Radio, Sound Recording, and Television History PDF

Here is the **classified reviewer**, organized into three sections: **Radio**, **Sound Recording**, and **Television**, with all important details included in their respective categories. ### RADIO #### History - **1890s - Early 1900s**: Radio technology developed significantly. - **1887**:...

Here is the **classified reviewer**, organized into three sections: **Radio**, **Sound Recording**, and **Television**, with all important details included in their respective categories. ### RADIO #### History - **1890s - Early 1900s**: Radio technology developed significantly. - **1887**: Heinrich Hertz demonstrated radio waves. - **1920**: KDKA in Pittsburgh began as the first U.S. commercial radio station. - **1923**: AT&T started connecting radio stations into a network. - **1924**: General Mills acquired WCCO; Wheaties began sponsoring baseball games in 1933. - **1926**: NBC (National Broadcasting Company) launched Red and Blue Networks. - **1927**: Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) emerged as a major network. - **1927**: Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was established to regulate airwaves. - **1934**: FRC renamed Federal Communications Commission (FCC). - **1939**: FCC ordered NBC to sell one network, leading to RCA selling the Blue Network. - **1945**: NBC Blue Network became the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). #### Golden Age of Radio (1930s--1940s) - Brought live entertainment, music, and storytelling into homes. - Popular shows included soap operas, adventure serials, and comedy programs. #### Technological Advancements - **Transistor Radios**: Made radios portable and affordable. - **FM Stereo Technology (1961)**: Improved sound quality. - Early challenges included bulky receivers and interference issues. - **1925--1930**: 17 million radios sold, establishing radio as a mass communication tool. #### Commercialization and Networks - Early financing through sponsorships and advertising: - **1922**: AT&T's WEAF introduced paid airtime; Queensboro Realty Company was the first advertiser. - Radio networks: - **NBC (1926)**: Created the first national network. - **CBS (1927)**: Grew through programming and strategic advertising. - By 1937, NBC had 111 affiliates; CBS had 105. #### Government Regulation - **1927 Radio Act**: Regulated signal interference and licenses. - **1934 Communications Act**: Established the FCC. #### Modern Radio - Formats: - **Terrestrial Radio**: Free, ad-funded, but skewing toward older audiences. - **Satellite Radio**: Subscription-based but yet to turn profitable. - **Internet Radio**: Combines terrestrial and satellite, with copyright payment requirements. - **1987**: FCC discontinued the Fairness Doctrine, promoting freedom of speech. ### SOUND RECORDING #### Invention and Early History - **1857**: Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville invented the phonautograph. - **1877**: Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, recording \"Mary Had a Little Lamb.\" - **1880s**: Alexander Graham Bell developed the graphophone, improving sound quality. - **1890s**: Emile Berliner created the gramophone and flat discs. #### Market and Rivalries - **Late 1800s--1900s**: Competitive market emerged. - Columbia Phonograph and Edison's North American Phonograph companies clashed. - Victor Talking Machine Company, founded by Berliner and Eldridge Johnson, revolutionized the market with flat discs. #### Technological Evolution - **1920s**: - Introduced \"78 rpm\" records and electronic recording. - Improved sound quality with radio technology. - **1948**: Columbia introduced 33 1/3 LPs; RCA developed 45 rpm records. - **1954**: High-fidelity record players emerged. - **1970s--1990s**: CDs replaced tapes, becoming the preferred playback medium. #### Cultural Impact - **Jazz Age (1920s)**: Boosted record sales. - **Rock and Roll (1950s)**: - Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry led the genre. - Berry Gordy Jr. founded Motown Records. - **1960s**: British Invasion and counterculture shaped music trends. #### Digital Revolution - **MP3 Technology**: Compressed audio files, enabling downloads and sharing. - **1990s**: Rise of Napster and peer-to-peer file sharing disrupted the industry. - **2003**: Apple launched iTunes, offering legal digital downloads for 99 cents. - **Modern Formats**: - DVD-Audio and copy-protected CDs aimed to maintain physical media relevance. #### Industry Organization - **Talent**: Includes singers, musicians, songwriters, and arrangers. - **Production**: - Recorded in studios using multitrack technology. - Supported by advertising, merchandising, and promotion. - **Distribution**: - Sold via retail stores, rack jobbers, direct-to-consumer sales, and online platforms. ### TELEVISION #### Early Development - **1920s**: John Logie Baird demonstrated the first working television. - **1929**: Baird's mechanical television commercially released. - **1930s**: Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin developed electronic TVs. #### Post-War Expansion - **1940s--1950s**: - Rapid growth of television sets in homes. - Color TV introduced but remained expensive until the 1960s. - **Networks**: - CBS, NBC, and ABC dominated programming. - **1948**: FCC capped licenses, enhancing competition. #### Technological Advancements - **1950s**: Remote controls and soap operas became popular. - **1970s**: Cable TV offered more variety; FM sound quality enhanced broadcast. - **1980s--1990s**: - VCRs became a household staple. - Satellite TV emerged, and HDTV gained traction. #### Cultural Shifts - **1960s--1970s**: - Shifted from traditional nuclear family sitcoms to diverse themes. - The counterculture influenced content and storytelling. - **1980s**: MTV revolutionized music broadcasting. #### Modern Era - **2000s--Present**: - Transition from analog to digital broadcasting. - Rise of streaming platforms like Netflix and Hulu. - Smart TVs integrated internet access and interactive features. #### Ownership and Regulation - **1943**: NBC divested one network, leading to ABC\'s formation. - **1996 Telecommunications Act**: - Encouraged media competition but also increased consolidation. #### Popular Programming - **Genres**: - Sitcoms: Focused on family or peer groups. - Dramas: Often law, medicine, or crime-related. - Reality Shows: Cost-effective and profitable. - News Channels: Introduced 24-hour cycles (e.g., CNN in 1980). - **Syndicated Programming**: - Shows like *Jeopardy!* sold directly to networks and independent stations. #### Modern Challenges - Declining traditional viewership due to streaming services. - Advertisers target younger demographics who watch less live TV.