COGPSY230 PRELIM Notes #4 PDF

COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #4 Unit 4: MEMORY 02. Storage As a result of encoding, Information is CONTENTS stored within the memory system. 01....

COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #4 Unit 4: MEMORY 02. Storage As a result of encoding, Information is CONTENTS stored within the memory system. 01. What Is Memory? Second Stage 02. Learning, Memory, 02 & Forgetting 03. Recall versus Recognition Tasks 03. Retrieval 04. Relearning Involves recovering information from the 05. Implicit vs. Explicit Memory memory system 06. The Traditional Model of Memory Third Stage 07. Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists 08. Deficient Memory 09. Memory Process Recall versus Recognition Tasks 10. Forms of Encoding 11. Transfer of Information You produce a fact, a word, or other item from 12. Processes of Forgetting and Memory memory. Distortion 13. The Constructive Nature of Memory You select or otherwise identify an Item as being one that you have been exposed to previously. What is Memory? The means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that TYPES OF RECALL information in the present. As a process, memory refers to the 01. SERIAL RECALL dynamic mechanisms associated with You recall items in the exact order in which storing, retaining, and retrieving information they were presented. about past experience. 02. FREE RECALL THREE COMMON OPERATIONS OF MEMORY: Recall items in any order you choose 1. Encoding 2. Storage 03. CUED RECALL 3. Retrieval You are first shown items in pairs, but during recall you are cued with only one member of each pair and are asked to Learning, Memory, & Forgetting recall each mate. Learning and memory involve several stages of Paired-associates Recall processing. THREE COMMON OPERATIONS OF MEMORY: RELEARNING Learn, Unlearn, Relearn 01. Encoding Psychologists also can measure relearning, which It involves transforming presented is the number of trials it takes to learn once again information Into a representation that can items that were learned in the past. Relearning has subsequently be stored. also been referred to as savings and can be First Stage observed in adults, children, and animals. MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46 COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #4 IMPLICIT vs. EXPLICIT MEMORY Short-term Store Capable of storing Information for Memory theorists distinguish between explicit somewhat longer periods but of relatively memory and implicit memory. Explicit memory, limited capacity as well. in which participants engage in conscious recollection. Long-term Store A very large capacity, capable of storing A related phenomenon is implicit memory, in Information for very long periods, perhaps which we use information from memory but are not even Indefinitely. consciously aware that we are doing so. Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists 2 Kinds of Explicit Memory Based on such findings, Endel Tulving Mnemonists (1972) proposed a distinction between two Someone who demonstrates extraordinarily kinds of explicit memory. keen memory ability, usually based on 1. Semantic memory using special techniques for memory stores general world enhancement. knowledge. It Is our memory for facts that are not unique Russian psychologist Alexander Luria (1988) reported to us and that are not that one day S. appeared in his laboratory and asked to recalled in any particular have his memory tested. Luria tested him. Ho temporal context. discovered that the man's memory appeared to have virtually no limits. S. could reproduco extremely long 2. Episodic memory strings of words, regardless of how much time had stores personally passed since the words had been presented to him. experienced events or Luria studied S. for over 30 years. He found that even episodes. when S.'s retention was measured 15 or 16 years after a session in which S. had learned words, S. still could reproduce the words. S. eventually became a The Traditional Model of Memory professional entertainer. He dazzled audiences with his ability to recall whatever was asked of him. William James a. Primary Memory b. Secondary Memory Deficient Memory Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin Amnesia a. Sensory store Severe loss of explicit memory. b. Short-term Store c. Long-term Store a. Retrograde Amnesia - Individuals lose their purposeful Sensory store memory for events prior to whatever Capable of storing relatively limited trauma induces memory loss. amounts of Information for very brief periods. b. Anterograde AAmnesia - The inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46 COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #4 c. Infantile Amnesia STORAGE - The inability to recall events that Refers to how you retain encoded happened when we were very information in memory. young. RETRIEVAL Amnesia Refers to how you gain access to Severe loss of explicit memory. information stored in memory. Alzheimer's disease A disease of older adults that causes Forms of Encoding dementia as well as progressive memory loss. Short-Term vs. Long-Term Storage While long-term memory has a seemingly Dementia unlimited capacity that lasts years, A loss of intellectual function that is severe short-term memory is relatively brief and enough to impair one's everyday life. limited. Short-term memory is limited in both capacity and duration. In order for a memory to be retained, it needs to be transferred from short-term stores into long- term memory. The classic model, known as the Atkinson- Shiffrin model or multi-modal model, suggested that all short-term memories were automatically placed in long-term memory after a certain amount of time. Transfer of information: Short to Long Two key problems when we transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory: Memory Process INTERFERENCE ENCODING When competing information Interferes with Refers to how you transform a physical, our storing Information. sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed Into memory. DECAY When we forget facts just because time passes MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46 COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #4 Transfer of information: Short to Long At least two kinds of interference figure : The means of moving information depends on a. Proactive interference (or proactive whether the information involves.. inhibition) - occurs when material that was 01. DECLARATIVE MEMORY learned in the past impedes the Entrance into long-term declarative memory learning of new material. may occur through a variety of processes. b. Retroactive interference (or retroactive One method of accomplishing this goal is inhibition) by deliberately attending to Information to - occurs when newly acquired comprehend it. Another is by making knowledge impedes the recall of connections or associations between the older material. new information and what we already know and understand. 02. Decay Theory Information is forgotten because of the 02. NONDECLARATIVE MEMORY gradual disappearance, rather than Some forms of nondeclarative memory are displacement, of the memory trace highly volatile and decay quickly. Other nondeclarative forms are maintained more readily, particularly as a result of The Constructive Nature of Memory repeated practice (of procedures) or repeated conditioning (of responses). An important lesson about memory is that memory retrieval is not just reconstructive, involving the use of various strategies (e.g., searching for cues, CONSOLIDATION drawing inferences) for retrieving the original This process of integrating new information memory traces of our experiences and then into stored information is called rebuilding the original experiences as a basis for consolidation. retrieval. REHEARSAL Rather, in real-life situations, memory is also The repeated recitation of an item. The constructive, in that prior experience affects how effects of such rehearsal are termed we recall things and what we actually recall from practice effects. memory AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY Processes of Forgetting and Memory Distortion Autobiographical memory refers to the memory of an individual’s history. 01. Interference Theory Autobiographical memory is constructive. Refers to the view that forgetting occurs One does not remember exactly what has because recall of certain words Interferes happened. Rather, one remembers one’s with recall of other words. construction or reconstruction of what happened. People’s autobiographical memories are generally quite good. MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46 COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #4 MEMORY DISTORTIONS (Schacter, 2001) “Seven Sins of Memory” 1. Transience Memory fades quickly 2. Absent-mindedness Looking for something only to discover that they have forgotten what they were seeking. 3. Blocking People sometimes have something that they know they should remember, but they can’t. It’s as though the information is on the tip of their tongue, but they cannot retrieve it 4. Misattribution People often cannot remember where they heard what they heard or read what they read. Sometimes people think they saw things they did not see or heard things they did not hear. 5. Suggestibility - People are susceptible to suggestion, so if it is suggested to them that they saw something, they may think they remember seeing it. 6. Bias - People often are biased in their recall. 7. Persistence - People sometimes remember things as consequential that, in a broad context, are inconsequential. REPRESSED MEMORY Repressed memories are memories that are alleged to have been pushed down into unconsciousness because of the distress they cause. Such memories, according to the view of psychologists who believe in their existence, are very inaccessible, but they can be dredged out. MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46