COGPSY230 PRELIM Notes #3 PDF

COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #3 Unit 3: ATTENTION When we try to detect a target stimulus (signal), there are four possible outcomes: CONTENTS 01. Attention...

COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #3 Unit 3: ATTENTION When we try to detect a target stimulus (signal), there are four possible outcomes: CONTENTS 01. Attention HITS FALSE MISS/ CORRECT 02. Four Main Functions of Attention ALARM MISSES REJECTIONS 03. Factors That Influence Our Ability to Pay True False False True Negatives Attention Positives Positives Negatives 04. When our Attention Fails Us The He or she The The lifeguard lifeguard Incorrectly lifeguard correctly correctly Identifies the fails to Identifies the ATTENTION identifies presence of a observe absence of a the target that is the target The means by which we actively process a presence actually presence limited amount of information from the of a target absent of a target enormous amount of information available through our senses, our stored memories, On September 11, 2001, when terrorists crashed two and our other cognitive processes. airliners into the Twin Towers in New York City, the 9/11 hijackers were screened at airports as they prepared to Four Main Functions of Attention board their flights. Several of them were pulled aside because they set off metal detectors. After further A. Signal Detection and Vigilance screening, they were allowed onto their planes anyway, even though they were carrying box cutters. We try to detect the appearance of a particular stimulus. Signal Detection and Vigilance B. Search Vigilance We often engage in an active search for Refers to a person's ability to attend to a particular stimuli. field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the C. Selective Attention appearance of a particular target stimulus We choose to attend to some stimuli and of interest. ignore others. Search D. Divided Attention Refers to a scan of the environment for We prudently allocate our available particular features-actively looking for attentional resources to coordinate our something when you are not sure where it performance of more than one task at a will appear. time. Search is made more difficult by distracters, non-target stimuli that divert Signal Detection and Vigilance our attention away from the target stimulus. Signal-detection Theory Is a framework to explain how people pick Selective Attention out the few Important stimull when they are Cocktail Party Effect embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, The process of tracking one conversation in distracting stimuli. the face of the distraction of other conversations. MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46 COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #3 He devised a task known as shadowing. In shadowing, you listen to two different messages. Cherry presented a separate message to each ear, known as dichotic presentation. Attenuation Model (Anne Treisman) Her findings suggested that at least some Information about unattended signals is being analyzed. Trelsman proposed a theory of selective attention that Involves a later filtering mechanism. Instead of blocking stimull out, the filter merely weakens (attenuates) the strength of stimuli Selective Attention other than the target stimulus. Theories of Selective Attention a FILTER blocks some of the Information going through and thereby selects only a part of the total of information to pass through to the next stage a BOTTLENECK slows down Information passing Late-Filter Model (Deutsch and Deutsch) through Developed a model in which the location of the filter is even later. They suggested that stimuli are filtered out only after they have Broadbent's Model (Donald Broadbent) been analyzed for both their physical According to one of the earliest theories of properties and their meaning. attention, we filter information right after we notice it at the sensory level. Multiple channels of sensory input reach an attentional filter. Those channels can be distinguished by their characteristics like loudness, pitch, or accent. The filter permits only one channel of sensory information to proceed and reach the processes of perception. We thereby assign meaning to our sensations. Other stimuli will be filtered Divided Attention out at the sensory level and may never Refers to the ability to coordinate the reach the level of perception. completion of several tasks to achieve an overall goal. We prudently allocate our available attentional resources to coordinate our performance of more than one task at a time. MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46 COGPSY230 | PRELIM Notes #3 Factors That Influence Our Ability to Pay Spatial Neglect Attention It is an attentional dysfunction in which 1. Anxiety participants Ignore the half of their visual 2. Arousal field that is contralateral to (on the opposite 3. Task Difficulty side of) the hemisphere of the brain that 4. Skill has a lesion. It is a result mainly of unilateral lesions in the parietal and frontal lobes, most often in the right hemisphere. When our Attention Fails Us Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Dr. Heinrich Hoffman (1845) Maternal smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy Lead Exposure Brain Injury Food Additives Differences in the frontal-subcortical cerebellar catecholaminergic circuits and In dopamine regulation Children with the inattentive type of ADHD show several distinctive symptoms: - They are easily distracted by irrelevant sights and sounds. - They often fail to pay attention to details. Automatic and Controlled Process - They are susceptible to making careless mistakes in their work. Automatic Processes - They often fail to read Instructions Automatic processing refers to the completely or carefully. execution of tasks without requiring - They are susceptible to forgetting or losing constant human Involvement or things they need for tasks, such as pencils Intervention. It relies on predefined rules, or books. algorithms, or programming Instructions to - They tend to jump from one incomplete perform specific actions or make decisions. task to another. Controlled Processes Controlled processing refers to cognitive Change Blindness activities that are Intentionally activated and An inability to detect changes in objects or require conscious awareness. It involves scenes that are being viewed. mental tasks that demand effort, concentration, and conscious direction of Inattentional Blindness attention to perform novel or challenging A phenomenon in which people are not activities. able to see things that are actually there. MARK ZALDAVE H. GABIASON | BS PSYCHOLOGY - A46