Cognitive Psychology Chapter 4 - Attention and Consciousness PDF

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - Search is made more difficult CHAPTER 4 - ATTENTION AND distracters, nontarget stimuli that CONSCIOUSNESS divert our attention away from the...

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY - Search is made more difficult CHAPTER 4 - ATTENTION AND distracters, nontarget stimuli that CONSCIOUSNESS divert our attention away from the target stimulus. ATTENTION FEATURE SEARCH - is the means by which we actively - We look for just one feature that select and process a limited amount makes our search object different of information from all of the from all others, therefore, the information captured by our senses, number of distracters does really our stored memories, and our other play a role in slowing us down. cognitive processes. CONJUNCTION SEARCH CONSCIOUSNESS - We have to combine two or more - Includes both the feeling of features to find the stimulus we’re awareness and the content of looking for. awareness, some of which may be FEATURE-INTEGRATION THEORY under the focus of attention. - Explains why it is relatively easy to SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY (SDT) conduct feature searches and - A framework to explain how people relatively difficult to conduct pick out the important stimuli conjunction searches. embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, - According to Anne Treisman, 2 distracting stimuli. stages are involved when we - SDT often is use to measure perceive objects: sensitivity to a target’s presence. Stage 1- feature search - analyze features Stage 2 - conjunction search - combine SIGNAL DETECTION MATRIX: features into object - According to Similarity SIGNAL Theory, the more similar - Present target and distracters are, the - Absent more difficult it is to find the DETECT A SIGNAL target. - Hit - False alarm SELECTIVE ATTENTION DO NOT DETECT A SIGNAL - Miss SHADOWING - Correct rejection - Listening to two different messages, presenting separate message to VIGILANCE each ear, known as dichotic - Person’s ability to attend to a field of presentation. stimulation over a prolonged period, - Distinctive sensory characteristics of during which the person seeks to the target’s speech (e.g., high detect the appearance of a particular versus low pitch, pacing, and stimulus of interest. rhythmicity.) - Sound intensity (loudness) SEARCH: ACTIVELY LOOKING - Location of the sound source EARLY FILTER MODEL SEARCH - All the incoming information is being - Refers to a scan of the environment perceived and stored in sensory for particular features- actively memory for a split second and then looking for something when you are forwards it to a filter that allows only not sure where it will appear one message to move forward to be  processed in more detail, based on - One single pool of attentional loudness, pitch, or accent. resources can be divided freely SELECTIVE FILTER MODEL - Multiple sources of attention are - Filter blocks out most information at available, one for each modality the sensory level, but some (verbal or visual) personally important messages are so powerful that they burst through FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE OUR the filtering mechanism. ABILITY TO PAY ATTENTION ATTENUATION MODEL - At least some information about ANXIETY unattended signals is being - Trait-based of state-based analyzed. Instead of blocking out TASK DIFFICULTY stimuli, the filter (attenuator) merely - Task novelty /familiarity/ easiness/ weakens (attenuates) the strength of difficulty all stimuli other than target stimulus. AROUSAL LATE-FILTER MODEL - Tired, drowsy, drugged, excitement - Suggested that stimuli are filtered SKILLS out only after they have been - Higher practice/ skill enhances analyzed for both their physical attention properties and their meaning.. A SYNTHESIS OF EARLY FILTER AND SUBFUNCTIONS OF ATTENTION LATE FILTER MODEL - Ulric Neisser synthesized the early ALERTING and late-filter model and proposed - Being prepared to attend to some that two processes govern attention: incoming event, and maintaining this PREATTENTIVE PROCESS attention, also includes the process - Automatic processes are of getting to this state of rapid and occur in parallel, preparedness they can be used to noticed ORIENTING only physical sensory - The selection of stimuli to attend to, characteristics of the needed when we perform a visual unattended message, but search they do not discern meaning EXECUTIVE ATTENTION or relationships. - Includes processes for monitoring ATTENTIVE, CONTROLLED and resolving conflicts that arise PROCESSES among internal processes. These - Processes that occur later, processes include thoughts, they are executed serially feelings, and responses. and consume time and attentional resources, such WHEN OUR ATTENTION FAILS US as working memory. Information is processed in ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY much more detail here. DISORDER (ADHD) - Difficulties in focusing their attention. DIVIDED ATTENTION 3 Primary symptoms: 1. Inattention CAPACITY MODELS OF ATTENTION 2. Hyperactivity - People have fixed amount of 3. Impulsiveness attention that they can choose to 3 Types are: allocate, which can be explained by 1. Hyperactive-impulsive type (AHD) 2 models: 2. Inattentive type (ADD)  3. Combination (ADHD) millisecond to weeks or months. Then, the participants are presented CHANGE BLINDNESS with a 2nd stimulus and make a - An inability to detect changes in judgment to see whether the objects or scenes that are being presentation of the 1st stimulus viewed. affected the perception of the 2nd. INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE - Inability to see things that are - When you try to remember actually there something that is stored in memory SPATIAL NEGLECT OR HEMINEGLECT but cannot readily be retrieved. - Attentional dysfunction in which field BLINDSIGHT that is contralateral to the brain - Traces of visual perceptual ability in hemisphere of the brain that has a blind areas, “seeing” despite his lesion. unawareness of seeing. AUTOMATIC AND CONTROLLED PROCESSES AUTOMATIC PROCESSES - Such as writing your name involve no conscious control, nevertheless, you may be aware that you are performing them. They may demand little or no effort. PARALLEL PROCESSES - Multiple automatic processes may occur at once, or at least quickly, and in no particular sequence. CONTROLLED PROCESSES - Accessible to conscious control and even require it, occur sequentially/serially, one step at a time. AUTOMATIZATION/ PROCEDURALIZATION - Tasks that start off as controlled processes eventually become automatic ones as a result of practice INSTANT THEORY - Automatization occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli. STROOP EFFECT - When automatization in reading works against us. PRIMING - Participants are presented with 1 stimulus (the prime), followed by a break that can range from