Long-Term Memory PDF

Long-term memory: the system that is responsible for for storing information for long periods of time Serial Position curve: a curve created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another Primacy effect: the effect of people being more likely to remember things presented at the...

Long-term memory: the system that is responsible for for storing information for long periods of time Serial Position curve: a curve created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after another Primacy effect: the effect of people being more likely to remember things presented at the start of a sequence because you have more time to rehearse them Recency effect: the effect of being more likely to remember things at the end of the sequence because Glanzer and Cunitz (1962): experiment that tested the recency effect by preventing rehearsal (thus stopping recency effect); which shows that the effect is caused by working memory Murdoch 1962: the experiment responsible for studying the serial position curve and shows primacy and recency effect Rundus, 1971: an experiment that shows that rehearsal improves long term memory by allowing participants to rehearse 20 words and have a recall test Coding: the form in which stimuli is represented Coded: STM and LTM can be distinguished by comparing the way info is _______ by the 2 systems Semantic: working memory often includes ___________ information recalled from LTN Wickens, 1972: experiment that tested the presence of semantic info in WM, used a non-switch condition (proactive interference) where words to be rehearsed from the same category and switch conditions where words from a trial are of a different category Release from proactive interference: the increase in performance that is cause when you are no longer interfered by proactive interference, shown in the Wickens experiment Recognition memory: the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier Sachs, 1967: an experiment that demonstrated semantic coding in LTM and measured recognition memory Retrograde amnesia: loss of memories from before the injury Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories after the injury Double dissociations: in studying patients with brain injuries there are instances where 2 groups contain people that can do one task but not the other that the other group can do, shows that they are 2 separate tasks brain-wise Hippocampus: as shown by HM, suffering from anterograde amnesia, the lack of the __________ keeps STM in intact by results in an inability to form new LTM, however later data has show that HM suffered a lesion to the prefrontal lobe so it brings doubt Clive Wearing: a patient who had a partially destroyed medial temporal lobes including hippocampus, could only remember last 1-2 minutes KF: patient who suffered parietal lobe damage, LTM was intact but WM was poor Ranganath & D’Esposito 2001: a trial that showed that the hippocampus is involved in maintaining novel information in memory during short delays using fMRI. Shows that Declarative Memory: long term memory that you can explicitly recall Episodic memory: declarative memory about events Mental time travel: a defining property of the experience of episodic memory, the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with events that happened in the past Semantic Memory: declarative memory about meanings, facts and knowledge Endel Tulving: person who declared that episodic and semantic memory handled different types of info KC: patient who suffered hippocampal damage and lost episodic memory but had his semantic memory intact (ex: remembering his brother’s death but not his experience during that time such as going to the funeral) LP: patient who suffered from encephalitis, retain episodic memory but not semantic memory Levine et al, 2004: a brain imaging study in which participants kept audio diaries describing everyday personal events and facts drawn from semantic knowledge, fMRI scans shows that episodic and semantic recall yielded different brain activation Autobiographical memory: memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components. Personal semantic memory: semantic parts of autobiographical memory Westmacott & Moscovitch: experiment showed that people's knowledge of public figures can include both semantic and episodic components Autobiographical significant semantic memories: semantic memories involving personal episodes HM: this figure couldn’t learn new semantic or episodic facts which suggests that the hippocampus is involved in both types of memories Retrograde Korsakoff: patients suffering from this condition sugar both semantic and episodic memory loss Non-declarative memory: long term memory you can’t explicitly recall Remember/know procedure: a procedure used to measure familiarity and recollection Semanticization of remote memories: the loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events, (Petrician et al) Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis: the hypothesis which states that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events, proposed after seeing that similar neurological mechanisms are involved in remembering and predicting (Schacter & Addis) McDermott et al: an experiment that shows a connection between imaging the past and predicting the future in which participants were asked to remember an event (notes visual points)********** Non-declarative memory: long term memory you can’t explicitly recall Procedural memory: nondeclarative memory for motor and cognitive skills (driving, tying your shoes) Corkin 1968: an experiment involving a skill learning task with HM. He was able to learn the skill but doesn’t remember doing the skill itself. Shows that Amnesics are able to learn new skills Bolognani et al 2000: in this experiment KC (damaged episodic memory) was able improve in sorting books, showing that his procedural memory was intact Expert induced amnesia: when someone is well-versed in a certain skill but can’t recall how they performed it Priming: an effect that occurs when the presentation of stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus Repetition priming: the effect of repeated item on an implicit memory test Cohen & Squire, 1980: a mirror reading task involving Korsakoff patients and controls, shows that repetition priming isn’t used as much for Korsakoff patients but they still have procedural memories Graf, Shimamura & Squire, 1985: experiment using Korsakoff and controls. Ss view a list of words and rate how much they like it, then try to recall them and are given stems to fill in. Amnesics weren’t able to recall but did well on the implicit recall task. Propaganda effect: an effect of repeated priming in which repeated stimuli are often viewed more favorably (Perfect & Askew, 1995; Begg et al. 1992) Emotional conditioning: a type of classical conditioning where the unconditioned response is an emotional reaction that gets associated with conditioned stimulus Instrumental conditioning: a type of conditioning where the conditioned stimulus is a voluntary action (operant) taken by the organism, the unconditioned stimulus is now a reinforcer Prediction error: conditioning depends on _______ which is whether or not the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus is surprising or not Weiskrantz & Warrington: an experiment that showed that amnesic patients exhibit normal conditioning LSJ: a violinist who lost both semantic and episodic memories but retained the ability to play the violin, nevertheless she retained semantic memories related to her skills which suggest that declarative and nondeclarative memory might not be separate