APWH Unit 4 "Transoceanic Interconnections" Reading Guide PDF

APWH|Unit 4 “Transoceanic Interconnections from c. 1450 – 1750” AMSCO Reading Guide Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and indepe...

APWH|Unit 4 “Transoceanic Interconnections from c. 1450 – 1750” AMSCO Reading Guide Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course Vocabulary for Sections 4.5 and 4.6 Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Commercial Revolution The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver. The Commercial Revolution affected all regions of the world and resulted from four key factors: the development of European overseas colonies, the opening of new ocean trade routes, population growth and inflation, caused partly by the pressure of the increasing population and partly by the increased amount of gold and silver that was mined and put in circulation. Creole Those born in America of Spanish origin Enjoyed political dominance in New Spain and soon began gathering for independence from the Spanish throne. Metacom’s War King Philip's War; English fighting Native Americans Spread throughout New England and destroyed 12 towns. The war ended with the subjugation of the Wampanoag people to the English colonists. Glorious Revolution William of Orange’s conquering of the English throne Strengthened the power of Parliament leading to Catholics being unable to rule England. 4.5 “Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed” Objective Key Developments Explain General how rulers What is a joint-stock company? Investors financed trade by buying shares in corporations such employed as the East India Company, supporting increased trade in Asia. economic strategies to Economic Strategies consolidate How did Europeans measure wealth? They measured wealth in how much gold and silver it had in and its coffers. maintain power throughout What was the goal of new economic strategies? To sell as many goods as they could to other the period countries in order to obtain maximum amounts of gold and silver. from 1450 – 1750. Commercial Revolution What were the four causes of the Commercial Revolution? 1. The development of European overseas colonies 2. The opening of new ocean trade routes 3. Population growth 4. Inflation Inflation led to: The Price Revolution How did the idea of limited liability encourage investment? It made investing safer Why were joint-stock companies less common in Spain and Portugal? The government did most of the investing itself through grants to certain explorers. How did joint-stock companies encourage the growth of maritime empires? Joint-stock companies allowed continued exploration as well as ventures to colonize and develop the resources of distant lands with limited risk to investors. Commerce and finance What advantage did the Dutch have in trade? They set up and maintained trade routes to Latin America, North America, South Africa, and Indonesia. Dutch ships were also faster and lighter than rivals, giving them an early trade advantage. Where did the Dutch East India company make its fortune? In the Spice Islands and Southeast Asia Why were the Dutch pioneers in finance and why was their standard of living so high? The Dutch had a stock exchange as early as 1602 and by 1609, the Bank of Amsterdam traded international currency. The Dutch standard of living was very high in Europe because goods such as diamonds, linen, pottery, and tulip bulbs passed through the hands of Dutch traders. France and England were not so fortunate in trade. Why? Both fell victim to financial schemes and investors lost huge amounts of money, leading to many becoming bankrupt and inflicting large damage to the economy. What was the result of the bubble burst? A frenzy of buying that drove up the price of shares, the bubble burst. Triangular Trade: Draw triangular trade in the space below making sure to label the countries and goods being traded: Europe's demand for enslaved labor and Portugal's link to West Africa fueled the triangular trade, exchanging goods, enslaved Africans, and sugar. By the 1700s, Caribbean sugar and rum enriched Britain, France, and the Netherlands. Rivalries for the Indian Ocean Trade Why did Morocco want to conquer the Songhai empire? Morocco’s coffers were depleted after its victory against the Portuguese and so this led to Morocco looking inward to capture the riches of the Songhai Kingdom. What was the result of the battle near Gao? The Songhai were overwhelmed and their empire crumbled, leading to the Spanish and Portuguese taking over much of the territory. Change and Continuities in Trade Networks What was a monopoly and how did the profits from monopolies impact Spain? Monopolies, often granted to specific merchants—either through joint-stock companies or directly by the government—provided exclusive trading rights. For instance, the Spanish government first established a monopoly over domestically grown tobacco and later extended it to tobacco cultivated in its American colonies. This monopoly generated substantial profits, significantly enriching the Spanish government, with tobacco revenues accounting for roughly one-third of Spain's total income. What was the effect of improved shipping methods? They offered merchants opportunities to increase their volume of products. Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade How did the slave trade weaken West African kingdoms? The loss of many people slowed population growth. Also, trade competition created violence among societies but it did make African slave-raiding kingdoms economically dependent on goods from Europe. Describe the relationship between slave-raiding kingdoms, guns, and money. African societies engaged in slave raids, like the Dahomey and the Oyo, gained wealth by selling captives to Europeans. This trade also influenced politics, as societies like the Dahomey exchanged enslaved individuals for firearms, giving their raiders an advantage over rivals without such weapons. Without firearms, neighboring groups were unable to resist slave raids effectively, allowing raiding societies to grow wealthier and stronger. Consequently, intergroup conflicts became more frequent and violent due to the slave trade. Slavery and Gender How were women’s lives changed by the slave trade? Polygyny rose quickly and led to one man marrying multiple women. What was one positive outcome from the Atlantic trading system? It improved population growth through an improved diet as new crops such as maize, peanuts, and manioc became staples in the African diet. Political and Cultural Changes for Indigenous Peoples How were European empires in the Americas different from other land-based empires? European empires in the Americas like the Spanish and Portuguese erased basic social structures and many of the cultural traditions of the indigenous Americans within a century of Europeans arriving in the new world. On the other hand, other land based empires learned how to deal with conquered people’s traditions and cultures. Political Changes: Colonial Administration Describe how the Spanish replaced indigenous political structures using the followings systems: ▪ Viceroys: Acted as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown ▪ Audiences: Royal courts to which Spanish settlers appeal viceroys’ decisions or policies. Why was it difficult for Spain to directly control New Spain? Slow transportation and communication between Europe and the Americas made it difficult for the Spanish crown to exercise direct control over New Spain. Cultural Changes Why are many first-hand accounts of the Aztec empire unreliable? Many native books were burned by the Conquistadors ] leading to few original accounts of the Aztec empire remaining. What is one major remnant of cultural interaction between Europe and Latin America that is predominant today? Spanish and Portuguese languages are still one major remnant of the cultural interaction between Europe and Latin America. Syncretic Belief Systems in the Americas The combination of African religions with Roman Catholicism resulted in what? The combination of different religious beliefs and practices. ▪ Santeria - “the way of the saints”. African faith that became popular in Cuba, Latin America and North America. ▪ Vodun - “spirit” or “deity”. Originated in African people who were enslaved and living in Haiti. ▪ Candomble - “dance to honor the gods”. A combination of different African beliefs that developed in Brazil. What is the African American church? A hybrid of Christianity and African spiritual traditions that remains one of the oldest and most stable institutions in African American communities Islam What is significant about enslaved Africans who were sent to America? About 1 in 10 of the enslaved Africans practiced Islam. While some of the men who sailed with Columbus may have been Muslims, these enslaved Africans became the first significant presence of Islam in the Americas. Religion in Latin America What is the most predominant religion in Latin America and how did it get there? Roman Catholicism Christianity is the most predominant religion because missionaries were sent to Latin America from Europe to convert people to Christianity.  Global Interactions and Religious Conflicts What is the focus on Sufism? Helped spread Islam and may have influenced Sikhism, which blended Muslim and Hindu belief systems. Describe the following religious conflicts. ▪ Safavid – Ottoman: The split between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims worsened conflicts between Ottoman and Safavid empires. ▪ Catholicism and Protestantism: The split between Catholicism and Protestantism, and between official state religions such as Anglicanism and other Protestant sects, helped drive the settlement of North America as people sought freedom to worship as they saw fit. 4.6 “Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 – 1750” Objective Key Developments Explain the Resistance to Portugal in Africa effects of the Why did Ndongo become allies with Portugal? In exchange for protection from neighboring powers development and an end to Portugal’s raids. of state power from 1450 to 1750. How did Ndongo resist Portugal once her alliance ended? The people fled west and took over another state, incited a rebellion, allied with the dutch, and offered freedom to enslaved Africans in Matamba. Local Resistance in Russia Did life for serfs in Russia improve? No Overtime, why did so many peasants lose their land and why were so many forced into serfdom? The peasants were losing money due to tributes and taxes which led to increasing debt, therefore forcing peasants to lose their land. Serfdom, Power, and Control Why did the Russian government keep serfdom (2 reasons)? It kept peasants under control and it was regulated by the nobility. How were serfs slaves? Their labor had been bought and sold along with the lands of their owners. Cossack and Peasant Rebellion Who were the Cossacks and what was their relationship with Russia? Peasants who were skilled fighters who were sometimes at odds with the central autocratic government of the Tsars. They were however, able to be hired as mercenaries; they were important in Russia’s expansion to the Ural mountains and further east into Siberia. Describe the causes of the Pugachev Rebellion: A Cossack known as Yemelyan Pugachev started a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great, he then gathered many peasants, people of different ethnic backgrounds, and other Cossacks.  Describe the effects of the Pugachev Rebellion: They soon controlled territory between the Volga river and the Urals. It then caused Catherine to increase her oppression of the peasants in return for the support of the nobles to help her avoid future revolts. Rebellion in South Asia Describe how and why the Martha Empire came to be. The population of the Mughal empire was mostly Hindu and so the Maratha - a hindu warrior group - fought the Mughals and created the Hindu Maratha empire. What was the effect of the Martha Empire? Ended Mughal rule of India Revolts in the Spanish Empire Describe the causes, events, and effects of the Pueblo Revolt The Pueblo Revolt took place in 1680 against the Spanish in what is now New Mexico. The Pueblo and Apache, two indigenous groups, fought colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions. The indigenous people killed about 400 Spaniards, drove the rest out of the area, and destroyed churches. The Spanish reconquered the area in 162. Struggles for Power in England and its Colonies Who were the Maroons? Descendants of Africans who had escaped slavery in Jamaica. Describe the Gloucester County Rebellion: Enslaved Africans and white indentured servants conspired together to demand their freedom from the Governor. The authorities found out about it, ambushed them, and arrested them. Why was Metacom’s war significant? It was the final major effort of the Indigenous people to drive out the British from New England. Why did many people in England dislike James II? He was catholic and had anti-protestant measures which enraged many English people. What was the Glorious Revolution? William of Orange invaded England with his army and took over the country; William and his wife Mary II began their joint rule over England as both were protestant, and the English throne remained Protestant after that. What were the effects of the Glorious Revolution? It strengthened the power of the parliament, leading to Catholics being forbidden to rule England. 4.7 “Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 – 1750” Objective Key Developments Explain how Social Classes and Minorities in Gunpowder Empires social Which two groups were at odds in the Ottoman Empire? The military elite and absolutist rulers categories, roles, and Who was the most powerful in the Ottoman military? Janissaries practices have been maintained How was the timar system used to keep soldiers loyal to the sultan? The sultan granted land or tax or have revenues to favored soldiers, rewarding them and keeping them loyal. changed over time. Treatment of Religious Minorities What was one main reason for the success of the Ottoman empire? It’s relative tolerance towards Jews and Christians. What are some examples of how Jews did not have full equality in the Ottoman Empire? 1. They were permitted to live only in specified areas of the cities. 2. They paid a tax called a jizya that was required of all non-Muslims in the empire. 3. They could not hold top positions in the empire, which were reserved for Muslims. Religious Toleration in the Mughal Empire Akbar the Great was tolerant of all religions. List ways in which Akbar showed his toleration of other religions: 1. He ended the jizya tax 2. Gave grants of land and money to Hindus and Muslims 3. Provided funds to build a Catholic church 4. Supported Sikhism Women in the Ottoman Empire What was a major goal of the women who lived at court? To promote their own children as likely heirs to the throne. Describe the unique story of Roxelana: She became unusually powerful in the Ottoman empire as she was stolen from her home in Eastern Europe and was sold into slavery in the Ottoman Empire. She married into the harem of Suleiman the Great, the Sultan of the empire, and went from being enslaved to commissioning ambitious public works projects. What does the story of Roxelana show? It was possible for people at this time to attain a different social class. Other Social Classes Who formed the middle class? Merchants and artisans Why were peasants usually poor? They had to pay tribute to the government to help support the Ottoman armies. What did the Barbary Pirates do? Manchu Power and Conflicts in the Qing Dynasty Who ruled over China under the Qing dynasty? The Manchu people from Manchuria How were the Manchu like the Mongols? 1. They were ethnically and culturally distinct from the people they ruled. 2. The Qing put their own people in the top positions of government. How did the Manchu maintain some continuities? They maintained the Chinese civil service exams and bureaucracy. Conflicts with the Han Who experienced Qing intolerance most severely? The Han How were queues used as a test of loyalty for the Manchu people? Queues are the braided pigtail style of the Manchu. European Hierarchies Who was at the top of the European hierarchies? Royalty - members of a royal family. Describe the role of nobility in European hierarchies? They were the next highest level and were usually wealthy landowners. They were granted special privileges and made up a small minority of the population but owned most of the land. How did the nobility keep their power? Through a system in which lands and titles passed down from one generation to the next through a system of inheritance. The Nobility Makes Gains How did nobles play an active part in the government in the Netherlands and England? Dutch landowners provided stable support for the local provincial government. In England, large landowners controlled Parliament. The Nobility Faces Losses Who did nobles struggle for power with? Royalty, the emerging middle class of merchants and skilled workers, the priestly class, and the common people. What was the result of a failed uprising in France? Convinced Louis XIV that he must keep power from the common people and the nobility. Power of Royalty over Nobility What allowed rulers to have power over the nobility? Gunpowder, cannons, and other technological advances allowed rulers to destroy nobles’ fortresses and seize their lands. Growing Acceptance of Jews Define the origins of the following terms: Sephardic Jews Jews who trace their heritage back to Spain became known as Sephardic Jews. Ashkenazi Jews Jews from central and eastern Europe became known as Ashkenazi Jews. Jewish scholars once used the term Ashkenazi to refer to Germany. Why did the prejudices against jews decline? The influence of the scientific revolution and the Enlightenment, prejudices against Jews somewhat declined. Russian Social Classes Describe the Russian social structure: The noble landowning class, the boyars, were at the top. Below them were the merchants and lastly were the peasants who became serfs. Political Economic Elites in the Americas  Why did social structure in the Americas change during this time? 1. Arrival of Europeans 2. Importation of african slave labor 3. Outbreak of disease that killed tens of millions What was the new social hierarchy in the Americas based on? Race and ancestry The Casta System in Latin America Define the following system: Peninsulares: Those who were born on the Iberian peninsula Criollos: Those of European ancestry who were born in the Americas Castas:People of mixed-race ancestry Mestizos: Those of mixed European and indigenous ancestry Mulattoes: Those of mixed European and African ancestry Zambos: Those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry What was the only way people could move up in this social caste? Intermarriage What did people at the lower layers of the hierarchy have to do? Had to pay higher taxes and tributes, even though they could often least afford them. 4.8 “Continuity and Change from 1450 – 1750” Objective Key Developments Explain how Describe the long term effects of the Columbian Exchange: Allowed for the transfer/exchange of economic crops, animals, people, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres. It development had large effects on both hemispheres. It forever changed who grew what foods where s from 1450 – and how they grew them. It also led to destructive diseases being released on 1750 affected populations which had no immunity to those diseases, and it also led to massive social migrations, many of which were forced and new social structures. structures over time. Summarize the Atlantic System: Made up of regions of Western Europe, Western Africa, and the Americas and involved the movement of goods and people between those regions. Cultural changes occurred as people migrated within the Atlantic system. Religion spread and often created syncretic belief systems and practices. Summarize the “Colonies in the Americas” section: Unlike the trading empires in the Indian Ocean, Spain built an empire in the Americas, followed by Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands establishing colonies there. The discovery of silver in Spain's colonies connected Europe more deeply to the global economy, as Asian markets, particularly in China, demanded silver. Regular shipments of silver from the Americas to Asia financed growing trade between Asia and Europe, with the global silver supply estimated to have tripled in the 16th century. Summarize “Mercantilism and Capitalism” European rulers recognized the benefits of expanding trade to amass wealth and implemented mercantilist policies to secure steady income. While promoting international trade remained a priority, mercantilism eventually gave way to capitalism as the dominant economic system. Investors established joint-stock companies to share the risks and rewards of global trade. List the positive and negative effects of the New Global Economy: The middle class was expanded and the flow of wealth provided the capital that would lead to the industrial revolution. On the other hand, the increase in money in circulation caused inflation. Why was there a gender imbalance in Africa? When Europeans took people from Africa, they took mostly men, leading to there being more women than men. Identify new systems of forced labor that grew in this period: Chattel slavery, indentured servants, encomienda system, hacienda system, and the mit’a system. Summarize “New Social Structures”: The coexistence of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in the American colonies reshaped social structures, creating hierarchical systems based on race and ethnicity. White Europeans or their descendants dominated wealth and power, while a mixed-race subculture emerged. These divisions and societal conflicts eventually fueled revolutions. Name:______________________________________________________________________Date:________Class:______ APWH|Unit 4 “Transoceanic Interconnections from c. 1450 – 1750” AMSCO Reading Guide Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course Vocabulary for Sections 4.3 Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) 1. Columbian Exchange A link or connection which shared diseases, foods, and animals to both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres Led to dramatic changes in population and biodiversity as well as contributing to a changing global economy. 2. Engenhos “Engines” in Portuguese Horrible working conditions in sugar plantations which made plantation owners lose 5-10 percent of their labor force per year. 3. Cash Crop Crops which are grown for sale rather than subsistence Cash crops may lead to significant growth of the economy for an empire; European empires began to enslave people and use them to harvest cash crops for profit. 4. African Diaspora Dispersion of Africans out of Africa Enslaved Africans still held onto some of the original traditions and culture they once had. 5. Creole New languages which were created by enslaved Africans Creole languages dominated the Caribbean islands due to the large population of enslaved Africans there, even today creole languages still exist. 4.3 “The Columbian Exchange” Objective Key Developments Explain the General causes of the Columbian 1. What was the Columbian Exchange - summarize the system. The Columbian Exchange was the Exchange and widespread transfer of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas between the its effects on Americas and the Old World following Christopher Columbus's voyages. It introduced the Eastern crops like potatoes, maize, and tomatoes to Europe and brought wheat, sugar, livestock, and Western and diseases like smallpox to the Americas. This exchange significantly shaped global Hemispheres. agriculture, economies, and cultures, while also causing dramatic population changes. 2. Explain why the indigenous lacked the immunities the Europeans had. What was the relationship between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres before contact with one another? The people of both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres were separated which meant they weren’t affected by the diseases leading to them having zero immunity against germs and diseases brought from Europe. The relationship between the two hemispheres originally was non-existent. 3. What else began to settle in the Americas, along with colonists? How did this further the decline of the indigenous? Insects, rats, and other disease-carrying animals came to the Americas. The more diseases brought to the Americas, the more people died, which leads to population decrease. 4. Why was this one of the greatest population disasters in human history? The indigenous population of the Americas fell by more than 50 percent through disease alone in less than a century and some lands in the Americas lost up to 90 percent of their original populations. 5. Along with germs and disease, other items were exchanged of great significance. What was the significance of: In the Eastern Hemisphere ○ Pigs, cows, wheat, grapes: Became staples of the American diet ○ Horses: Hunting and travelling was made much more efficient In the Western Hemisphere: ○ Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, cacao: Caused tremendous population growth in EUrope in the 16th and 17th centuries. 6. During the 16th and 17th centuries, millions of Africans were kidnapped by slave traders, yet the population in Africa grew - why? Nutritious foods were introduced to the continent leading to population growth. 7. Which cash crop did Portugal focus on growing - where did it need to grow it? The Portuguese decided to focus on growing sugarcane in Brazil. 8. Explain why Portugal had a labor shortage for its cash crop? What was their solution? Disease was rampant and people who were forced to do the labor, escaped into the jungle. This led to Portugal importing enslaved people from Africa to harvest for them.  9. What was the transatlantic slave trade? Where were most of the slaves sent - describe the conditions. The transatlantic slave trade was a forced migration system from the 16th to 19th centuries, where millions of Africans were enslaved and transported across the Atlantic to work on plantations, primarily in the Caribbean and Brazil. During the brutal Middle Passage, enslaved people endured overcrowding, starvation, and disease, with high mortality rates. Survivors faced inhumane conditions on plantations, where they were treated as property and subjected to harsh labor and abuse. 10. Explain how captives in the Americas were able to keep parts of their cultures (African Diaspora). Give examples. West Africans who were taken, brought with them varying and different languages but they combined their own languages with the European colonizers’ languages to create creoles. Music was also another thing that Africans had kept with each other as they used to sing while working or trying to communicate with one another. 11. How did the Columbian Exchange impact the environment? Explain. Europeans used agricultural land more intensively than the American Indians: trees were cut down, large fields were created and cultivated year after year. Deforestation and soil depletion became a large problem in the Americas, water resources became a little more scarce and pollution was on the rise due to Europeans living in more densely populated areas. 12. Compare and contrast the crops and impact of trade on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Crops from the eastern hemisphere to the western hemisphere led to deforestation as well as soil depletion. On the other hand, crops from the Western Hemisphere to the Eastern hemisphere lead to better nutrition, increase in population, and greater wealth. Vocabulary for Sections 4.4 Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Indentured Servants Indentured servitude, arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specified period of years in exchange for passage. People were held in this type of slavery and when done with working they were able to be free, allowing for more population growth and opportunities, this was most dominant in colonial North America. Chattel Slavery A system in which individuals were considered as property to be bought and sold. The most common type of slavery within colonial North America, this type of  slavery went on to become the main type of slavery within the United States when it was formed. Fransisco Pizarro A Spanish conquistador HIs forces defeated the weakened Incan army and conquered the Inca empire for Spain. Encomenderos Landowners Compelled the indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter, leading them to gain money as well as crops efficiently. Hacienda System A labor system which used coerced labor to work on fields Landowners were growing many crops and used the hacienda system as a way to get laborers to work for them. Mercantilism Economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies, claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country. The Spanish adopted this and the main purpose of their colonies in the Americas was to supply as much gold and silver as possible to Spain. Middle Passage The grueling journey across the Atlantic The journey was extremely harsh as many Africans died on board the ships or tried to create revolts but were put down quickly. 4.4 “Maritime Empires Established” Objective Key Developments Explain the General process of Describe the effect of the growth of the plantation economy: Led to increased demand for enslaved state-buildin Africans in the Americas, further leading to significant demographic, social, and cultural g and changes. expansion among various states State Building and Empire Expansion in the period Who were the first Europeans to set up trading posts on the African coast? The Portuguese from 1450 - How did trade with Europe give some African city-states a military advantage? Some rulers traded 1750. enslaved people for cannons and gunpowder, therefore giving small villages protection against threats. How did some African city-states, like Dahomey, grow wealthy? They grew wealthy because they raided other villages to enslave people and sold them to European merchants. African States How does artwork from Africa prove that European traders made inroads into the Kongo and Benin kingdoms? Benin artists incorporated images of the Europeans as intruders into their sculptures and carvings. How does this artwork portray Europeans? Criminals, thieves, no one wants them/unwanted. What was the effect of Vasco de Gama’s invasion of the Swahili city-states? It led to the region having a devastating decline. Japan Why did the Japanese government ban Christianity in 1587? The Japanese government banned Christianity in response to Christians who had destroyed Buddhist shrines. Describe Japan by 1630: The government had expelled all of those who were foreigners, banned most foreign books, and prohibited Japanese people from traveling abroad. Describe Japan over the course of the next 200 years: Japan was Isolated from the rest of the world and only continued to trade with the Chinese. China How did the Ming Dynasty try to limit outside influence in China? By restricting trade How did the Ming limit trade: 1. Prohibited private foreign trade 2. Destroyed some dockyards 3. Limited the size of ships that could be built 4. BEgan reconstruction of the Great Wall What are two other examples of Ming conservatism? 1. The Ming reinforced the ideals and importance of Confucianism 2. The traditional exam system was also reinstated European Rivalries on Five Continents What shaped the expansion of empires? Political, economical, and religious motives. Describe the role of the following powers in India: o Great Britain: The British East India Company had begun a commercial relationship with the Mughal Empire in the 1th century. o Portugal: Portugal controlled a coastal trading post in the southwestern state of Goa. o France: France controlled Pondicherry, a city in the southeastern state of Tamil Nadu. What eventually drove France out of India? Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ war When was Portugal pushed out of India? Mid-20th century British in India What was the role of Great Britain in India at first? Tried to make a profit out of trade and set up trading posts and established small forts on the coasts. They were limited and controlled very little terrain. Describe how Great Britain extended its power in India: It took advantage of tensions between the Muslim and Hindu populace in India and gained political power through treaties with local rulers. What paved the way for globalization during this time? Trading posts around India, Africa, and places elsewhere. Europeans in the Americas What led to the decline of the Aztec and Inca empires? The spread of European diseases and attacks from Spanish forces lead to their demise. Describe the rise of New Spain and Mexico City: New Spain was established after Cortes’s forces overthrew the Aztecs by 1521 and Mexico city was established when the Spaniards destroyed Tenochtitlan and built Mexico city upon it. Describe the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, including what happened to Atahualpa: In the Andes of South America, Francisco Pizarro and his crew attacked the Inca and captured their ruler, Atahualpa. Pizarro offered to release Atahualpa if the Inca would fill a large room with gold. The Inca complied. However, in 1572 the Spanish killed Atahualpa anyway. By 1572, the Spaniards had completed their conquest of the Inca Empire. Spain Versus Portugal Describe the Treaty of Tordesillas, including who got what: Spain and Portugal divided the Americas between them. Spain reserved all lands to the west of a meridian that went through eastern South America. Portugal reserved all lands east of this line. What was the oldest continuous settlement in what later became the US? A fort in St. Augustine on the east coast of Florida. Why was Spain unable to control all of North America? Spain would not be able to control all of North America, however, because the French, British, and Dutch later made claims and settlements there. France Versus Britain Describe the role of the Iroquois in North American development. The Iroquois were going to strike a deal with the British because they did not prefer the French but found out that the Brits were even worse and allied themselves with the French. In what war was the French pushed out of Canada? The French and Indian war Continuity and Change in Economic Systems Describe trade in the Indian Ocean trade network during this time: The Indian Ocean trade adapted to the European changes and Europeans in the Indian Ocean Trade Why did Portugal want to trade in the Indian Ocean network? They were determined to profit from the increasingly diverse products being traded. Describe how Portugal changed the Indian Ocean trade network? With their strong military, the Portuguese were able to take control of trade and created trading posts along the routes of the Indian Ocean. Spain and Gold in the Americas What did Columbus want to do to Hispaniola? He wanted to take their gold and bring it back home with him for wealth. Describe the following systems of coercive or forced labor: ❖ Encomienda System: Indigenous people worked for encomenderos, or landowners, in exchange for food and shelter, similar to the serfdom in Europe. ❖ Hacienda System: Coerced laborers were used to work on fields with crops by landowners who were primarily Spanish Conquistadores. ❖ Mita System: Young men were required to devote a certain amount of labor to public works projects, into a coerced labor system. Villages were compelled to send a percentage of their male population to do the dangerous work in the mines for a paltry wage. What was the effect of the discovery of silver by Spanish conquistadors? It made made individual Spanish prospectors wealthy, and it also strengthened the Spanish economy. Who worked in the Silver mines? The indigenous population Describe the system of mercantilism: An economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies, claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country. What was the main purpose of the Spanish colonies in the Americas? To supply as much gold and silver as possible. How did countries use mercantilism to increase their wealth? A colonizing country should export more than it imported. What did countries use their newfound wealth for? To build up the military and establish foreign trade. Continuity and Change in Labor Systems Complete the chart below Labor Type Location Type of Work Freedoms/Limits Slave Americas Domestic Labor Considered Property  Africa Agricultural Labor Had few or no rights Serf Europe Subsistence Farming Attached to the land: not free Asia Most of the yield belonged to the lord to move at will Had little or no legal protection Indentured All regions Domestic Labor Employer-paid for transport to a new Servant Field Work location. Individuals worked without pay for up to seven years. Free Farming Worked on their own land Peasant Craft Labor (Blacksmithing, weaving, Sometimes owned a business etc.) Paid taxes to the lord Paid tithes to the church Nomad Europe Animal breeding Started as an apprentice Asia Pastoralism Could eventually work Africa Herding independently Guild Europe Skilled craft labor Started as an apprentice Member Workers Organized to set standards Could eventually work independently. for quality and price What were Europeans looking for in this era? Inexpensive labor How did slavery exist in Africa prior to the slave trade? In many societies in Africa, the entire community shared the land. In order to establish positions of wealth and power, individuals not only showcased the property they owned, but also showcased the enslaved people they owned. List why Europeans slowly stopped using indigenous slaves in North America and the Caribbean? European diseases wiped out a large populations of the Indigenous people Enslaved people who survived often escaped bondage The indigenous people had social networks that could protect them and they could easily camouflage themselves within the native population Labor for Plantations What did European indentured servants get in exchange for working on plantations? They would become free laborers How long were indentured servants forced to work? Seven years Capture and Shipment of Slaves to the Americas Describe the actions of African leaders after they discovered their economy could benefit from the slave trade? They invaded neighboring societies in a quest for enslaved people to take back to the coast. They also handed over people in the lower parts of society such as prisoners of  war, servants, or criminals. How was King Afonso’s rule undermined by the slave trade? His subjects were able to trade enslaved people for European goods without his involvement. The Horrors of the Journey What are the “Points of No Return”? Holding pens for people who saw their homeland for the last time. What was the Middle Passage? The journey across the Atlantic ocean because it was the middle part of the captives’ journey. How long was the journey to the Americas and how many usually died? Six weeks and up to half of a ship’s captives usually died. Demographic, Social, and Cultural Changes How was the African economy changed by the slave trade? It was greatly disrupted and negatively impacted by the slave trade. How did the slave trade lead to the practice of Polygyny? More men than women were taken captive leading to polygyny to become more common. What was the result of the mixing of ethnic groups? It resulted in new groups of multiracial people, such as mestizos and mulattos. The Indian Ocean Slave Trade Where were slaves taken on the Indian Ocean Slave trade? Northern Africa, the Middle East, India, and Madagascar. What kinds of jobs were these slaves forced into? They were forced to work as laborers and as household servants, some were even sailors or soldiers, How was life different for slaves on the Indian Ocean network? They had some opportunities to develop communities and to work alongside free laborers. What was the result of the Indian Ocean slave trade? African words, musical styles, and customs can be found in Oman, India, and elsewhere. Additional Resources: Heimler’s History The Columbian Exchange [AP World History] Unit 4 Topic 3 Maritime Empires Established [AP World History Review] Unit 4 Topic 4 Crash Course The Columbian Exchange: Crash Course World History #23 APWH|Unit 4 “Transoceanic Interconnections from c. 1450 – 1750” AMSCO Reading Guide Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course Vocabulary for Sections 4.1 and 4.2 Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) 1. Primogeniture Laws Laws which describe the rights of inheritance of title, property, or other types of wealth. Only allowed males in the family to gain all of the estate. 2. Omani-European Rivalry A rivalry between the kingdom of Oman and the Europeans The Portuguese set up forts in Oman but were repeatedly challenged by attempts to remove them; the Omani-European rivalry was also one reason for Christopher Colombus’s search for a new route to India. 3. Maritime Empires Empires which were based upon sea travel Was a very enriching type of empire; Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland all became maritime empires. 4. Prince Henry the First European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions Navigator Allowed for Portuguese exploration across the sea to expand greatly. 5. Caravel A type of ship used for sailing Was able to go long voyages at great speeds 6. Mercantilism Sell many goods to others and buy as few as possible from other countries Was able to maximize the profit and minimize the loss of wealth 7. Trading Post Empire An empire which relied on trade through small trading posts Primarily was used to describe the Portuguese who used small outposts rather than a large territory to gain wealth and power. 8. Ferdinand Magellan A famous Spanish traveler His fleet was able to complete the journey around the world, proving that the Earth could be circumnavigated 9. Galleons Large Spanish ships Were able to make long journeys feel decent and easy for the crew 10. Northwest Passage A route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia LEd to precious trade in spices and high luxury goods for wealth 4.1 “Technological Innovations” Objective Key Developments Explain how General Overview cross-cultural interactions 1. Although land-based empires were important, what inventions in general led to Europeans venturing out to resulted in sea? Fill in the blank with the correct item below: the diffusion of technology Magnetic compass originally created in China for fortune telling, helped steer a ship in the right and direction. facilitated changes in The Astrolabe, improved by Muslim navigators in 12th century, let sailors find out their position patterns of based on the equator trade and travel from The caravel, a small three-masted ship developed by Portuguese in 15th century, allowed sailors to 1450-1750. survive storms better than earlier ships Cartography also known as mapmaking, helped sailors navigate 2. What motivations pushed Europeans into exploration and trade? List the matching demographic pressures below: As the population grew, not all workers could find work or food Primogeniture laws: not all sons of wealthy could own land, estates went to the eldest son Religious minorities searched for a place to settle where they would be treated w/tolerance 3. How did rivalries develop as more Europeans joined the Indian Ocean trade network? How was the Omani-European Rivalry an example of this? Europeans joined the Indian Ocean trade network but when they settled in Oman, the kingdom of Oman refused to have them on the land causing a rivalry to forge between the two. 4. This rivalry led to Columbus searching for a new route to India. What did his voyages get from the following: Americas: Sugar, tobacco, and rum Africa: Enslaved people Asia: Silk, spices, rhubarb 5. How does the extensive trade impact Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Holland? (What do they become)? This extensive trade transformed them into maritime empires. Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology 6. Explain how Western European countries developed naval technology as a combination of old and new practices. They used the traditions of sailing from the classical Greeks like using stars to navigate and they combined this knowledge with new ideas developed by Islamic and Asian sailors and scholars. 7. How were the following impactful in the creation of these practices and trade routes? Al-Andalus: A place where Islamic ideas were able to be diffused into Europe leading to knowledge greatly increasing and spreading throughout the continent. Prince Henry the Navigator: He strongly supported exploration by funding expeditions along Africa’s Atlantic Coast and around the Cape of Good Hope, with this, Portugal was able to explore African coastal communities and kingdoms before other European powers. 8. How did the following advancements in ideas impact trade and travel: Newton’s discovery of gravitation: Increased knowledge on tides, leading to sailors predicting when the depths of water near a shore would be decreasing, leading to dangerous rocks being able to be seen quickly. Astronomical charts: Guided the direction of ships on where to go 9. Along with the astrolabe, compass, and other innovations listed earlier, other developments in equipment impact trade and travel. List the developments in equipment that impacted trade and travel next to the correct description: Carrack : Square and lateen sails/masts, made for trade and used by Portugal. Caravel : Lateen sails, made for long voyages at great speed, used by Portugal/Spain. Fluyt : Square sails, used for trade, used by the Dutch. Lateen sail : ship sail in the shape of a triangle used by Arab sailors in the Indian Ocean first; could catch wind on either side of the ship. 10. Discuss the long-term results of these techniques on exploration, gunpowder, Islam, and Africa. The blending of European and global navigational techniques spurred rapid exploration and expanded global trade, though isolated regions like Polynesia remained unaffected. Gunpowder, originating from China, boosted European conquests but also empowered pirates, especially the Dutch Sea Beggars. In North and East Africa, Islam spread quickly due to Abbasid influence and Muslim traders, bringing trade and new technologies to the continent. Russia's Tsar Peter the Great later sought Western expertise to strengthen Russia's military and naval power. 4.2 “Exploration: Causes and Events” Objective Key Developments Describe the General role of states in the 1. For the longest time, Italian cities with ports on the Mediterranean had a monopoly on European expansion of trade with Asia. How did this push Spain, Portugal, France, England, and the Netherlands? maritime exploration from 1450 to 2. European states wanted to expand their authority and control of resources. List were the motives for these 1750. conquests for power below: Explain the Conquests brought new wealth to states through taxes, new trading opportunities, and silver economic causes and Rivalries led to European states expanding to claim territory before others effects of maritime Christianity led Europeans to seek out people in other lands and convert them exploration by the 3. How did states measure wealth? Describe the system or theory this entails; what is the government’s role? various States measured wealth in how much gold and silver it had acquired, this way, countries European set policies designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries-in order to states. maximize the amount of gold and silver coming into the country-and to buy as few as possible from other countries-to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country, this theory is called mercantilism, which required heavy involvement from the government. Portugal 4. Who led the way in European exploration at first? Where did it expand to and why was it successful? Portugal led the way in European exploration at first and it expanded greatly overseas reaching all the way to Southeast and East Asia, allowing the Portuguese to gain great wealth. 5. Portugal in Africa and India What was the significance of: ○ Prince Henry the Navigator: Was the first European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions in order to find a route to the east as well as to find African gold. Portugal, under him, began to import enslaved African slaves by sea, leading to the replacement of the land-slave trade. ○ Bartholomew Diaz: He was able to sail around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488, (his crew did not know where they were traveling) he also feared a mutiny from his crew so he went back home. ○ Vasco Da Gama: Sailed all the way to India in 1498, claiming territory for the Portuguese empire. The ports which were established in India for the Portuguese were able to expand Portugal’s trade in the Indian Ocean and even further beyond!!! 6. Portugal in Southeast and East Asia What was the significance of Afonso de Albuquerque? After defeating Arab traders, he was able to set up a factory in Malacca (present-day Indonesia). How had China’s role changed after Zheng He? How did the presence of Portugal impact China? China’s exploration of the outside world would come to an end after Zheng He’s final voyage. The Portuguese who had arrived tried to win over the Chinese with the use of conversion to Roman Catholicism, Jesuits soon followed to win over the Chinese court elite and were unsuccessful in converting many. 7. How did the Portuguese try to control their trade networks? Summarize their efforts; what resource did they specifically intend to control? They had constructed a series of forts to establish a monopoly over the spice trade in the area and to license all vessels trading between Malacca and Hormuz. These forts lead to POrtugal becoming a trading post empire based on small outposts rather than control over large territories. 8. Describe the issues that made Portugal vulnerable. Who began challenging them in East Asia during this time? Portugal was a small nation and lacked workers and ships necessary for the enforcement of their trading empire. Most of the Portuguese merchants also did not report to the government but instead worked independently. Corruption was also a major struggle within the empire’s officials. Dutch and English rivals began to challenge the Portuguese in East Asia at this time. 9. Explain the significance of Spanish ships - what was their great success? Who proved that this could be done? Spanish ships were the first to be able to circumnavigate the world. Ferdinand Magellan was the one who proved this could be done. 10. The Spanish annexed the Philippines in 1521 and returned to conquer the Filipinos in 1565. How did this impact Manila and the Filipinos specifically? Manila became a Spanish commercial center in the area, which attracted Chinese merchants and others, due to Portuguese and Spanish occupations, many FIlipinos became Christians. The Lure of Riches 11. What ‘rekindled’ European interest in the Americas? What did the Europeans realize? Coming into contact with the Aztecs and the Incas, the Europeans found out that these empires had gold and silver which made exploration, conquest, and settlement profitable. Europeans also realized that by enslaving Native Americans and later Africans, they could gain wealth by having them farm sugar, tobacco, and other rich crops. 12. Explain how various states utilized silver, making it a ‘dominant force’ in the global economy. Various states used silver and made it a strong force in the global economy because when it first made its way from Mexico to East Asia in Spanish galleons, which stopped in Manila, silver was exchanged primarily for luxury goods leading to the Chinese using silver as its main form of currency.  13. Exploration: Fill in the information relevant to the table (some has already been done for you) Who Primary Goal(s) People of Importance Other important info French In search Jacques Cartier - did not find Rarely settled permanently of a a new route to Asia but he Traded with Native northwest did claim part of Canada for Americans and had a better passage France. relationship with them Samuel de Champlain Claimed much of N America for France English Northwest John Cabot - looking for the Defeated all but one third of passage northwest passage in the Spanish Armada America, claimed lands for Built the settlement of English Jamestown Dutch Northwest Henry Hudson - Sailed up the Claimed the Hudson River passage Hudson River Valley and the island of Manhattan New Amsterdam was created (Now known today as New York) 14. Using the chart on page 204, compare and contrast the impact of the empires in their voyages. All of the empires who wished to voyage around the world were all trying to gain wealth and all gained new footholds in various regions across Asia and the Americas. Additional Resources: Heimler’s History Technological Innovations in Sea-Based Empires [AP World History] Unit 4 Topic 1 EUROPEAN Exploration [AP World History Review] Unit 4 Topic 2 APWH|Unit Three “Land-Based Empires” Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course. UNIT 3.1|Empires Expand (AMSCO Pages 143 - 151) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Gunpowder Empires Large Multiethnic states who relied on firearms to conquer and control territories. Ruled many lands across Asia, held vast amounts of power in the regions which they conquered and were feared by many. Gutenberg Printing The first moveable type printing press invented in Europe Press Allowed for reading and literacy to be more accessible for all in Europe. It also gave way to the spread of ideas and knowledge growing in Europe. Ivan IV The ruling Tsar from 1547-1584, aka, Ivan the Terrible He set out to expand the border of Russia and conquer many regions to enlarge his empire. Volga River A river which flows into the Caspian Sea Allowed for the Russians to trade directly with the Persians and the Ottoman empire without having to deal with Crimean Tartars. Ming Dynasty The dynasty which overthrew the Yuan Dynasty who were controlled by Mongol invader Kublai Khan The Ming Dynasty was extremely significant due to them being able to stabilize the East Asian region for almost 300 years and they also established trade with Europeans. Qing Dynasty The dynasty which came after the Ming Dynasty; Manchurian invaders seized power in China and established this dynasty. Was able to rule most of China all the way until 1911, making it one of the very few empires to rule until the early 20th century. Kangxi One of China’s longest ruling emperors Ruled over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty, he also led forces to invade Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia. Emperor Qianlong Another important ruler from the Qing Dynasty; he was a poet and was knowledgeable in art as well as calligraphy. Initiated military campaigns in the lands west of China leading to mass killings of civilians, he also sent his armies to Tibet to insert the Dalai Lama on the throne there, his campaigns were fleeting however as he may have had success against the Nepalese but failed against Burma and Vietnam, draining China’s wealth. Tamerlane A Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century Invaded Central Asia and the Middle East, setting the stage for the rise of the Turkic Empires. Ghazi Ideal A model for warrior life which blends cooperative values of nomadic culture with the will to serve as a holy fighter of Islam Served as the model for many warriors who participated in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires, it was also a model fit for Tamerlane. Ottoman Empire A major power in the 15th century which lasted until its defeat against allied forces in World War I Extended into modern-day Turkey as well as the Balkan areas of Europe, parts of  North Africa, and parts of Southeast Asia. It was the largest and most enduring Islamic empire of its period. Mehmed II Ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1451 - 1481 Established the Ottoman empire's capital at Constantinople after besieging it in 1453 and after taking it, changed the city’s name to Istanbul. Suleiman I Ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 - 1566 Led the Ottoman Empire to overrun Hungary in 1526 and 3 years later were able to attack vienna. Shah Persian word for king; title adopted by the Safavid rulers of Iran Safavid Empire Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismali; eventually became a strict Shi’a state. Shah Abbas I (1588-1629) ruled over the Safavid Empire at its height, took over the religion of the empire as well as the government; this theocracy denied political and religious leadership to any Sunnis. Akbar Grandson of the Mughal founder Babur encouraged increased trade throughout India. Mughal Empire Muslim state from 1526-1857 exercised dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Caste Social groups into which people are born and which can be rarely changed. Objective Key Developments Explain how Who were the four Gunpowder Empires? Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, CEntral, and and why South Asia who relied on firearms to conquer and control many territories. various land-based empires developed Why did the Gunpowder Empires craft artist and architectural legacies? To reflect the legitimacy of their and rulers. expanded from 1450 - 1750. What did Europe’s expansion involve that was unique from the Gunpowder Empires? It involved an even wider exchange network than that which spread gunpowder: transoceanic connections with the Americas. Europe: What is significant about the year 1450? It had traditionally signified the ending of the medieval period and was the beginning of the early modern period. What events signal the beginning of the early modern period (the mid-1450s)? The end of a wave of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, and the invention of the Gutenberg printing Press, as well as an increase in literacy. Monarchies in Europe in 1450 wanted to control: Unexplored and new lands for wealth and power. Which social class was becoming more powerful in Europe? The middle class Russia: Which two regions was Russia influenced by? Europe and Asia How did Ivan IV extend the border of Russia Eastward? By taking control of the khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia which were all controlled by descendants of the Golden Horde who were originally Mongolian conquerors. What did Russia’s expansion depend on? Gunpowder Who were the Cossacks and what did they do? Fierce peasant warriors who were hired to fight the local tribes and the Siberian khan. Why did Russia want to control the Volga river? It allowed them to trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire without having to worry about the strong forces of the Crimean Tartars. What religion did Russian missionaries want to convert Siberian tribes to? Eastern Orthodox Christianity Where did the Russian Empire extend to by 1639? East as far as the Pacific Ocean East Asia: The Ming Dynasty was established after the Mongols were pushed out of China. What was the result of the Ming Dynasty? The MIng Dynasty was able to stabilize the East Asian region for nearly 300 years and during the Ming era, Portuguese and Europeans arrived to intrude on the Asian trade network. Who established the Qing Dynasty? The powerful Manchu from neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing dynasty. What caused China to rebuild the Great Wall of China for protection? The Mongol armies resurfaced and defeated Ming forces which made the Chinese leaders look to the Great Wall of China for protection as well as use the wall to keep out invaders from the north. What was significant about Emperor Kangxi’s rule AND what regions did he incorporate into China’s rule? Ruled over a strong period of stability and massive expansion during the Qing dynasty in China, he also sent Chinese forces into Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia, when he conquered these regions he established those areas into his Empire, as well as Tibet. What was notable about Emperor Qianlong’s rule? (where did he expand, what was the reaction to his expansion, etc.)? He initiated military campaigns into the lands west of China, leading to the annexation of Xinjiang as well as the large killings of the local population. His expansions were increasing as he tried to conquer Tibet which ended up being very victorious for him, however, he soon tried to take Burma and Vietnam but failed and wasted much of the Empire's wealth. Were the following expansion efforts by China successful or unsuccessful: Tibet: Successful Burma: Unsuccessful Vietnam: Unsuccessful What was the result of these efforts to expand? The empire’s wealth was drained by unsuccessful campaigns in Burma and Vietnam. Describe the late years of Emperor Qianlong’s reign: The traditionally efficient Chinese bureaucracy became corrupt, applying high taxes on the people of the empire. Why was the White Lotus Society reinstated? Where have we heard of them before? The White Lotus Society was reinstated to organize a rebellion against the Qing government. The original White Lotus Society was created in the 1350s to put an end to the Yuan Dynasty. What was the result of their uprising? The Qing government heavily suppressed the uprising by killing around 100,000 peasants. Islamic Gunpowder Empires: What did the Gunpowder Empires have in common? They were Muslims, descended from Turkic nomads who had originally lived in Central Asia, spoke a Turkic language, took advantage of any power vacuums which were left behind due to the breakup of the Mongol khanates, and they all relied on gunpowder weapons like artillery and cannons. What made the Gunpowder Empires successful? Their military might as well as the already weakened and corrupt state of the regimes they had replaced Who was Tamerlane and where did he conquer? Tamerlane was a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century who set the stage for the rise of the Turkic empires. He began to conquer Persia and India in his campaigns of warfare. How did the Ghazi Ideal help the Gunpowder Empires grow? The Ghazi ideal blends cooperative values of nomadic culture with the will to be a holy warrior for Islam, leading to it being a model for warriors who participated in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires making their soldiers morally brave and strong leading to more battles and wars won, expanding the empires further. Conquests led by the Gunpowder Empires were marked by what? Violence How did Tamerlane encourage the arts? He was originally a poet and championed literature and corresponded with European rulers and he even wrote his own memoirs. Tamerlane’s invasions were a testament to what? The significance of gunpowder Tamerlane’s government depended on what? The military and the use of heavy artillery How did Tamerlane fail? He failed to leave an effective political structure in many of the areas he conquered and without an effective government, the expenses of the wars destroyed the economy of the empire. Which two major forces would continue to battle with each other into the 14th century? Mongols from the northeast against the Islamic forces from Arabia and the areas around the Mediterranean Sea. The Ottoman Empire Where was the Ottoman Empire located? Modern-day Turkey, Balkan areas of Europe, parts of North Africa, and parts of Southeast Asia. Why is the Ottoman Empire significant? It was the largest and most enduring empire out of the 3 Islamic empires in this period. Under Mehmed II, where was the capital city of the Ottoman Empire? Istanbul (Originally Constantinople) Why was the location of the capital city significant? It was a major location for trade and the city controlled the Bosporus Strait which was the only thing linking the Aegean Sea with the Black Sea. What was the Ottoman relationship with Venice? Mehmed forced the city to pay him a yearly tax so that they would not be sieged. Why was Suleman I’s siege of Vienna significant? Even though he did not fully conquer the city, the sight of the Ottoman Empire’s troops being in the center of Europe, frightened many and made them fear the Ottoman Empire. What led to the eventual fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922? Challenges in defending Ottoman territory against foreign invasion and occupation led to the Ottoman defeat and disestablishment in 1922. The Safavid Empire What was the origin of the Safavid Empire? The origin of the Safavid empire was in the Safavid order of Sufism which was established in the northern Azerbaijan region. A Safavid military hero named Ismail conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq, even though he was only 14 or 15 at the time, he still conquered all of Iran and was made the Shah (king or emperor) in 1501. List two problems the Safavid Empire faced: Did not have a real navy and lacked natural defenses. How did Europe assist the Safavid Empire? Europeans’s weapons were imported to the Safavid Empire and Shah Abbas I, relied on the Euorpeans to advise his soldiers about newly acquired military technology. Safavid Shahs controlled what two things? Religion and Politics What two things caused tension between the Safavid and Ottoman Empires? Using shias islam as a unifying force, shia islam built a power base that supported his rule and denied legitimacy to the sunni. Control of overland trade routes. How did the Ottomans try to assert dominance over the Safavid Empire? Used trade embargoes, consistently against the safavid silk traders as a way to assert dominance over their eastern revivals. Describe the place of women in the Safavid Empire: Permitted to participate in their societies and were still veiled and restricted in their movements. They had access to rights provided by Islamic Law for inheritance and divorce. Mughal India What was significant about the Mughal empire? One of the richest and best governed states in the world. What was the role of Arab traders in the Mughal Empire? They conducted most of the commerce.  What goods were imported and exported in the Mughal Empire? Textiles, tropical foods, spices, and precious stones, all of which were often exchanged for gold and silver. What were the Hindu castes? Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishays, and the Shudras. Why is the architecture of the Mughal Empire significant? They are the remaining testaments to the wealth and sophistication of the mughal empire. The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires Why did the Gunpowder Empires decline?They did not modernize well enough Why did Russia remain despite the other gunpowder empires falling? It was powerful enough to survive as an independent nation state. Summarize why the Ottoman Empire eventually declined: British and French involvement in the Ottoman territories, Greece independence and the Russian expansion in the 19th century weakened this empire. What were “Harem Politics” and how did they contribute to the fall of the Ottoman Empire? The effort of the wives and concubines of the sultan to promote their own children as likely heirs to the throne. Contributed to the fall because some women became more powerful behind the scenes. Summarize why the Safavid Empire declined: The Ottoman and Russians took over the territories and gained an advantage over the already weakened Safavids Summarize why the Mughal Empire declined: The death of Aurangzehs made the empire unstable which allowed the british and french to gain large economic power. UNIT 3.2| Empires: Administration (AMSCO Pages 155 - 163) Key term/event Definition (Think - Who, What, When, Where…) and Significance (Why this term matters) Divine Right of Kings Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent. Justice of the Peace Officials selected by the landed gentry to “swear that as Justices of the Peace”. Their job was to maintain peace in the countries of England, even settling some legal matters, and to carry out the monarchs' laws. English Bill of Rights In 1689, England's rulers William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights that assured individual civil liberties. Guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army. Absolutism Directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority in the 17th and 18th centuries. French governments became more absolute. Tax Farmers Intendants themselves were sometimes called tax farmers because they oversaw the collection of various taxes in support of royal governments. Louis XIV The Sun King ruled from 1643-1715 espoused a theory of divine right and was a virtual dictator. To add on he declared he was the state, and combined the lawmaking and the justice system in his own person-he was absolute. Kept nobles in his palace at Versailles which made it difficult for them to act independently or plot against Louis and his successors. Boyars Noble landowning class stood at the top of the social pyramid. Serfdom Last and most numerous were the peasants, who would gradually sink more and more deeply into debt. Serfs were peasants who received land and protection from a noble. In return the serfs had little freedom. Ivan IV The Boyar class experienced tensions with the rulers similar to the tensions between nobles and rulers in Western Europe. The Boyars of Novgorod had opposed the expansionist policies so Ivan punished them after his forces got defeated in Novgorod. Romanov Dynasty Took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of turmoil which was a hard time following Ivans death in 1584. Three main groups came in this dynasty that had conflicting desires and agendas: the Church, bent on conserving traditional values and beliefs, the boyars, desiring to gain and hold power. Janissaries Most famous group that formed elite forces in the Ottoman army. Becoming a Janissary provided a path of upward mobility in the Ottoman Empire even though they would be called slaves of the state. Daimyo Conflict between landholding aristocrats left Japan in disarray. Each daimyo had an army of warriors known as samurai; ambition to conquer more territory and power to rule his fiefdoms as he saw fit. The samurai got a lot of salary, paid first in rice and then in gold which gave them a lot of power. Period of Great Peace Tokugawa Ieyasu successors would continue to rule Japan into the mid-19th century in an era known as the Period of Great Peace. Tokugawa Shogunate Set about reorganizing the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system. Divided into 250 hans, or territories, each of which was controlled by a daimyo who had his own  army and was fairly independent. Zamindars Paid government officials called Zamindars were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply. Later they gave grants of land rather than salaries but were permitted to keep a portion of the taxes paid by local peasants. Under the rulers zamindars began to keep more of the taxes that they collected. With this money they built personal armies of soldiers and civilians loyal to them. Askia the Great Came to power in 1493. Claimed his predecessor, SUnni Ali, was not a faithful Muslim. Asakia the Great promoted Islam throughout his kingdom and made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Because of his leadership, Songhai became the largest kingdom in its day in West Africa. Askia made Islam Songhai's official religion in an attempt to unite his empire, and he also supported an good bureaucracy to bring the empire together Taj Mahal Magnificent architectural accomplishments built by Shah Jahan (ruled 1628-1658) as a tomb for his wife. Beautified Delhi and had forts built. Mughal India combined the arts of Islam which were calligraphy, illumination of manuscripts, and ceramics) with local arts to create magnificent airy structures with decorative geometry type designs. Objective Key Developments Explain how England: rulers used a How did King James I use the Divine Right of Kings to justify his rule? James believed himself outside variety of the law and any other earthly authority and saw any challenge toward him as a methods to challenge to god. legitimize and consolidate What was the role of the justices of the peace in Tudor England and why were they so important? Maintain their power peace in England’s countries as well as maintain legal matters and carry out monarch in land-based laws. empires from 1450 - 1750. What was the effect of a stronger Tudor rule on feudalism in England? The power of feudal lords weakened. What was the role of Parliament? To give legitimacy to the monarch’s claim to authority, they also checked up on the monarch's power. List two things the English Bill of Rights accomplished: 1. Legal process was required before someone could be arrested and detained 2. Guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army. France: How did the French government grow in comparison to the English? The French government became more absolute directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority in the 17th and 18th centuries.  How did Louis XVIII change the French Government? By moving the greater centralization of the government and development of the system of intendants. Why were intendants called tax farmers? They oversaw the collection of various taxes in support of the royal governments. Why was Louis XIV considered a dictator? His aims were twofold, just as those for Richelieu had been. Why did Louis XIV want absolute power? He declared that he was the state , and wanted to combine the lawmaking and the justice system in his own person; he was absolute. What was the significance of Versailles to the French government? It made it difficult for them to act independently or plot against him. Explain how Russia rulers used a Describe the class system in Russia: The boyars aka the noble landowning class stood at variety of the top of the social pyramid. Below them were merchants and then below were methods to the peasants. legitimize and consolidate their power How were Serfs connected to their land? They were bound to their land and had little in land-based empires from freedom. 1450 - 1750. -Russia How did Ivan IV feel about the boyar class? He punished the boyars and confiscated the land of his boyar opponents and forced them and their families to move to Moscow. What did Ivan IV create to keep an eye on the Boyars? He established a paramilitary force loyal to him called the oprichnina. How did Ivan IV create loyalty within the oprichnina? By drawing people from lower-level bureaucrats and merchants. What were the three groups in Russia vying for power under the Romanov Dynasty and what did they want? ➔Church- Bent on conserving traditional values and beliefs ➔ Boyars- Desiring to gain and hold power ➔ Members of the tsar’s royal family Who did Peter have to defeat to come into power? His half-sister Sophia and her supporters, who were a boyar-led elite military corps called the Streltsy.  Why did Peter lose favor amongst members of the clergy despite being referred to as “the Defender of Orthodoxy”? His reforms were not liked by the clergy members How did Peter organize the Russian government? Peter organized the Russian government by creating provinces: first 8 and later 50 administrative divisions. Explain how Ottoman Empire rulers used a Describe the devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire? The devshirme system staffed the military variety of and the government. This system led to young Christian boys being taken in and were methods to forced to serve under the empire. legitimize and consolidate Why were boys taken to be part of the devshirme always Christian? Christians were not to be taken as their power slaves due to Islamic law prohibiting the enslavement of “people of the book” so they were in land-based instead recruited into the empire itself. empires from 1450 - 1750. What kinds of jobs did the devshirme have? Jobs were available in politics, the arts, and the -Ottoman military, as well as becoming administrators to conquered lands. Empire Why were the Janissaries so loyal to the Ottoman empire? They were indoctrinated to be fiercely loyal to the sultan. Why did some parents want their sons to be taken into slavery by the Ottoman empire? The empire had many benefits to those who worked inside of it. Explain how China rulers used a How did the MIng Dynasty erase Mongol influence in China (3 examples):The Ming brought back the variety of traditional civil service exam, improved education by establishing a national methods to school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy. legitimize and consolidate Japan: their power How did the daimyo contribute to decentralization in Japan? The conflict between landholding in land-based empires from aristocracy left Japan in disarray. 1450 - 1750. -East and Why did the samurai have significant economic power in Japan? The samurai were salaried, paid South Asia first in rice and later in gold, which gave them a good amount of economic power. Summarize the role of Oda Nobunaga: He was the first of the powerful daimyo: him and his samurai took over Kyoto and soon he began the expansion of his power which forced daimyo lads around Kyoto to submit under his rule, he unified one-third of modern day Japan.  How did the Tokugawa shogunate reorganize the government of Japan? Japan was divided into 250 hans, or territories, each of which was controlled by a daimyo who had his own army and was independent. How did the Tokugawa Shogunate control the aristocratic daimyos? The government maintained control over aristocratic daimyos by requiring them to keep residences both in their home territories and in the capital. When a daimyo traveled to his home domain, his family was required to remain in the capital as hostages. Mughal Empire: Summarize how Akbar established an efficient government in India: Akbar established an efficient government in India, granting his people the right to appeal directly to him for final judgment in any lawsuit. Additionally, laws were enforced fairly. How did Zamindars eventually impact the Mughal Empire? Zamindars eventually influenced the decline of the Mughal Empire by retaining a larger share of the taxes they collected. They used this wealth to build personal armies, consisting of soldiers and civilians loyal to them. Explain how Describe two ways in which European monarchs sought to legitimize the authority of their monarchs: The rulers used a concept of the divine right of kings led monarchs to construct grand structures, like the variety of Palace of Versailles in France, to showcase their power and prestige. methods to legitimize and What is the significance of the new lands Peter the Great conquered? The conquest provided Russia consolidate with a warm-water port on the Baltic. St. Petersburg: Peter relocated the capital from their power Moscow to St. Petersburg to monitor the boyars, who fulfilled their mandatory state in land-based service by working in his government. empires from 1450 - 1750. Describe St. Petersburg: The new city symbolized Peter’s resolve to establish his own capital. -Religion and Architects designed its streets in a rectangular grid, contrasting with the irregular layout Art of Moscow and other cities. Peasants and Swedish prisoners of war were forced to drain marshes and construct streets and government buildings. In the mid-18th century, workers completed the renowned Winter Palace, designed in a European style instead of Byzantine, reflecting Peter’s admiration for Europe and its monarchs. Describe two ways Askia the Great of Songhai changed his empire in order to legitimize his rule: Made Islam Songhai's official religion in an attempt to unite his empire. He also supported an efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together. Mughal India was marked by magnificent architectural accomplishments. What were they? The Taj Mahal, airy structures with decorative geometric designs, and forts which were also built. How did the Mughal Empire use art from Islam? The craftspeople and builders of Mughal India joined the arts of calligraphy, illumination, and ceramics to create airy structures with decorative geometric designs.  What did the artistic accomplishments of Mughal India show? The power of the rulers. How did the Ottoman Empire change at this time? Through the changes in government and religion, they legitimized the rule of Ottomans. What were some continuities in the Ottoman Empire at the time? The arts, culture, and the economy. What was the Grand Bazar and why was it important? The Grand Bazar was located at Istanbul, at western end of the overland silk roads and was full of foreign imports. Istanbul was a center of what:Center of arts and learning. Describe the cultural contributions of the Ottoman Empire: The restoration of some of the glorious buildings of Constantinople, one of the best was the cathedral of Saint Sophia that the Ottomans turned into a grand mosque. Mehmeed the 2nd established a workshop for the production, miniature paintings and illuminated manuscripts became famous. How did Versailles give Louis XIV power over this nobles? By requiring all the great nobility of France to come live at Versailles for part of the year. This had the effect of reducing one major threat to his power known as the nobility. Explain how Russia rulers used a How did Peter the Great attempt to industrialize Russia? Peter the Great established state-owned variety of industries, notably shipyards in Saint Petersburg and iron mines in the Ural Mountains. methods to He also promoted private industries such as metallurgy, woodwork, gunpowder, leather, legitimize paper, and mining. Additionally, he brought in naval engineers from Western Europe to and build ships following Western designs. consolidate their power in land-based How did he increase revenue for Russia when industrialization didn’t bring in as much money as he wanted? He empires from raised taxes and began to compel workers to work in the shipyards which was an 1450 - 1750. urban extension of serfdom. -Financing Empires Ottoman/Mughal Empire How did the Ottomans raise taxes to support their empire and military? The Ottomans raised taxes to support their empire and military by putting it on the peasants and used tax farming to colle