Colon Cancer PDF

Cancers Cancer overview Types: ○ Breast cancer ○ Colon Cancer ○ Urothelial (Bladder) Cancer Cancer Cells Descriptions: ○ Multiply at a faster rate than normal cells ○ Stay in the organ of origination ○ More common in adults over the age of 60 ○ Poorly differentiated ○ Have abnormal: membranes, cytos...

Cancers Cancer overview Types: ○ Breast cancer ○ Colon Cancer ○ Urothelial (Bladder) Cancer Cancer Cells Descriptions: ○ Multiply at a faster rate than normal cells ○ Stay in the organ of origination ○ More common in adults over the age of 60 ○ Poorly differentiated ○ Have abnormal: membranes, cytoskeletal proteins, and morphology How to Stage Cancer - Tumor/Nodes/Metastasis (TNM) ○ Stage 0 = In situ → no evidence of invasion of neighboring tissue In situ - in original place/position, ○ Stage I = Tumor is ≤ 2 cm 1A = no lymph nodes involved 1B = small groups ○ Stage II = If tumor > 2-5 cm, and/or 1-3 nodes ○ Stage III = If tumor > 5 cm, and/or in 4-9 nodes ○ Stage IV = Metastasized Staging and Grading ○ TNM staging - classifies cancer according to tumor size, node involvement, metastasis. ○ Tumor Size T0 → no evidence of primary tumor. Tis - cancer cells are only growing in the layer of cells where they started (pre-cancer or in-situ) T1 - T4 → tumor increases in size TX → tumor cannot be measured ○ Node Involvement N0 → no lymph node involvement N1 - N3 → degree of involvement and irregularity of nodes NX → nodes cannot be evaluated ○ Metastasis M0 → cells remain at original site M1 - M3 → when cells metastasized to another area of the body MX → metastasis cannot be evaluated Main Cancer Treatments ○ Surgery Different for each cancer treatment. Categories: Prophylactic - prevents cancer development ○ BRCA1, BRCA2 Diagnostic - test suspicious lesion ○ AKA Excisional biopsy Curative - removal of all cancer tissue ○ Effective for localized tumors Debulking - removes part of the tumor if it can’t remove all of it & alleviates symptoms Palliative - provides symptom relief Reconstructive/restorative - increases function/enhances appearance ○ Radiation Therapy - kills cancer cells by using beams of high energy (radiation → x-rays or protons), while minimally damaging surrounding tissue. Can be curative or palliative Usually given in divided doses over time Types: External Beam Radiation ○ Markings on skin prior to delivery / mesh mask (head) ○ Patient = NOT radioactive / hazardous to others after tx Internal Radiation (Brachytherapy) ○ Radiation source (seeds, capsules) comes into direct contact with tumor ○ Patient emits radiation for a period of time and is a hazard to others Patient = hazard BUT Pt’s excreta is not Side Effects: FAB RIM Fatigue Altered taste Bone marrow suppression → reduces immunity Radiation dermatitis → red, itchy, burns, can lasts for months Inflammatory processes → lead to tissue scarring and fibrosis Mutate normal DNA, disrupt cellular regulation, and increase risk for second malignancies ○ Chemotherapy Colon Cancer Colon Cancer - cancer of the colon or rectum, which may begin as noncancerous polyps. ○ 2/3 are in the rectosigmoid colon ○ Most arise from polyps Polyps - projecting growth of tissue from a surface in the body, usually a mucous membrane ○ Curable if detected early ○ Easily spreadable if not found early Risk Factors: F SHOOT MI ○ Family history / Genetic predisposition ○ Smoking ○ Heavy alcohol consumption ○ Over 50 years old ○ Obesity ○ Physical inactivity ○ Diet → High fats, high red meat consumption, low fiber diets ○ Type 2 Diabetes ○ Male ○ Inflammatory bowel disease Signs and Symptoms: CM FAR AW ○ Changes in: Bowel habits → Bowel does not empty completely; Constipation Frequency/shape of stool → Maroon colored or black stool ○ Fatigue ○ Anemia ○ Rectal bleeding ○ Abdominal discomfort → Abdomen fullness feeling Secondary Prevention ○ Screening Tools: Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) - test you can mail out. Occult - hidden Cologuard - Much more accurate than FOBT. Uses DNA. About 92% effective. Better for people who are very sick or old and can’t get outside. Elevated Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) CEA = “tumor marker” CT-guided Colonoscopy - Best screening test for colon cancer Visualize colon See & remove polyps Biopsy - Definitive test for colon cancer Tertiary Prevention ○ Surgery CAP C Types: Colon Resection - removal of colon and lymph nodes in region Weight loss Abdominal Perineal (AP) Resection - when rectal tumors present/sigmoid colon, rectum, anus removed. Partial or Total Colectomy Colostomy - surgical creation of an opening (stoma) to the surface of abdomen to allow passage of stool. ○ Colostomy Care: Pre-op teaching NG tube after surgery After 36 hours diet progresses to liquid then solid food Begins functioning 2-3 days after surgery. Stoma should be dark red to pink Small amount of bleeding from stoma post op is common Check bag for signs of leakage Change bag when 1/3 to ½ full Maintain skin integrity → Adhesive to skin Nutrition to avoid gas/odor Psychosocial/sexual issues ○ Radiation Therapy → before or after surgery ○ Chemotherapy → before or after surgery ○ Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Inhibitor - antineoplastic (cancer drug). VEGF - signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. Bristol Stool Chart Type 1 Severe Constipation Type 2 Mild Constipation Type 3 Normal Type 4 Normal Separate hard like lumps, like nuts (Hard to pass) Sausage-shaped but lumpy Like a sausage but with cracks in its surface Like a sausage or snake, smooth and soft Type 5 Lacking Fiber Type 6 Mild Diarrhea Type 7 Severe Diarrhea Soft blobs with clear-cut edges (pass easily) Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool Watery, no solid pieces. Entirely liquid