Unit 4 Review - APWH PDF

Unit 4 Review Transoceanic Interconnections and the Rise of a Global World from 1450-1750 4.1 - Technological Innovations Essential Question: How did cross-cultural interactions spread technology and facilitate changes in trade and travel from 1450 - 1750? 2 Maritime Trade Trade had existed across land and water for centuries, but as Europeans became more interested in the Indian Ocean trade networks, new patterns of trade began to develop. ❏ Europeans wanted to be involved in Indian Ocean trade but conﬂicts like the Omani-European rivalry encouraged European nations to ﬁnance expeditions like Christopher Columbus’ in search of water routes east. ❏ Omani European rivalry = Portuguese trading forts being challenged by locals. ❏ People like Prince Henry the Navigator encouraged maritime exploration and trade. ❏ He paid for for expeditions along Africa’s Atlantic coast allowing Portugal to explore further than other European nations. ❏ The “discovery “of the new world by Columbus on behalf of Spain encouraged other European nations to fund water exploration and trade. ❏ This new pattern of long-distance trade and colonization led to the rise of the Maritime Empires - empires based on sea travel and trade rather than purely land expansion. 3 Innovations Various technologies were taken or improved from classical Islamic and Asian technology allowing Europeans to travel longer distances on the ocean than ever before. ❏ Magnetic Compass - taken from China helped point a ship in the right direction. ❏ Astrolabe - Taken from Muslim navigators this let sailors determine how far North or South they were from the equator. ❏ The Caravel - A small three masted ship developed by the Portuguese made sailing rough seas easier ❏ Cartography - Map Making ❏ Lateen Sail - Triangle sail that could catch the wind from any direction allowing ships to sail on the ocean. ❏ New Ships: ❏ Carrack - Portugal - square and lateen sails ❏ Caravel - Portugal and Spain - Lateen sails ❏ Fluyt - Dutch - Square ❏ Newton’s Ideas of Gravity - Increased knowledge of tides ❏ Astronomical Chart - A map of the stars and galaxies used for navigation 4 Long-Term Results ❏ The long-term result of combining navigational techniques invented in Europe with those from other areas of the world was a rapid expansion of exploration and global trade. ❏ The introduction of gunpowder aided Europe in these expansions. ❏ Interactions among various cultures inside and outside of Africa brought extensive trade and new technology to Africa. ❏ The success of European nations encouraged places like Russia to consolidated and grow its military. 5 4.2 - Exploration: Causes and Events Essential Question: What were the causes and effects of the state-sponsored expansion of maritime exploration? 6 4.2 - The Role of States in Maritime Exploration CONTEXT: At the beginning of the 1400s, Italy controlled waterways between Europe and Asia, which meant they controlled the ﬂow of goods between the two regions. This encouraged Spain, Portugal, France, and England to search for new water routes to Asia in search of riches, European dominance, and new places to spread Christianity (the three G’s - God, Glory, and Gold!). European nations were encouraged by Columbus’ “Discovery” of the New World. ➔ With the discovery of gold ★ No nation supported exploration as heavily as Portugal. Three and silver in far away people led: places, the economic ○ Prince Henry the Navigator - First European monarch to policy of Mercantilism ﬁnance sea travel in search of a all-water route to the East. (sell more than you buy to ○ Bartholomew Diaz - First to sail around the tip of Africa. increase your wealth) ○ Vasco da Gama - Sailed further East than Diaz, all the way to drove Europeans deeper India. into the global exploration Portuguese ports in India was the ﬁrst step towards the game. creation of their trading post empire. 7 4.2 - Portugal and Trading Post Empires Portuguese ∙ Dominance: Trading Post Empires: Portuguese Vulnerability: ➔ In the early 1500s, Portugal has ➔ In order to ensure a ➔ Small nation lacking in workers. superior weapons and navigational monopoly in the Indian Ocean ➔ Corruption by merchants and technology. trade, Portugal built armed government oﬃcials. ➔ Afonso de Albuquerque won a battle trading posts around India and ➔ By 17th Century they had major against Arab traders to win the Port of Africa. Dutch and English rivals. Malacca (remember - this is like ◆ This made them the ◆ Eventually, Portugal is “buying the door” in the Indian ocean!) ﬁrst trading post overpowered by the English ◆ Allowed them to dominate the empire - an empire in India and the Dutch in Indian and African costs. built on trade rather Malacca. ➔ Went to China: than land. ◆ They go to Japan and bring ◆ Didn’t change China much, but ◆ They didn’t have missionaries, but like China missionaries followed. enough people to Japan closes their doors to ◆ China didn’t like this and control lots of land! this trade. eventually close their doors to ➔ Restricted Indian ocean trade trade. to those willing to buy a permit! 8 4.2 - Spain in the Philippines and the Lure of Riches. While Portugal was the ﬁrst Western European nation to reach the Indian Ocean by sea, Spanish ships were the ﬁrst to circumnavigate the globe with the expedition sponsored by Ferdinand Magellan. Spain annexed Manila near the Phillipines and it became a Spanish commercial center, with many Filipinos becoming Christian. Spain was hooked on exploration! Europeans wanted to ﬁnd a waterway China: to Asia mostly to ﬁnd more gold and Quickly bought into the silver trade. silver (mercantilism) Silver was transported on giant They almost gave up after the Spanish ships called galleons. Spanish found so little! ○ In Manila, galleons traded Soon, however, they came into European silver for Asian luxury contact with Amerindians goods. (Indigenous Americans) like the Inca ○ Galleons had a direct impact and Aztec. on the silver trade. ○ This made exploration and The Chinese government soon colonization proﬁtable. shifted to a currency based on silver. ○ Europeans quickly began using Silver becomes a dominant force in slave labor to grow crops and the global economy making places harvest valuable goods. like Spain and Europe insanely rich! 9 4.2 - French Exploration France started sponsoring expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage (waterway to East Asia and spices!) in the 1500s. Quebec: Jacques Cartier - Sailed from the Atlantic ocean to the northern US. ★ Established Quebec as a French fur ★ Didn’t ﬁnd a water-route to trading post. Asia, but did claim part of what ★ Missionaries tried to convert is now Canada for France. Natives to Christianity. ★ Eventually, France realized ★ The French rarely settled that there were lots of permanently. resources in N. America and ○ The French simply traded furs they didn’t need to look for a trapped by Natives to sell them. way to Asia anymore. ○ Had better relationships with ○ France became heavily Natives as a result. involved in the fur trade. ○ Settlements grew more slowly that British counterparts. 10 4.2 - English Exploration England also began searching for the Northwest Passage with explorer John Cabot. He claimed lands in the New World, but England was unable to defend themselves against the strong Spanish Armada until England shockingly defeated them in 1588. This established England as the dominate naval force in the world. Jamestown: ★ First English settlement in 1607. ★ Settled ﬁrst by joint=stock companies, and later by those seeking religious freedoms. 11 4.2 - Dutch Exploration ❏ The Dutch sent Henry Hudson to the East coast of N. America in search of a Northwest Passage in 1609. ❏ He didn’t ﬁnd one, but he did sail up the Hudson River (as it is known now). ❏ His explorations were valuable to the Dutch, and they claimed the Hudson River Valley and the island of Manhattan ❏ They called it New Amsterdam (New York City) ❏ This port was hugely prosperous because of its location near a major river ﬂowing to the ocean. 12 4.3 - Exploration: Causes and Events Essential Question: What were the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the eastern and Western Hemispheres? 13 4.3 - Columbian Exchange In this new global world, the Eastern and Western Hemispheres shared not only goods, but diseases, foods, and animals in the Columbian Exchange. Diseases: Animals and Food: : Food: ★ Amerindians (Native ❖ Before the C.E., Native Americans ate ★ Europeans took home corn, Americans) had NO immunity very little meat. potatoes, tomatoes, beans, to European diseases due to Introduction of new meats like peppers, and cacao. centuries of isolation. pigs and cows changed ○ Introduction of these ○ This resulted in the American diets. new staple dietary foods deaths of 50-90% of ❖ The horse was also brought to resulted in massive indigenous populations America population increased in due to smallpox, Natives could hunt over larger Europe. measles, inﬂuenza, and areas leading to a surplus of malaria. food ○ This is one of the Hostile interactions also greatest population increased between tribes. disasters in human Food surplus allowed natives history. to focus on art and spirituality more. 14 4.3 - Cash Crops and Forced Labor As cash crops begin to be produced in the new world, forced labor rises. African slaves brought okra and rice to the new world, while tobacco and cacao produced in the new world by slaves went to Europe. Sugar: : African Presence in the Americas: ★ Spain focused on Silver in the new world, but Portugal focused on sugar. ★ The forced movement of African people is ○ Sugar really kickstarts triangular known as the African Diaspora trade and the forced migration of ★ Language - not able to transplant to the slaves into the new world. new world. ○ Sugar cultivation in Brazil required ○ Some African languages were the constant important of slaves combined with colonizer languages from the Kongo and Swahili coast. like creole in the Southern US. ★ The proﬁtability of sugar encouraged ★ Music - Came to the new world and was Spain to focus its colonies on cash crop used a means of survival under harsh agriculture as well. conditions. Kept spirits up and helped ○ Sugar soon eclipses silver as the enslaved Africans communicate. main money maker for Europe in the ★ Food - Greatly inﬂuenced N. America new world. Tobacco soon follows. cuisine. 15 16 4.4 - Maritime Empires Link Regions Essential Question: How were the empires of European states established between 1450 to 1750, and what economic and labor systems fueled them? 17 Trading Posts in Africa and Asia AFRICA: Trading posts were set up in Africa by the Portuguese and then other European powers after Prince Henry the navigator traveled around Africa. ❏ Some African rulers realized there was a military advantage to exchanging guns for slaves and grew wealthy ❏ You can see European inﬂuence in West African art which depicts Europeans as “intruders” ❏ The Asante Empire and the Kingdom of the Kongo grew in inﬂuence after trade with Europe. ❏ The Portuguese takeover of ports on the Swahili coast threw the African region into long term decline. JAPAN: Japan tolerated the Christian missionaries that came from Portuguese and Dutch traders until the inﬂuence of Christianity grew too strong. ❏ In 1587, the Japanese government banned Christian worship. ❏ By 1630, foreign inﬂuence was very limited with foreign books and travel banned by the government. ❏ Japan allowed some Dutch merchants to live on a secluded island, but they were largely isolated. ❏ Power was highly centralized, but Japan had limited knowledge of outside inﬂuences CHINA: Ming Dynasty worked to limit outside inﬂuence by restricting trade. Believed they were superior to the rest of the world. 1. Prohibited foreign trade 2. Destroyed dockyards and limited the size of ships. 3. Reconstructed the Great Wall 18 European Rivalries The growth of maritime trade resulted in the growth of European rivalries, with many nations ﬁghting for more economic, religious, and political power. India had numerous European powers set up show in it’s border. 1. The British East India Joint-Stock Company traded with the Mughal Empire a. Focused originally on trade, the EIC gained inﬂuence in India and increased its political power by making treaties with local rulers. b. Eventually, Great Britain controlled most of the Indian subcontinent. 2. Portugal controlled a small trading post near Goa before being pushed out by the British in the 20h century. 3. France controlled Pondicherry, a city in South East India until the British victory in the Seven Years’ War pushed France out of Indian in 1763. Great Britain was on the way to establishing a truly global empire with trading posts in the New World, Africa, and India. 19 Europe in the Americas New Spain: Established by Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Empire after the defeat of the Aztec Empire. ❖ Aztecs were greatly weakened ﬁrst by disease. ❖ Spanish melted Aztec treasures to send gold home. In South America, Francisco Pizarro ransomed the Inca king Atahualpa for Incan gold, but killed him after payment was received. ❖ The Spanish had overthrown the Inca by 1572 Spain VS Portugal - Had tensions in the new world. ❖ Divided the Americas between them in the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 ❖ Line went through S. America - Spain got all to the West and Portugal got the East including Brazil. France VS Great Britain - in North America ❖ Natives initially sided with Britain in North America, but the powerful Iroquois eventually switched to the French side. Great Britain pushed France out of Canada in the French and Indian War 20 Europe in Indian Ocean Trade Trade continued largely undisturbed in the Indian Ocean. ➔ Merchants were used to having to pay taxes. Taxes kept order - not guns (until Europe arrives!) Portugal in the Indian Ocean: ➔ Superior navy and religious zeal. ➔ Set up armed trading posts in the Indian Ocean to cash in on all of the rich trade from Asia. ➔ Beat the Gujaratis, the Mamluks of Egypt, and the Zamorin of Calicut to establish dominance. ➔ Things stayed mostly the same - people now just paid taxes to the Portuguese. The Indian Ocean Slave Trade ➔ Had existed for many years prior to the Atlantic slave trade. ➔ African slaves were taken to North Africa, the Middle East and India. ➔ Slaves had diﬀerent fates in Indian Ocean trade ◆ More likely to work in the house or as laborers. ◆ Lived in towns and cities and able to create diasporic communities. ◆ In Muslim nations could often even marry. 21 Silver and Gold The search for silver and gold drove exploration as mercantilist policies became more prominent in Europe. ★ Columbus thought there was lots of gold in the new word (Hispaniola) but it was scarce in the Caribbean so they just kidnapped indigenous people. ★ Soon, however, silver was discovered in Mexico and Peru. ○ Silver mining in Mexico and Peru ﬂourished! They needed labor. Indigenous people were dying from disease, and many refused to do the toughest work. Spain reimagined the Incan mit’a system - all young men were required to work a certain amount of time in silver mines. All villages had to send a certain amount of workers to the silver mine. ★ The Spanish empire used the wealth from silver to build up its military, but eventually inﬂation from silver negatively impacted their economy. 22 Coerced and Forced Labor Colonization led European nations to being using various systems of forced and coerced labor. Spain - Hacienda and Encomienda Systems ❏ Hacienda - Indigenous people were forced to work agricultural farms in the new world to grow wheat, fruit, vegetables, sugar (forced) ❏ Encomienda - Landowners encouraged indigenous people to work for them in exchange for shelter (coerced) ❏ Entirely new social hierarchy ❏ Inca Mit’a - Young men were forced to work in silver mines (forced) African Slave Trade - New World ❏ Slaves taken from Africa. Indigenous peoples in the new world could too easily escape and were dying too quickly. ❏ Some African kingdoms were involved in capturing slaves. ❏ 10-15% of slaves died on the Northwest passage. ❏ Disrupted demographics in Africa ❏ More women than men led to Polygyny ❏ African governments were unstable 23 4.5 - Maritime Empires Link Regions Essential Question: What economic strategies did maritime empires use to increase their power, and how did the developing empires affect political, economic, religious, and cultural dynamics? 24 4.5 - Economic Strategies and the Commercial Revolution The shift towards a global economy Joint-Stock Companies like the The Dutch became incredibly using gold and silver is known as the British East India Company and the wealthy as they were pioneers in Commercial Revolution which was Dutch East India company ﬁnanced ﬁnance. trade and exploration. marked by four things: ❖ These companies allowed ❖ Had a stock exchange 1. The development of European investors to buy portions of ❖ Dutch East India company were overseas colonies corporations which would the middlemen of European 2. The opening of new ocean ﬁnance trade. trade trade routes This oﬀered limited ❖ Had banks to trade currencies 3. Population growth liability to individuals so a lot of people bought The British and French were less 4. Inﬂation in! lucky. a. The high rate of inﬂation ❖ Driving force behind from all of the gold and exploration - low risk with ❖ Over lending led to an silver is called the Price money to spend! economic bubble which burst, Revolution. hurting the British economy. 25 our oﬃce 26 4.5 - Changes for Indigenous People Land-based empires like the Romans, Muslims, and Mongols had often struggled with what to do with conquered people. They often allowed traditions to exist or assimilate. Maritime empires, however, largely erased the cultures and social structures of the places they colonized. Systems in Latin America were replaced by Religion: those of the Spanish and Portuguese Many African religious were brought to ➔ Spain appointed Viceroys to act as America creating religious syncretism with the arm in the new world, with existing Christian beliefs. audiencias to be the royal court or appeals. 1 in 10 Africans practiced Islam and were ➔ Spain couldn’t focus too much on the ﬁrst Muslim presence in the new colonial aﬀairs in the New World world. because they were so far away. Christian missionaries were so successful tha ➔ Most indigenous books were burned, Roman Catholic Christianity is the most so few accounts exist. dominant religion in Latin America. ➔ Spanish is the main language. 27 4.6 - Internal and External Challenges to State Power Essential Question: How did the development of state power result in external and internal challenges in the period between 1450 and 1750? 28 4.6 - Challenges to State Power As empires grew and changed, many social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion through a variety of challenges to state power. Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish in Metacom’s War (King Philip's War) Fronde Rebellion in France modern New Mexico Final eﬀort of indigenous Nobles, whose power had Pueblo and Apache natives people to push Great Britain out been weakened, rebelled against the Spanish. of New England. against King Louis XIV - they Natives were initially successful, ○ Some natives like the lost. (Internal) killing 400 Spaniards and pushing Mohegan and Pequot them out of the region. Maratha Rebellion in Mughal India Spanish conquered the area in sided with the English. A Hindu warrior group against 1692. (External) ○ Ended with the the Mughal Empire (many of Haitian Revolution subjugation of the whose leaders were Muslim) Haitian slaves against the French Wampanoag people to empire. (External) Created the Maratha Empire the English. Only successful slave revolution - which eﬀectively ended the ○ External Mughal Empire. (Internal) freedom was won by force. 29 4.6 - Challenges to State Power As empires grew and changed, many social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion through a variety of challenges to state power. Resistance in Russia - Internal Resistance to Portugal in Africa - External 1. Nobles grew powerful after wars weakened the Russian 1. African ruler Ana Nzinga aligned with government. Portugal to try and protect her a. They heavily taxes serfs, who were tied as slaves to the land, kingdom from neighboring kingdoms and continued the practice long after Europe had ended it. 2. Runaway serfs banded together and became mighty warriors and the slave trade. known as Cossacks. They had a tumultuous relationship with the 2. The alliance fell apart and Nzinga ﬂed Russian government. West establishing Matamba. a. Pugachev’s Rebellion was a peasant uprising against 3. She incited rebellion in Ndongo, allied Catherine the Great who gave the nobles even more power with the Dutch, and freed runaway over the serfs. slaves. b. Cossacks, led by Yemelyan Pugachev gathered forces to challenge her power. 4. She resisted Portuguese rule and c. They were put down by Catherine who used this as an ruled for decades. excuse to gather more total power against her people. 30 4.6 - Challenges to State Power As empires grew and changed, many social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion through a variety of challenges to state power. ❏ Slaves in the Caribbean fought to gain freedom in the Maroon Wars (external) from England. Maroons were descendants of runaway slaves and they formed independent settlements under Queen Nanny. ❏ In England, we see the Glorious Revolution (internal) a bloodless revolution. ❏ Catholic James I of England was anti-protestant which made people mad. ❏ Protestants invited the nephew and son in law of James I, William of Orange and his wife Mary II, to invade England. ❏ They were protestant and agreed. ❏ The Glorious Revolution strengthened the power of Parliament. ❏ It was bloodless, but tensions in Europe over religion and rule continued. 31 our oﬃce 32 THE END Go forth and study. 33

Unit 4 Review - APWH PDF

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