Subterranean Organs 1 & 2 PDF

# Subterranean organs 1 Pharmacognosy-2 Nouran Hussein ## **Liquorice** Liquorice rhizome ریزومة العرقسوس ## **Liquorice** - Dried peeled or unpeeled root and rhizome (stolon) of *Glycyrrhiza glabra* (Fam. *Leguminosae*) ## Macroscopical characters - Cylindrical pieces - Sweet taste / charac...

# Subterranean organs 1 Pharmacognosy-2 Nouran Hussein ## **Liquorice** Liquorice rhizome ریزومة العرقسوس ## **Liquorice** - Dried peeled or unpeeled root and rhizome (stolon) of *Glycyrrhiza glabra* (Fam. *Leguminosae*) ## Macroscopical characters - Cylindrical pieces - Sweet taste / characteristic odor - Fracture: fibrous ## T.S diagram A diagram of the transverse section of a licorice rhizome is shown. The diagram shows: - Cork - Cortex - Medullary rays - Fibres - Cambium - Phloem - Wide vessels - Pith ## T.S of Liquorice rhizome (stolon) ## Cork cells ## Pseudo-crystal sheath ## Bordered pitted xylem vessels ## Active constituents - Glycyrrhizin: Sweet principle, a saponin triterpenoid composed of K and Ca salts of Glycyrrhizinic acid. - Flavonoids (yellow color), coumarins - 5-15% sugars (glucose and sucrose) ## Chemical tests - With 1-2 drops of 66% sulphuric acid, an orange red color is produced. - With water, volumetric froth is produced. - With Fehling reagent on W.B, give a red ppt due to reducing sugars. ## Medicinal uses - Demulcent, expectorant in cough preparations. - Flavoring and sweeting agent - ttt of arthritis and rheumatism, protective against ulcer due to corticosteroid effect of glycyrrhizin content. - ttt of menopausal disorders - Increase body immunity, antiviral ## Contraindications - It has cortisone like effect causing salt retention and rise in blood pressure. So it is contraindicated in hypertensive patients and patients with heart diseases. - For flavoring purposes, we use de-glycerryhizinited licorice # Subterranean organs 2 Pharmacognosy-2 Walid Amir ## Rhubarb ## Jalap ## Rhubarb rhizome ریزومة الراوند ## Origin - Dried rhizome and big roots of *Rheum palmatum* and *Rheum officinale* except *Rheum rhaponticum* fam. *Polygonaceae*, deprived of most its bark ## Macroscopical characters - Rectangular pieces (barrel) - Characteristic odour - Taste: bitter, astringent - Gritty under teeth (CaOx) - Colors saliva yellow - Fracture: granular ## T.S ## Giant CaOx crystals ## Reticulate xylem vessels ## Star spot A drawing of a transverse section of a rhubarb rhizome: - Phloem - Medullary ray - Cambium - Xylem Diagram of star spot ## Anomulous structure : amphivasal V.B ## Active constituents - 3-12% Anthraquinone derivatives - 5-10% tannins - 2-3% flavonoids ## Tests for identity - Microsublimation: powdered Rhubarb gives a yellow needle shaped sublimate which dissolves in KOH giving red - Borntrager's test → Pd/ethe, to ether layer +aq. Amm gives red - Alc ext in UV light gives brown color - FeCl3 (gallotannins) gives bluish black ## Rhapontic rhubarb - Contain a glycoside rhaponticin which is stilbene derivative - It gives blue fluorescence in UV radiation unlike rhubarb gives brown florescence - Furfural test: furfural + dps of conc sulphuric acid + little powder if rhapontic gives violet color. ## Medicinal uses - Due to content of anthraquinones and tannins acc. to dose, if (1-2 g) laxative, if (0.1-0.2 g) astringent and stomachic - Antibacterial ## Side effects - Should not used over a prolonged period, since it disturb water and electrolyte balance (reabs. of water and electrolyte is inhibited eg K,Na) - Should not used in pregnancy (reflex stimulation of uterus) - Not used during lactation (milk) ## Jalap root درنة الجلبة ## Origin - Dried tuberous roots of *Ipomea purga*, family *Convolvulaceae* - Known as Mexican Jalap (Vera Cruz) ## Macroscopical characters - The jalap root has a spindle shape - Outer surface has lenticels, furrows and wrinkles - Smoky odor - Bitter acrid (due to resin), sweety (due to sugars) taste ## T.S ## Oleo-resin cell with attached starch granules of jalap ## Active constituents - 8-12% Glycosidal resin (convolvulin) - Coloring matter - Sugars (mannitol) - Esculetin (a coumarin) ## Medicinal uses - Small doses cause a laxative effect (due to glycosidal resin) - Large doses cause purgative action, it is considered as hydragogue cathartic. - It is used combined with other laxatives, it accelerates the action of rhubarb.