles blown from the soil by the wind. Portal of Entry Portal of Entry: Opening where the pathogen may enter Body openings (e.g., mouth, eyes, urinary tract, respiratory tract), incisions, wounds Susceptible Host The person at-risk: patient or healthcare worker Factors affecting susceptibility (e.g., age, health, co- morbidities, immune system, nutrition, infective dose, medications) Susceptible Host The person at-risk: patient or healthcare worker Factors affecting susceptibility (e.g., age, health, co- morbidities, immune system, nutrition, infective dose, medications)  Anthrax Anthrax is a serious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria. It's found naturally in soil around the world and commonly affects livestock and wild animals. People usually get sick with anthrax if they come in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. People can breathe in anthrax spores, eat food or drink water contaminated with spores, or get spores in a cut or scrape in the skin. Signs and Symptoms The symptoms (warning signs) of anthrax are different depending on the type of the disease: Cutaneous: The first symptom is a small sore that develops into a blister. The blister then develops into a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. The sore, blister and ulcer do not hurt. Gastrointestinal: The first symptoms are nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea, and fever, followed by bad stomach pain. Inhalation: The first symptoms of inhalation anthrax are like cold or flu symptoms and can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. Later symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tiredness and muscle aches. (Caution: Do not assume that just because a person has cold or Signs and Symptoms The symptoms (warning signs) of anthrax are different depending on the type of the disease: Cutaneous: The first symptom is a small sore that develops into a blister. The blister then develops into a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. The sore, blister and ulcer do not hurt. Gastrointestinal: The first symptoms are nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea, and fever, followed by bad stomach pain. Inhalation: The first symptoms of inhalation anthrax are like cold or flu symptoms and can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. Later symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tiredness and muscle aches. (Caution: Do not assume that just because a person has cold or  BOTULISM It is caused by toxins made by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium. The bacterium is found in soil, sediments, raw foods (including seafoods) and honey. Foods that are not properly cooked, preserved or canned can be the vehicles for human botulism. S S Y I M G P T N O M S S BOTULISM 5 TYPES OF BOTULISM 1. Foodborne Botulism 2. Wound Botulism 3. Infant Botulism 4. Iatrogenic Botulism 5. Adult Intestinal Toxemia Foodborne botulism PREVENTION Refrigerate foods within two hours after cooking. Proper refrigeration prevents the bacteria from producing spores. Cook food thoroughly. Avoid food containers that appear damaged or bulging. (These can be signs of gas produced by the bacteria.) Sterilize home-canned foods in a pressure cooker at 250°F (121°C) for 30 minutes. Throw away foul-smelling preserved foods. Infant botulism Don’t give honey to babies under one year old. Breastfeed (chestfeed) your baby to slow the onset of illness if botulism develops.  PREVENTION Wound botulism Don’t abuse injectable drugs. Seek medical treatment for a wound with signs of infection including redness, tenderness, swelling or pus. Clean wounds contaminated by dirt and soil thoroughly. Iatrogenic botulism Only get Botox injections from licensed medical professionals.  PROGNOSIS Botulism can be fatal if left untreated. But most people who receive a prompt diagnosis and treatment can make a full recovery from the illness. They return to normal functioning throughout their lives. BRUCELLOSIS Brucellosis is a bacterial infection “brucella” that spreads from animals to people. Most commonly, people are infected by eating raw or unpasteurized dairy products. Sometimes, the bacteria that cause brucellosis can spread through the air or through direct contact with infected animals.. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever Sweating (sometimes with a moldy smell) Joint pain, especially in your hips, knees or lower back Unexplained weight loss Headache Abdominal (stomach) pain Loss of appetite or upset stomach. Depression Large, painful lymph nodes Generally feeling unwell  PREVENTION You can reduce your risk of brucellosis by practicing safe food handling and wearing protective clothing while working with animals, for instance: Don’t drink unpasteurized milk or eat foods made with unpasteurized milk. Wear appropriate safety gear when working with animals and animal tissues. This might include gloves, an apron or goggles.  PREVENTION Cook meat to safe temperatures and always wash your hands and the surfaces and utensils you used to prepare your food. Game meat can be infected with Brucella.  PROGNOSIS Most people with brucellosis will make a full recovery with antibiotic treatment, but it can take a long time. Sometimes, brucellosis can come back after you’ve finished treatment, especially if you don’t take antibiotics long enough. Some symptoms, like arthritis, can last a long time, even after you finish treatment.  CHOLERA Cholera is a sudden illness that happens when a person swallows food or water containing Vibrio cholerae bacteria. Cholera can cause severe diarrhea, dehydration and even death.  SIGNS AND Diarrhea,or SYMPTOMS extremely A cholera infection watery poop. can be mild, with no Intense thirst. symptoms. But about Lower amounts 10% of infected of urine (pee). people develop severe symptoms, 12 Muscle cramps. hours to five days Restlessness or after ingesting the irritability. bacteria. These Vomiting. symptoms include: Weakness.  PREVENTION Avoid tap water, water fountains and ice cubes. This precaution applies to water you drink and water you use to wash dishes, prepare food and brush your teeth. Don’t eat raw or undercooked seafood. Drink water only if it’s bottled, canned, boiled or treated with certain chemicals. And don’t drink out of a bottle or can with a broken seal.  PREVENTION Eat prepackaged foods. Or make sure other foods are freshly cooked and served hot. Consider disinfecting your water: Boil it for at least one minute. Add half an iodine tablet or two drops of household bleach to each liter of water. Or use chlorine tablets. Wash fruits and vegetables with clean water. Wash your hands with soap and clean water, especially before handling and eating food and after using the bathroom. If clean water and soap aren’t available, use hand sanitizer made of at least 60% alcohol.  PROGNOSIS Cholera may go away on its own in just a few days. But if you have severe symptoms and start to become dehydrated, you need medical attention. You must replace fluids very quickly. Pediculosis (Infestation With Lice) Pediculosis is a general term referring to infestation with one of three kinds of lice. The types of lice encountered are Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse), and Phthirus pubis (pubic or crab louse). Infestation with any of these insects causes pruritus. Infestations with head, body, and pubic lice differ regarding mode of acquisition and method of treatment.  (Pediculus humanus capitis) The head louse is an obligate ectoparasite of humans. Head lice are wingless insects that spend their entire lives on the human scalp and feeding exclusively on human blood. most common feeds on scalp Head Lice  (Pediculus humanus corporis) Despite their name, body lice reside not on the body but on clothing. These lice move to the body only to feed. Consequently, body lice are rarely seen on the skin. lives in the clothing Body Lice  (Phthirus pubis) Pubic lice, commonly known as crabs (because pubic lice are shaped like crabs), usually reside on the skin and hair of the pubic area. primarily found in the pubic hairs and may extend in the eyebrows, eyelashes and axillary or body hair Pubic Lice Signs & Symptoms Pediculus humanus capitis Pediculus humanus corporis Phthirus pubis itching; excoriation Small red papules Skin irritation foul-smelling hair Wheals (late stage) Small gray-blue spots occipital and cervical Fever (maculae caerulae) lymphadenopathy Malaise Bacterial infection  Diagnostic Test Inspection Treatment Permethrin 0.5% Malathion Emulsion (Pubic Lice) Treated Comb with Vinegar Good Personal Hygiene 10% Lindane Powder Environmental (Clothing) Sanitation Lyme Disease A multisystem disorder caused by Borrelia Burgdorferi, which is carried by the minute tick called Ixodes Scapularis. Lyme disease bacteria are spread to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Signs & Symptoms Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Redness or macule on the Neurologic abnormalities Characterized by Arthritis site of the bite Cardiac abnormalities Itchiness on the lesion and may feel hot Malaise, fatigue, fever, chills, regional lymphadenopathy, persistent sore throat and dry cough  Diagnostic Test Based on the manifestations Serum Testing Treatment Tetracycline Ceftriaxone Penicillin Vaccine (Lymerix) Erythromycin Treatment Legionnaire's Disease Legionnaires' disease is a severe form of pneumonia — lung inflammation usually caused by infection. It's caused by a bacterium known as legionella. Most people catch Legionnaires' disease by inhaling the bacteria from water or soil.  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever (often over Cough Shortness of Nausea Headache 104 °F or 40°C) (usually dry) breath (Dyspnea) Muscle Aches Confusion Coughing of Diarrhea Stomach Pain Blood  Prevention Since the bacteria survives in warm contaminated Run faucets and showers for 3 minutes when they water, the temperature of water in the system have not been used for more than a week. should be below 20ºC (68ºF) or above 60ºC (140ºF). Remove, shorten, and/or regularly flush existing dead Since legionella prefers water that is contaminated legs (a section of pipe with low use) with rust, algae, sludge, amoebae, slime, biofilm, lime Follow manufacturer instructions and clean/replace scale, corrosion products or other organic matter and water filters in your home. other bacteria, keeping it clean also helps. If you are at risk for Legionnaires' disease avoid high There should be no stagnation of water as legionella risk activities (ex: power washing) thrives in water that is stagnant for long. Clean or replace shower heads and faucet screens 3-4 Those travelling abroad may often bring in the times per year. infection. Thus, if any symptoms are seen, medical A hot water tank set to a temperature of 140°F is best help needs to be sought. for controlling Legionella. The minimum temperature Those who are at risk like smokers, elderly those with should be 120°F. If the temperature on the tankis AIDS, cancers, chronic lung or kidney disease or higher than 120°F a mixing valve must installed to diabetes need to avoid public water systems that prevent burns. Drain and flush hot water tank every 6- could be contaminated like whirlpool spas, hot tubs 12 months. Consider hiring a professional, and follow etc. in hotels, resorts and cruise ships. all manufacturer recommendations.  Prevention Follow manufacturer instructions for medical devices and humidifiers. Follow manufacturer instructions to maintain proper chemical levels in your hot tub. Turn off and drain garden hoses when not in use for the season.  Diagnostic Test Blood Test Urine Test  Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki disease is a heart condition that develops suddenly. The condition causes the immune system to attack blood vessels, which become inflamed and swollen. Kawasaki disease tends to affect the coronary arteries, which carry blood to the heart muscle.  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever lasting at Red or pink eyes Redness of lips Swelling and/or least five days Irritability without discharge Or tongue Redness of hands And feet Peeling of skin Swollen lymph In the hands Rashes in the trunk Belly pain Upset stomach Nodes in the Neck  If your child develops any heart complications, he or she Prognosis will need to be closely monitored. Children who are younger than six months old and show signs of heart issues will need highly attentive care and ongoing monitoring as they are the most at risk of further complications arising. Researchers are currently investigating various methods Generally, Kawasaki disease will resolve through early that may be able to detect the risk children may have for treatment within four to eight weeks, after which, you heart issues such as the aneurysms developing in the can expect a full recovery. coronary arteries. There are various studies and research Bear in mind, this is not always the outcome for every teams exploring several criteria for the abnormal variant child. In some rare cases, Kawasaki disease can be a life- manifestations of Kawasaki disease as these cases are threatening condition as a result of the formation of deemed atypical. The more research is done on these blood clots in the heart arteries and widening of these topics, the more accurate the diagnosis and in turn, the arteries. These issues can lead to a number of heart more effective the treatment. complications and issues, some of which, if not treated As with most illnesses, when your child is diagnosed promptly and regularly monitored, can be fatal. early, the risk of complications arising is significantly Aneurysms forming in the coronary arteries (heart decreased. It is vital that you recognise the signs and arteries) may occur during childhood or even later on in symptoms of Kawasaki disease and make an appointment life, during adulthood as a result of the disease. to see your doctor if you feel your child may be ill.  HISTOPLASMOSIS Histoplasmosis is a pulmonary and hematogenous disease caused by breathing in spores of a fungus. It is an infection caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum with a variety of flu-like symptoms. In 1905, Samuel Taylor Darling serendipitously identified a protozoan-like microorganism in an autopsy specimen while trying to understand malaria, which was prevalent during the construction of the Panama Canal. ETIOLOGY Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is a dimorphic fungus present worldwide in pockets of endemicity particularly associated with river valleys.They float into the air when dirt or other material is disturbed. The fungus thrives in damp soil that's rich in organic material, especially the droppings from birds and bats. Fever Cough Chills Headache Chest Pain Body Aches Signs and Symptoms Night sweats HALLMARK SIGN  Amphotericin B (Fungizone) Itraconazole TREATMENT PREVENTION Spray contaminated surfaces. Before you dig soil or work in an Avoid exposure. area that could harbor the fungus Avoid projects and that causes histoplasmosis, soak activities that might it with water. This can help expose you to the fungus, prevent spores from being such as cave exploring and released into the air. Spraying raising birds, such as chicken coops and barns before pigeons or chickens. cleaning them also can reduce your risk. AFRICAN HISTOPLASMOSIS African histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, or Histoplama duboisii (Hcd). The natural reservoir of the etiological agent has only been recently discovered in a bat cave in Nigeria. AFRICAN HISTOPLASMOSIS Infection with the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, also known as African histoplasmosis, was described by Dubois in 1952. The disease is endemic in African countries. The disease has been limited largely to Central and Western Africa.  ETIOLOGY The dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatumvar. duboisii is the etiologic agent of African histoplasmosis. The disease has been limited largely to Central and Western Africa (especially Nigeria), and some other localized areas (the province of Natal in South Africa). HALLMARK SIGN The disease is characterized by presence of granulomatous lesions in the skin, subcutaneous tissues and bones. It differs from histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, mainly affecting the skin and bones rather than the lungs. PREVENTION Spray contaminated surfaces. Before you dig soil or work in an Avoid exposure. area that could harbor the fungus Avoid projects and that causes histoplasmosis, soak activities that might it with water. This can help expose you to the fungus, prevent spores from being such as cave exploring and released into the air. Spraying raising birds, such as chicken coops and barns before pigeons or chickens. cleaning them also can reduce your risk. Blastomycosis is a rare fungal infection caused by the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis, which is commonly found in soil, particularly in areas with decaying organic matter such as forests and river valleys  Symptoms of blastomycosis Fever cough Spread to other parts of chest the body, leading to skin pain lesions, bone infections, Muscle and involvement of the aches central nervous system. Fatigue Weight loss  The hallmark of blastomycosis is pulmonary involvement, meaning that the infection primarily affects the lungs Treatment of blastomycosis usually involves antifungal medications, such as itraconazole or amphotericin B, depending on the severity of the infection. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for a successful outcome.  Prevention Avoiding exposure to areas where the fungus is prevalent, such as wooded or damp environments, and using protective measures like wearing masks when working in areas with high fungal concentrations. ENCEPHALITIS Encephalitis is a rare but serious condition characterized by inflammation of the brain. It can be caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, or other factors such as autoimmune diseases About 70% of encephalitis cases are viral in etiology, with herpes simplex virus (HV) being the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the world. Types of encephalitis Whereas primary Secondary encephalitis encephalitis is due arises when a to an altered virus or other immune response type of agent that causes the directly infects immune system to the brain, mistakenly attack healthy cells in the brain. B  Sign and symmptoms Risk factor AGE WEAKENED IMMUNE SYSTEM GEOGRAPIC LOCATION OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSUE TREATMENT typically involves antiviral or antibiotic medications, supportive care, and sometimes hospitalization. In some cases, complications of encephalitis can lead to long-term neurological problems or disabilities.  practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated against certain viral PRVENTION infections, and avoiding exposure to known risk factors such as mosquito bites or contaminated food and water Epiglotitis - Epiglottitis refers to inflammation of your epiglottis, a flap of tissue at the base of your tongue that prevents food from going down your windpipe that tends to cause airway obstruction. - Strikes children (2 to 8 y.o.) - Usually results from infection with Haemophilus Influenzae Type B and Pneumococci. Epiglotitis  Signs & Symptoms Dysphonia Distress Dyphagia Drooling Management: ✓ Hib Vaccine ✓ ET tube intubation ✓ Tracheostomy ✓ Oxygen therapy ✓ Respiratory Support DIAGNOSTIC TEST The test may include: ✓ Laryngoscope ✓ Culture Test ✓ Imaging Tests Enterobiasis - Enterobiasis or pinworm infection is a common, contagious, parasitic infestation found mainly in children (Common between 5-14 years old) - A benign intestinal disease caused by the nematode Enterobius Vermicularis - The disorder is spread by swallowing or inhaling the tiny eggs of the pinworm. Enterobiasis Symptoms of pinworm infection may include: Itching of the anal or vaginal area Insomnia, irritability, teeth grinding and restlessness Occasional stomach pain and nausea  TREATMENT ✓ Pyrantel ✓ Piperazine ✓ Mebendazole  DIAGNOSTIC TEST The test may include: ✓Cellophane tape test ✓ Pinworm paddle test  Strep A Scarlet Fever  Definition is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.  Etiology Group A beta- haemolytic streptococcus bacteria. Streptococci are gram-positive, spherical to ovoid bacteria. Most streptococci that cause human infections are facultative anaerobes. The rash arises from the effects of one of several toxins, currently designated streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins and previously known as erythrogenic or scarlet fever toxins.  Signs & Symptoms Incubation period is usually 3-6 days (1-7 days) With approximately 3 days duration: fever, 39°-40°C headache dysphagia vomiting tachycardia In infants and young children the symptoms can be also accompanied by seizures Exanthem The erythema abates in 7-9 days  Kawasaki Disease Scarlet Fever Fever does NOT respond to antipyretics Fever respond to antipyretics PAINLESS adenopathy TENDER adenopathy NON-SPECIFIC polymorphus rash Rash BLANCHES,fine papillae, Pastia lines Evaluate with serial ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Verify with RAPID ANTIGEN TEST/CULTURE Treated with high-dose ASPIRIN and INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULINS Treated with ANTIBIOTICS targeted towards streptococcus pyogenes Can cause ANEURYSM FORMATION and depressed cardiac contractility Can lead to RHEUMATIC FEVER AND POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS  Treatment Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria that causes the throat infection. This is crucial to prevent rheumatic fever, a serious complication of strep throat and scarlet fever. How can scarlet fever be prevented? The best way for your child to avoid scarlet fever is by washing their hands often, and to not share plates or utensils with other people. To avoid giving it to other people, they should cover their nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing. Mode of Transmission Unsterilized needles Personal contact Blood to blood contact Reusing needles and gloves Mechanism of Action Every tissueare affected, except bones and muscle This creates blood clots The virus also destroys connective tissues  Signs and Symptoms Initial Late High temperature at least 38 Vomiting degrees celcius Diarrhea Muscle, joints and abdominal Coughing pain Severe vomiting blood Nausea Hemorrhage Loss of appetite Low white blood cell count Rashes Diagnostic Tests Antibody - capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay Antigen - capture detection Serum Neutralization Test Reverse Transcriptase polymarase chain reaction (RT- PCR) assay Electron microscopy Virus isolation by cell culture Mechanism of Action Every tissueare affected, except bones and muscle This creates blood clots The virus also destroys connective tissues  Treatment There are no licensed specific treatment Rehydration with solution containing electrolyte New drug therapies are being evaluated However, there have been very recent development in preventative medication HOOKWORM Hookworms are parasites that live in the intestines of infected people. Hookworm eggs (larvae) spread in feces (poop) of people with hookworm disease. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Fever. Skin rash on the feet where the larvae entered the body. Coughing or wheezing. Abdominal pain. Loss of appetite. Diarrhea. Weight loss. Anemia.  PREVENTION You can lower your risk of becoming infected with hookworms by: wearing shoes when you walk outdoors, especially in areas that might have feces in the soil drinking safe water properly cleaning and cooking food practicing proper handwashing  PROGNOSIS If you have symptoms of hookworm disease, your healthcare provider will test a sample of your poop. They analyze the stool sample under a microscope to look for hookworm eggs.  ASCARIASIS Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, which is a species of roundworm. These worms are parasites that use your body as a host to mature from larvae or eggs to adult worms. Adult worms, which reproduce, can be more than a foot (30 centimeters) long. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS coughing blood in mucus chest discomfort fever nausea and vomiting irregular stools or diarrhea loss of appetite & weight loss visible worms in the stool abdominal discomfort or pain growth impairment in children due to malabsorption  PREVENTION You can lower your risk of becoming infected with The best defense against ascariasis is good hygiene. Don’t touch soil that might be contaminated with human feces, including feces used to fertilize crops. Wash hands with soap and water before preparing food. Wash, peel and/or cook any raw vegetables and fruits, especially if they grew in manure-fertilized soil.  PROGNOSIS STOOL TEST X-RAY CT SCAN ULTRASOUND ENDOSCOPY MRI  Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is an acute febrile tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. It is the most severe and most common of the rickettsial infections in North America. RMSF is a serious illness you get from a tick bite.  Etiology Rickettsia rickettsii, the most well- described and most lethal of the spotted group rickettsiae, causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). It is a coccobacillary, obligate, intracellular organism that accidentally infects human hosts after a bite with an infected tick vector. Transmission is believed to occur very quickly after a bite from an infected tick, with a rapid entry of the bacteria into human endothelial cells Management and diagnostic Prevention test The Health provider can use blood and skin Sut your grass regularly. long tests to diagnose Rocky Mountain spotted grass(over 5 inches) attracts ticks fever, but the results may not be available Stay on cleared paths while in right away. Your provider will probably wooded areas have to decide whether to treat you for Use bug spray that have RMSF before you test positive. ingredients that repel thicks (such Blood Test. Your provider will take a sample of your blood to test for the bacteria that causes as DEET) RMSF. Cover as much of your skin as Skin tests. Your provider will use a special possible with clothing when youre cutting tool called a punch (it feels like a poke in the woods. or a pinch) to get a sample of your skin where Check yourself for ticks after you’ve you have a rash. been outside Croup a very contagious respiratory infection that mostly affects babies and young children. The condition causes swelling of your child’s voice box (larynx) and windpipe (trachea), which leads to symptoms including a distinctive barking cough and raspy breathing. Croup is usually mild but symptoms can become severe and life- threatening. Sign and Symptoms Itiology Laryngeal diphtheria is caused by >The croup cough sounds like a Corynebacterium diphtheriae. harsh “barking” sound. This is Bacterial tracheitis, the most common symptom of laryngotracheobronchitis, and croup. Other symptoms are: laryngotracheobronchopneumoniti fever s typically begin as viral infections, rash which worsen due to secondary Difficulty breathing. bacterial growth. Restlessness or nervousness. Eye redness (conjunctivitis).  Diagnostic Test Prevention Croup can spread by physical contact or You can usually tell if your child through the air. To help prevent its has croup based on their signs spread: and symptoms. The most Wash and dry your hands thoroughly common symptoms are a barking after caring for your child. cough and stridor. This condition Wash toys between each use. is especially widespread in the fall Encourage your child to cover their and winter months. If your child’s mouth and nose when coughing and condition is severe, a healthcare sneezing. provider may order X-rays and Keep your child home from school or laboratory tests, but this is rare. daycare when they’re ill or if outbreaks occur. Throw used tissues away. Acute Plasmodic Laryngitis Laryngitis is the inflammation of the larynx, commonly known as the voice box, which is situated in the throat. This inflammation can lead to hoarseness or loss of voice. It's often caused by viral infections, such as the common cold or flu, but can also result from overuse of the voice, irritation from pollutants or allergens, or bacterial infections. Signs & Symptoms Hoarseness Weak voice or voice loss Tickling sensation and rawness in your throat Sore throat/ Tonsillitis Dry throat Dry cough  Prevention Avoid smoking and stay away from Keep spicy foods out of your diet. secondhand smoker. Include a variety of healthy foods in your Limit alcohol and caffeine. diet. Drink plenty of water. Avoid clearing your throat. Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioidomycosis, often referred to as "valley fever," is a fungal infection caused by the inhalation of spores from the soil-dwelling fungi Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. These fungi are commonly found in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America.  Prevention Avoid Dust Exposure Educate Yourself Wear Mask Monitoring Health Personal Hygiene Thank you!! 1. What is the single most effective method by which the nurse can break the chain of infection? A) Give all clients antibiotics. B) Wear gloves when caring for all clients. C) Wash hands between procedures and clients. D) Make sure housekeeping staff are using the right chemicals. 2. A client diagnosed with tuberculosis is being admitted to a care area. Which nursing action prevents the transmission of the disease? A. Have the client wear a mask when coming from admission. B. Stock the supply cart at the beginning of each shift. C. Wash the hands only after leaving the room. D. Wear a mask when exiting the room. 3. A nurse is caring for several clients in a hospital where private rooms are fully occupied. Which of the following clients should be placed together in the same room to prevent the spread of infection? A. A client with Clostridium difficile infection and a client with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. B. A client with tuberculosis and a client with a urinary tract infection. C. A client with influenza and a client with Clostridium difficile infection. D. A client with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and another client with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. 4. After coming in contact with infected clients, and after handling contaminated equipment or organic material, visitors are encouraged to: A. Wear gloves before eating or handling food B. Use a private room to talk with family members C. Leave the facility to prevent contamination of others D. Perform hand hygiene before eating or handling food. 5. A nurse is assessing a patient who presents with a bull's-eye rash, fever, and joint pain. The patient mentions recently hiking in a wooded area. Which disease is the nurse most likely to suspect? A. Anthrax B. Lyme disease C. Kawasaki disease D. Epiglotitis 6. A nurse is providing education on food safety. Which statement by a participant indicates a correct understanding of how to prevent botulism? A. "I should refrigerate canned goods immediately after opening them." B. "I should avoid consuming honey if I am over 60 years old." C. "I should boil home-canned foods for at least 30 minutes before eating." D. "I should avoid eating raw eggs to prevent botulism." 7. A nurse who uses meticulous sterile technique when performing wound care procedures is attempting to control which of the following links in the chain of infection? A) portal of exit B) portal of entry C) reservoir D) characteristics of the organism 8. What is the primary vector for transmitting Rocky Mountain spotted fever to humans? A) Mosquitoes B) Ticks C) Fleas D) Lice 9. What is the primary method of transmission of Enterobiasis? A) Ingestion of contaminated food or water B) Inhalation of airborne spores C) Direct contact with infected feces D) Bite of an infected mosquito What is the primary method of transmission of Enterobiasis? A) Ingestion of contaminated food or water B) Inhalation of airborne spores C) Direct contact with infected feces D) Bite of an infected mosquito