COCO Chhattisgarhi GS Part 1 (English) PDF

 CHHATTISGARH SAARGARBHIT PART-1 (Along with latest Updates) (SECTION- 1, 2 and 3) Useful for Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission (Preliminary and Main Examination) and Various State Level Examinations...

 CHHATTISGARH SAARGARBHIT PART-1 (Along with latest Updates) (SECTION- 1, 2 and 3) Useful for Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission (Preliminary and Main Examination) and Various State Level Examinations COMPETITION COMMUNITY Lokash Plaza, Krishna Public School Compound, Shankar Nagar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh-492007 General Inquiry : 77479 01111, 99818 93377, WhatsApp : 91746 62070  Competition Community Team Editor : Special Thanks : Khusboo Sahu Rajesh Bode BE (Civil) Co-Founder 3 years of teaching Experience Competition Community Syed Obaid Akbar Director Typist : Firstman Publication Saurabh Agrawal, Ragini Gupta Proof Reading & Editing help : Ravi Shankar Singh, Aditya Sharma Graphics Designer : Prakesh Dewangan Legal Announcements : The facts published in this book have been fully verified. However, the publisher, editor or printing agency is not responsible for any damage caused to any individual or institution by any information or fact that has been published incorrectly. Competition community reserves all the rights. The publication or use of any part of this publication, i.e. copying, storage in a device from which it can be retrieved or transferred, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or any other ways) cannot be done without the prior permission of the publisher. Dear candidates,, The reader is generally considered to be the best controller of the quality and flaws of any book. If the reader is attentive and aware of the need of improvements, then this book will soon be presented to you by becoming a better presentation of in terms of quality and excellence. While making this book, we have taken care of all precautions but still there is always room for improvement. Our dear candidates are requested to keep a critical eye on this book to make it better and let us know about the scope of improvement wherever possible.  CONTENTS SECTION : 1 GEOGRAPHY OF CHHATTISGARH Chapter Page No. 1. An Introduction of Chhattisgarh 02-14 2. State Symbol 15-17 3. Geographical Area and boundary of Chhattisgarh 18-25 4. Natural Divisions of Chhattisgarh 26-37 5. Geological Structure 38-41 6. Soils of Chhattisgarh 42-45 7. Climate of Chhattisgarh 46-48 8. Agriculture, Irrigation and Animal Husbandry In Chhattisgarh 49-64 9. Major Resources 65-130 10. Industries in Chhattisgarh 131-145 11. CENSUS 146-171 12. Education & Sports 172-186 13. Transport & Communication 187-197 14. Literature and authors of Chhattisgarh 198-207 SECTION : 2 ADMINISTRATION Chapter Page No. 1. Chhattisgarh state formation 209-213 2. Administrative Units in Chhattisgarh 214-229 3. Political & Administrative System in Chhattisgarh 230-249 4. Local Self Government in Chhattisgarh 250-305  SECTION : 3 Tribes of Chhattisgarh Art and Culture Chapter Page No. 1. Tribal Introduction 307-321 2. Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups in Chhattisgarh 322-331 3. Other Tribes of Chhattisgarh 332-356 4. Tribal Art & Culture 357-374 5. Folktale 375-377 6. Folkdramas 378-380 7. Folksongs of Chhattisgarh 381-388 8. Folkdance of Chhattisgarh 389-390 9. Festivals of Chhattisgarh 391-397 10. Dusshera of Bastar 398-400 11. Fairs of Chhattisgarh 401-404 12. Main Folk Instruments, Dishes and Ornaments of Chhattisgarh 405-415  SECTION - 1 GEOGRAPHY OF CHHATTISGARH  01 An Introduction of Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh is known for its distinct Culture and art.This region is vivid for its tribal values, cultural diversity and forest wealth. Chhattisgarh State was formed under, the "Madhya Pradesh reorganization Act 2000". It is Separated from its mother state (Madhya Pradesh) after 44 years under Schedule 1 of Indian Constitution (84th Amendment).सामान्‍य जानकारी General Knowlege Establishment - 1 November, 2000 - 26th State - Chhattisgarh (1 nov. 2000) 27th State - Uttarakhand 28th State - Jharkhand 29th State - Telangana During the formation of state 9th Five-Year plan was under implementation. Capital - Nawa Raipur Area - 1,35,192km2 Part of India's total area (in%) - 4.11% Area Chhattisgarh in Undivided - 30.47% Madhya Pradesh (in%) Ranking on the basis of Area(in India) - 9th (After creation of two new UTs) 1st - Rajsthan 2nd - Madhya Pradesh Equivalent to Country (In terms of Area) - Greece State's largest District (In terms of Area) - Rajnandgaon State's smallest District (In terms of Area) - Durg Population of Chhattisgarh - 2,55,45,198 (Census 2010-11) 2 https://competitioncommunity.com  In terms of India's population (in%) - 2.11% Ranking of state (In terms of population) - 16th Most populous city in chhattisgarh - Raipur State's Urban population (in%) - 23.24% State's Rural population (in%) - 76.76% State's shape - Sea-Horse or Hippocampus High Court - Bodri Parsada, Bilaspur (India's 19th High Court) Railway Zone - South East Central Railway zone Bilaspur (SECRZ) Shape of Chhattisgarh plains - Feathers of a bird Primary Basin of Chhattisgarh - Mahanadi Basint Slope of Chhattisgarh - Towards East Ranking of Chhattisgarh - India's 2nd biggest revenue generating state (minirals and Revenue) Ranking of Chhattisgarh - India's 3rd (4th as Per CGPSC 2019 Prelims) (forest area) largest forest cover State Special Facts State Formation Day - 1st November Objective of chhattisgarh - Truth and Transparency Slogan of Chhattisgarh - Gadbo Nava chhattisgarh Tree of Chhattisgarh - Shorea-robusta (Sual) State's animal - Bubalus-bubalis (Wild buffalio) State's Dance - Karma State's Song - "Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar" (Composed by Narendra Verma) State's Bird - Hill Mayna (Gracula-religiosa-peninsularis) State's game - Hockey (Undeclared) State's crop - Paddy State's official website - www.chhattisgarh.nic.in State’s Language - Chhattisgarhi Culture Special State's ancient name - Dakshin Kosal Major Species - Protoastroloid (As per Dr. B.S. Guha) State's largest tribal group - Gond https://competitioncommunity.com 3  Special Backward Tribal groups - 07 (Abujmadia, Baiga, Birhor, Kamar, Pahadi Korva, Pando, Bhujai) King of Chhattisgarhi folk songs - Dadariya (Love, Amour, Adourment, Song) State's 1st folk festival - Hareli Symbol of culture of Chhattisgarh - Rahas Geographical Sites Kashi /Varanasi of Chhattisgarh - Kharaud Mauritius of Chhattisgarh - Buka (Korba) Prayag of Chhattisgarh - Rajim (at the confiuence of Mahanadi, Pairi and Sondhur rivers) Khajuraho of Chhattisgarh - Bhoramdev Shimla of Chhattisgarh - Mainpat Entrance of Abujhmad - Orchha Entrance of Bastar - Telin Ghati (Keshkal) Chittor of Chhattisgarh - Lafagarh Kashmir of Chhattisgarh - Chaiturgarh Naglok of Chhattisgarh - Tapkara (Snake Research Center-Jashpur) State's anthropological Museum - Jagdalpur City of Crossroads - Jagdalpur Switzerland of Chhattisgarh - Sannahills (Jashpur) Cherrapunji of Chhattisgarh - Abujhmad Most ancient Temple of Chhattisgarh - Devrani-Jethani temple (Talagaon, Biaspur) City of Tanks & Lanes - Ratanpur City of Temples - Arang Lifeline of Chhattisgarh - Mahanadi (858 km, 286 km in Chhattisgarh) Flower valley of Chhattisgarh - Loroghat (Jashpur) Cultural capital of Chhattisgarh - Rajnandgaon Knowledge capital of Chhattisgarh - Bhilai Sports capital of Chhattisgarh - Rajnandgaon "Rice bowl” of India - Chhattisgarh State's Salient features State's Biggest Revenue Division - Bastar (7 District) State's smallest Revenue Division - Durg (5 District) 4 https://competitioncommunity.com  State Largest Tehsil - Poundi Uproda (Korba) (township/Sub-district) State's Largest Subdivision of Tehsil Block - Bilha (Bilaspur) District with maximum no. of Tehsil - Janjgir-Champa (11 Tehsils) District with least no. of Tehsils - Narayanpur(2 tehsil) Longest river of the state - Shivnath River (290 km) Longest National Highway in the state - NH 30 Smallest National Highway in the state - NH163(A) Highest waterfall of the state - Tirathgarh (Mungabhar River) Broadest waterfall of the state - Chitrakot waterfall (Indravati River) Highest peak - Gaurlata (1225 mts, Tehsil Samri, District- Balrampur) National Parks with in state - 03 Largest National Park of the state - Gurughasidas National Park (1981, Koriya) Smallest National Park of the state - Kanger valley (1982, Bastar) (Asia’s 1st Biosphere Reserve) 1st National Park of state - Indravati (1978, Bijapur) Number of sanctuaries with in the state - 11 Oldest Sanctuary of the state - Sitanadi (1974, Dhamtari) Newest Sanctuary of the state - Bhoramdev (2001, Kabirdham) Largest Sanctuary of the state - Tamorpingla (608 km2) Smallest Sanctuary of the state - Badalkhol (105 km2) Climate conditions at the state - Tropical Monsoon Highest Rainfall received at - Abujhmad, Naryanpur (187 cm., Jashpur pat sites Chhattisgarh cherrapunji) Least Rainfall of the state - Kabirdham (125 cm., Chhattisgarh’s Rain Shadow Area) Coldest place of the state - Mainpat (Tehsil : Ambikapur) Hottest place of the state - Champa (Jangir champa) State most abundently found stone group - Archean rock-group (50-55%) Largest Soil Type found from state - Red-Yellow Soil (Very fertile for Rice) Largest forest Type found from state - Sal-tree forest Highest pat (local name for plateau) - Jashpur -Samri pat Region Region Only seismic zone of the state - Jaljali (Sarguja) https://competitioncommunity.com 5  Popular Personalities Visionary of "Chhattisgarh state" - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma Gandhi of Chhattisgarh and father of - Pt. Sundarlal Sharma Untouchability Panini of Chhattisgarh - Hiralal Kavyopadhyay Mangal Pandey of Chhattisgarh - Hanuman Singh Tiger boy of Chhattisgarh - Chendru Mandavi (Narayanpur) Bhagat Singh of Chhattisgarh - Parasram Soni Tatyatope of Chhattisgarh - Gundadhur Mountain Man of Chhattisgarh - Rahul Gupta Chhattisgarh's 1st Martyr in the Revolt - Veer Narayan Singh (Zamindar of Sonakhan) of 1857 Last Martyr in the revolt of 1857 - Surendra Sai (Zamindar of Sambalpur) Valmiki of Chhattisgarh - Gopal Mishra Father of peasent movement - Khoobchand Baghel Father of journalism in Chhattisgarh - Madhavrao Sapre Founder of Kabir Cult in Chhattisgarh - Dhanidharmadas Founder of Satnami Cult in Chhattisgarh - Guru Ghasidas Father of social renaissance in Chhattisgarh - Gurughasidas 1st preacher from Kabircult in Chhattisgarh - Chudamani Saheb Father of Cooperatives in Chhattisgarh - Thakur Pyarelal Singh Founder of labour/workers movement - Thakur Pyarelal Singh Political History of Chhattisgarh : Dr. E Raghvendra Rao : 1st Governor of undivided M.P. Pandit Ravishankar Shukla : 1st C.M. of undivided M.P and Thakur Pyare Lal Singh : 1st leader of opposition in undivided M.P. Pandit Ravishankar Shukla : 1st CM of New M.P and V.Y. Tamaskar : 1st opposition leader of New M.P. Nareshchandra Singh : He was king of Sarangarh province, Served as CM of undivided M.P. for shortest duration (13 days). Shri Motilal Vora was elected as CM of Undivided M.P for Maximum of times. (3 times). Chhattisgarh's first : Assembly Election : November 2003 Eatablishment of first cabinet : 12 December 2000 Dissolution of Assembly : 02 December 2003 First MLA to Resign from state Assembly : Ramdayal Uiekay (Marwahi) Assembly By-Election : Marwahi (In this election Ajit Jogi got elected) 6 https://competitioncommunity.com  Special Facts of Chhattisgarh In India In Asin/In world Bailadila (Dantewada) : Biggest mine of iron ore. Bhilai Steel Plant is Largest steel plant of Asia. 2nd longest National Highway of India NH-53 is passes via Chhattisgarh. JSPL Raigarh is Asia's Largest sponge iron plant. Kanger valley (1982) is Asia's first Biosphere One & only Biodiesel consumer state of India. reserve. India's third Largest forest cover state. Sitabengra caves is one of the world’s oldest cave. India's second highest rural population and Hindu Asia 1st Art and Music University is Arts and Music population possessing state. University, Khairagarh. Sex Ratio - 5th in India (991: 1000) which is greater Bastar's Dussehra is worlds longest celebrated than the National average. festival. (75 days) Niagara of India - Chitrakut waterfall. Asia's 1st and Biggest ITI institute is established in One and only Tin and Alexandrite producing state Koni, Bilaspur (1904). of India. Chhattisgarh High Court Bilaspur is Asia Biggest Tropic of Cancer passes via three districts of high court. Chhattisgarh. Catholic church - Kunkuri, Jashpur is Asia's 2nd India's 1st Tribal Research center is established at Largest Chatholic Church. Nawa Raipur. India's largest "Agricultural museum is established at Raipur. IIM Raipur is India's 10th IIM of India. Chhattisgarh is 1st state to have an act for providing food security. Middle India's 1st Gemology (Gems Testing and Cutting-Polishing) Center of Central India is established in Chhattisgarh. Chhattisgarh is 1st state of India which presented Budget for youth. Important Dates 4 January 2016 - Anganwadi Gunvatta Abhiyan 12-16 January (each year) - Yuva Mahotsava (Swami Vivekananda Jayanti Week) 14 February - Matru-Pitru Pujan Diwas 1 April 2003 - Bilaspur declared as Railway zone (1900-Chhattisgarh Railway Board established) 21 April - Civil Services Day (1st celebrated at Rajiv Smriti van (Energy Park) of Chhattisgarh) 30 April 2001 - Establishment of state forest development corporation https://competitioncommunity.com 7  1-7 July - Digital India Week (POSHAN SAPTAH) 4 July 2001 - Got status of Herbal State 28 July 2004 - Establishment of state medicinal plant board 1-7 September - National Nutrition week 4 September 2001 - Approval for State emblem 4 October 2010 - Formation of Industrial Development Corporation (1st Head-Badridhar Dewan) 1 November 2000 - Sate foundation day 15 November 2000 - Establishment of State Electricity Board 19/12/2003 : Establishment 28 November - Chhattisgarhi Language Day 18 December - Madyapaan Nishedh Diwas (Guru Ghasidas Jayanti) Note - 'Employment Day' is celebrated on 7th of every month as per the mandate of MNREGA. Names of Government Buildings Assembly Building - Minimata Assembly Speaker House - Samvedna Ministry (Old) - Dau Kalyan Singh Bhawan Chief Minister's House - Karuna MLA Rest House - Sangwari District Panchayat Raipur - Mitan VIP Guest House - Pahuna Ministry (New) Secretarial - Mahanadi Entry Gate of Ministry - Nandiraj Directorate - Indravati Entry Gate of Infrastructure - Renuka Development Corporation Mining department - Sonakhan Preservation and Promotion of Art, - Purkhauti Muktangan Culture & Archeology of Chhattisgarh Forest Department - Aranya Bhavan Chief Engineer of Water Resources - Sihava Chief Engineer of PHE - Ramgiri State Government plane - Mayuradhwaj 1st Helicopter of state Government - Maina (2008 Accident) 8 https://competitioncommunity.com  Present Helicopter of state Government - Augusta Important Helpline Numbers Number Related Details 100 Police Police Help Service 102 Mahtari Express Free transportation facility to & from hospital for delivery 104 Free Health Counseling Medical Counseling Services 108 Sanjivnee Express Free transportation facility to & from Hospital for emergency cases 181 Sakhi-One Stop Center women Helpline 1091 Women's Helpline Center Services for the protection of women & girls 1098 Child helpline Services provided for Children Safety 1099 Muktanjali Express Transportation facility provided in Hospital for a dead body 1551 Kisan Call Center Free Agricultural Related facility provided to farmers Administrative Unit-Heading Administrative Unit During the formation of Chhattisgarh Present Division 03 05 District 16 28 Tehsil 96 156 Development Block 146 146 Tribal Development Block 85 Villages 20126 Local administration Local Administration of Chhattisgarh Local Bodies Urban Bodies District Panchayat - 28 Municipal Corp. - 14 Block Panchayat - 146 Municipality - 43 Gram Panchayat - 10971 Municipal Panchayat - 109 Legislature-unitary Number of Lok Sabha members - 11 Number of Rajya Sabha members - 05 Number of Assembly Members - 90+1 1st cabinet constituted in Chhattisgarh - 12 November 2000 1st expansion of cabinet in Chhattisgarh - 23 December 2000 https://competitioncommunity.com 9  Number of seats in Chhattisgarh legislative Assembly Category Before delimitation After delimitation General 46 51 Scheduled Caste 10 10 Scheduled Tribe 34 29 Anglo Indian 01 01 Total 91 91 First in state Governor - Shri Dinesh Nandan Sahay Assembly Speaker - Shri Rajendra Prasad Shukla Chief Minister - Mr. Ajit Pramod Jogi Home Minister - Nand Kumar Patel Leader of opposition who took oath at Assembly - Mr. Nandkumar Sai MLA, who took oath in Sanskrit language - Shri Nandkumar Sai Chief Justice of High Court - W.A. Shishak Acting Chief Justice of High Court - Shri R.S. Garg Chairman of Public Service Commission - Shri Mohan Shukla Director General of Police - Mr. Mohan Shukla State Election Officer - Mr. Ajay Kumar Singh State Chief Secretary - Mr. Arun Kumar Chief Information Commissioner - A.K. Vijayvargiya Chief Forest Guard - Mr. Rameshchandra Sharma First Lokayukta - Justice Krishna Murari Agarwal First Chairman of Farmers Commission - Shri Ghanaram Sahu Chairman of Youth Commission - Mr. Arun Vora Chairman of ST, SC Commission - Mr. Rajendra Pambhoi President of Women's Commission - Hemwant Porte First Chairman of Human Rights Commission - Justice K.M. Agarwal Chairman of Chhattisgarh State Electricity - Suyog Mishra Regulatory Commission First Commercial Helicopter Pilot of Chhattisgarh - Captain R. Anand Father of Co-operation in the State - Thakur Pyarelal State’s first newspaper - Chhattisgarh Mitra (1900) Father of Journalism in the State - Shri Madhavrao Sapre 10 https://competitioncommunity.com  First daily newspaper of the state - Mahakaushal (1951) First martyr of state - Veer Narayan Singh State's first film producer - Manu Nayak First film produced in the state - 'Kahi Dabe Sandesh' First Bollywood film produced in the state - 'Life mai twist hai' The oldest temple in Chhattisgarh - Deorani-Jethani Temple (Talgaon, Bilaspur) First Cement Plant of the state - Jamul (Durg, 1965) Longest serving MP (nine times) from Chhattisgarh - Vidyacharan Shukla The longest-serving politicians in the - Vidyacharan Shukla Central Government First woman minister appointed in the state - Mrs. Padmavati Devi First woman MP from Chhattisgarh - Minimata 1st Chief Minister from Chhattisgarh - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla (1956-Madhya Pradesh) 1st person to become Governor from the chhattisgarh - E. Raghavendra Rao (M.P.) 1st person of Chhattisgarh to become - Mathura Prasad Dubey (M.P.) Speaker of Assembly of the state 1st person of Chhattisgarh to become Leader of - V.Y. Tamaskar (1956) opposition legislative Assembly M.P. First All India Radio Station - Raipur (1963) First University of the State University (1956) - Indira Arts and Music First College of Chhattisgarh (Raipur-1938) - Chhattisgarh College First Principal of Chhattisgarh College - Acharya J.Yoganandam First Sanskrit College of Chhattisgarh - Raipur The first use of the word Chhattisgarh in literature - Dalram Rao First mention of Chhattisgarhi language - Gopal Mishra The first use of the word Chhattisgarh in - J. T. Blunt (1795 AD) the administration First historian of Chhattisgarh - Babu Revaram First and only female ruler of Chhattisgarh - Prafulla Kumari Devi First pioneer of national renaissance of Chhattisgarh - Pt. Sunderlal Sharma First visit of Mahatma Gandhi to Chhattisgarh - 20 December 1920 1st individual Satyagrahi movement - Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla in Chhattisgarh https://competitioncommunity.com 11  First District with Industry - BNC (Bengal Nagpur Cotton Mill) in Chhattisgarh Rajnandgaon First Jute Mill of Chhattisgarh - Raigarh (Mohan Jute Mill) First Veterinary Hospital and College of Chhattisgarh - Gokulam-Durg (Anjora) First National Law University of Chhattisgarh - Hidayatullah University (Raipur) First Vice Chancellor of firstUniversity i.e. - Dr. Laxman Chaturvedi Gurughasidas University First Management Poetry book - Danleela 1st Chairman of Scheduled Castes Commission - C.D. Khandekar of Chhattisgarh 1st Chariman of CSIDC - Rajinder Bhatia 1st Chairman of Child Protection Commission - Yashwant Jain 1 Chairman of Revenue Board of Chhattisgarh st - B.K.S. Ray 1 Chairman of Electricity Board of Chhattisgarh st - Sunil Kumar Mishra 1st Chairman of Finance Commission of Chhattisgarh - Ramchandra Singhdev 1st Chairman of Cow Service Commission - Pawan Diwan Vice Chairman of Bastar Development - Vikram Usandi Authority Commission Vice Chairman of Surguja Development - Shiv Pratap Singh Authority Commission Chairman of Housing Board of Chhattisgarh - Subhash Rao 1 Chairman of state Text Book Corporation st - Bhimsen Agarwal 1st Chairman of Minority Commission - Iqbal Ahmed Rizvi 1 Sanskrit College of Chhattisgarh st - Raipur (1955) 1 Chairman of Education Commission st - Dr. Chandrabhushan Sharma 1st sportsperson conferred with Arjuna award and - Saba Anjum Padamshri Award 1st Administrative Reforms Commission - Suyog Kumar Mishra 1st Gas based power sub-station - Raipur (132km) 1 e-toilet st - Dhamtari 1 Online Revenue Court st - Korba (1 April 2014) 1 Plastic road of Chhattisgarh state st - Ambikapur State to create the country's first Food Security Act - Chhattisgarh 1 Nirbhaya Center st - Dantewada (5 May 2015) 1 Balmitra Village st - Bajrangpur (Raipur) 1st Balmitra Gram Panchayat - Bajrangpur (Raipur) 1 Balmitra Janpad Panchayat of the state st - Takhatpur (Bilaspur) 1 Farmer Mall st - Rajnandgaon 1st womenReserved Garden - Guru Teg Bahadur Garden Raipur 1 female mountaineer st - Naina Dhakad (Jagdalpur) 12 https://competitioncommunity.com  1st Sugar factory - Ramhepur (Kabirdham) 1st Industrial Training Center (ITI) - Koni, Bilaspur (1904) 1st Regional party - Prithak Chhattisgarh Party Pawan Diwan 1st Woman Agricultural Scientist - Dr. Jaya Laxmi Ganguly 1st Demarcation for map - 1905 AD MLA who put the demand of Chhattisgarh as a - Thakur. Ramkrishan Singh (Raipur) separate state from Madhya Pradesh 1st Police Officer Martyred in Naxalite attack - Martyr Vinod Chaubey 1st Hydro Power Station - Hasdeo River 1st DD Bank - Rajnandgaon Launch of Aadhar scheme - Gariyaband 1st Rail line - 1888 AD (Nagpur to Rajnandgaon) 1st Shabari Emporium - New Delhi 1st district to provide online mid-day meal - Dhamtari 1st Female writer of Chhattisgarhi Language - Nirupama Sharma 1st Trans- gender Mayor - Madhu Kinnar (Raigarh) 1st Rural call center - Kanker 1st Madhavrao Sapre rashtriya rachnatmak - Padmashri Rambahadur Rai award 2014 1st recipient of Chakradhar Award - Kishori Amonkar 1st Recipient of Yati Yatanlal Award - Ramesh Yagnik, Hari Prasad Joshi 1st recipient of Gundadhur Award - Ashish Arora 1st recipient of Dau Dular Singh Mandraji Award - Jhaduram Dewangan 1st recipient of Dr. Khubchand Baghel - Shrikant Govardhan 1st recipient of Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla Award - Keyur Bhushan 1st recipient Pt. Sundarlal Sharma Award - Vinod Kumar Shukla 1st recipient of Gurughasidas Award - Dr. Ratanlal Jangde, Rajmahant Jagtu 1st recipient of martyr Vir Narayan Singh Award - Ramakrishna Mission Ashram (Naryanpur) 1st female to be awarded with Padmashri (1987) - Shri Teejanbai and Padamvibhushan (2003) 1st Personality to be awarded with Padmashri - Mukutadhar Pandey (1976) 1 Person awarded with 'Padmabhushan' st - Habib Tanveer (2002) 3 person to be awarded with Padmabhushan rd - Satyadev Dubey (2011) 1 recipient of cow Gau-Raksha award st - Gajru Ram Sahu (2002) 1st recipient of Thakur Pyarelal Singh Award - Preetpal Belchandan, Brijbhushan Dewangan 1st recipient of Chandulal Award - Arti Dhar 1st recipient Minimata award - Mrs. Binnibai (Raipur) https://competitioncommunity.com 13  1st recipient of Sanskrit Literature Award - Dr. Pooja Dixit 1st recipient of Dhanwantari Award - Dr. Mhadev Prasad Pandey 1 recipient of Immigrant (apravasi) Award st - Mr. Chandrakant Patel of Chhattisgarh 1st recipient of Kirti Chakra - Martyr Vinod Chaubey 1 Doordarshan Broadcasting Center st - Raipur (1972) Launch of FM Radio - 1 January 2003 Launch of BSNL Mobile Service - 2002 Declaration of state Award - 10 December 2000 (named after Veer Narayan Singh) 1st Mega power project - Sipat (Bilaspur) New Capital : (Present Name - Atal Nagar Nava Raipur) New capital "Nava Raipur" is developing near Raipur in Kutherabhata - Rakhi village. It is spread in 8013 Hectare of land. At NavaRaipur Ministries & Secretariat Building are named as Mahanadi Bhavan. While the Directorate building are named as Indravati Bhavan. On 27th January 2014, (Rajdhani Sarovar) was inaugrated in 75 acres of Land in Nava Raipur. Jungle Safari : This is Asia’s biggest man-made wild safari which spreads over 202 Hectares of Land in which 03 tigers, 08 lions and almost 478 others animals are being conserved. Botanical Garden : Near Khandwa village of new Raipur, Asia's Largest Botanical Garden is being established over 153 Hectare of land. Here almost all kind of vegetations are found from Chhattisgarh are being cultivated Scientifically. A Butterfly Garden will also be established. This project is under forest Research Center. In Nava Raipur, Chhattisgarh Construction Academy will be established. Business Center will going to be established over 100 acres of land( Tuta village) in memory of late Pandit Shyamprasad Mukharjee on the lines of Pragati Maidan in New Delhi. Water convenience will be arranged from Mahanadi anicut to Nava Raipur. Eco-friendly city : There is more than 26% Provision of Green area at Nava Raipur. Knowledge Hub : Knowledge Park and Amusement Park will be built in 1,000 acres of land. Here Hidayatullah National Law college, IIT, IIM Campuses is established. A 22km express way has been constructed to connect New Raipur city to Raipur city. With the help of World bank, In order to provide better Public transportation facility an Urban Transportation system in which work on Bus Rapid transit system (BRTS) has been started. For the better re-establishment of Rakhi village Nava Raipur Development Authority (NRDA) is awarded with National Award ,Raipur will be first city in the country to be systematically established without displacing the villages. Chhattisgarh Government has also declared establishment of Modern film city in Sector-39 near Pachera village of Nava Raipur. 14 https://competitioncommunity.com  02 State Symbol State A Emblem picture Acceptance by the State government: 4 September 2001 S.No. Part Color Description 01 Circular Circumference of Embelem Continuous development of state Prosperity of state 02 36 forts on the outer circle (36 Garh) Green Forest Wealth Natural Beauty 03 Paddy Golden Agricultural state 04 Electrical Signal (Thunder) Black Efficiency & potential in energy sector Orange Rich Water Resources 05 Three wavy lines White Color of flag represents Unity Green National Emblem : Sarnath Pillar & Red 06 Truthfulness towards nation "Satyamevjayte" Black Motto of State After the assembly election the state slogan has been changed to “GADBO NAVA CHHATTISGARH”. But no written order has been issued. Earlier the state slogan was “Credible Chhattisgarh” which was given by Mr. Nitin Gadhkari. State Language: Chhattisgarhi Adopted on 28 November 2007, and on this day of every year "State language day" is celebrated. State Animal and Bird Adopted by state government: 4 July 2001 https://competitioncommunity.com 15 16 https://competitioncommunity.com State Animal Wild Buffalo (Scientific Name) : Bubalus-bubalis (Male - Ama, Female - Arni) Description : In Chhattisgarh wild buffalo is found in forest areas of Bilaspur, Raipur and Bastar. In Addition to this they are found in Nepal, Plains of Brahmaputra (Assam), and in Excessive numbers at Odisha. Banabhatta, the Court poet of Harsha (the glorious ruler of Pushyabhuti dynasty), mentions the abundance of wild buffalos in his book ‘Kadambari’. He mentions wild buffalo as a carrier of Yamraj, he called it "the symbol of real death. Habitat : Their habitats are in grassy marshy land and water logged areas where after feeding they can roll in mud and can remain sub-merged in water. They are vegetarian and their main food is grass. Note : They enter fields near forest, Unlike bison The breed of Wild buffalo found in Chhattisgarh is Purest but breeding with domesticated buffalos have created threat to their adulteration. They have peaceful nature but they can attack suddenly if provoked. A powerful buffalo has power to drive away a lion as well. Due to increasing biological survival pressure, hunting, "Rinderpest" (a disease spread through Lions and buffalo) their population is decreasing. Presently wild buffalos are being, conserved at Udayanti Sanctuary (Gariyaband), Pamed Sanctuary (Bijapur) and Indrāvati National Park. Efforts are being under way for conserving them. Rinderpest : It is a bacterial contagious disease related with wild buffalos and few other animals in which symptoms such as fever, drooping saliva and diarrhea are common due to lack of water in their body they get feeble or they could die within 8 to 9 days. State bird : Hill Myna (Scientific Name) - Gracula Religiosa Peninsularis Description : Hill Maina can be seenat Narayanpur, Bijapur, Dantewada, Jagdalpur, Kanger valley, Gupteshwar, Kondagaon etc. Maina, who is soft and beautiful looking, specializes in making sounds and imitating it exactly like a human. Due to its quality, man started raising it. As a result, where it was taken out of its natural habitat and sold in large quantities, and they have't got any opportunity to breed. Presently, the existence of hill myna is at danger and it is at verge natwally a state of extinction. This bird is being preserved at 'Kanger Valley National Park'. State Tree Sal Scientific Name: Shorea Robusta. Description : Sal tree is found in almost every part of state but it is abundant in Baster division. Hence Bastar is called as island of sal tree'. They are prone to a disease called 'Sal borer'. Sal Borer : Sal borer Insects starts laying eggs in trees and starts to expand from one place to another in rainy days. And hence trees starts to decay and die. https://competitioncommunity.com 17  03 Geographical Area and boundary of Chhattisgarh Geographical Conditions Latitudinal Extent : 17°46' 'North latitude to 24°5' North latitude. LongitudinalExtent : 80°15 'East longitude to 84°24' East longitude. Chhattisgarh's maximum length north to south is 700 km. And the maximum length from east to west is 435 km. Tropic of cancer passes through Northern parts covering the three district of Chhattisgarh, namely Koriya, Surajpur and Balrampur. Eastern most District of Chhattisgarh : Jashpur (Tehsil-Jashpur) Western most District of Chhattisgarh : Bijapur (Tehsil-Bhopalpatnam) Northern most District of Chhattisgarh : Balrampur (Tehsil-Ramanujganj) Southern most District of Chhattisgarh : Sukma (Tehsil-Konta) Chhattisgarh is situated at the middle of India and it is part of peninsular plateau. Chhattisgarh is completely a land locked state, its boundries doesn’t touch the boundries of any other country or Sea (The beach). According to 2011 Census: Area of Chhattisgarh is 4.11% of the total area of India and the population of Chhattisgarh is 2.11% of India’s total population. Area of India is 2.11% of total world's total areas. Chhattisgarh has share of 30.47% (area wise) of undivided Madhya Pradesh, that means, detachment of 30.47% part of M.P.took place on 1 November 2000. % of Chhattisgarh in Chhattisgarh India Rank in India comparision to India Area 1,35,192 km2 32,87,000 km2 10th 4.11 Population 2,55,45,198 1,21,08,54,977 16th 2.11 18 https://competitioncommunity.com  S. According to Economic Subject According to Chips Data No. Survey of 2015-16 1 Tropic of Cancer and IST intersects at Koriya (Tehsil-Sonhat) Surajpur Koriya, Surajpur, Korba Balrampur, Surajpur, Indian Standard Time (IST) (Longitude) Janjgir-Champa, Balodabazar, Surguja, Korba, Janjgir- 2 passes from 7 District of Chhattisgarh Mahasamund, Gariaband -Champa, Balodabazar, Mahasamund Noumber S.No. Direction State District of District 1 North Uttar Pradesh Balrampur 01 2 North East Jharkhand Balrampur, Jashpur 02 Jashpur, Raigarh, Mahasamund, Gariaband, 3 East Odisha 08 Dhamtari, Kondagaon, Bastar, Sukma 4 South Andra Pradesh Sukma 01 5 South West Telangana Sukma, Bijapur 02 6 West Maharashtra Bijapur, Narayanpur, Kanker, Rajnandgaon 04 Rajnandgaon, Kawardha, Mungeli, Koriya, 7 North West Madhya Pradesh Gaurella-Pendra -Marwahi, Surajpur, 07 Balrampur Chhattisgarh shares its max. boundary with : 1. Odisha (830 km) 2. Madhya Pradesh (410 km) Chhattisgarh State shares its least boundary with: 1. Andhra Pradesh (38 km) 2. Uttar Pradesh (103 km) From view point of area the largest state bordering with Chhattisgarh - Madhya Pradesh. From view point of area, the smallest state bordering with Chhattisgarh -Jharkhand Total Interstate boundary: 2203 km. Location of neighbouring States As per the location of Chhattisgarh Uttar Pradesh – South Jharkhand – South West Odisha – West Andhra Pradesh – North Telangana – North East Maharashtra – East Madhya Pradesh – South East https://competitioncommunity.com 19 Within Chhattisgarh : Districts touching the boundary of three states - 02 ○○ In North Balrampur - Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand ○○ In South Sukma - Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha Districts touching the boundary of two states - 03 ○○ East Jashpur - Jharkhand and Odisha ○○ South-west Bijapur - Maharashtra and Telangana ○○ Western-Rajnandgaon - Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra District that touches maximum inter-state boundries – Balrampur-Ramanujganj District that touches minimum interstate boundries – Dhamtari Out of 27 districts of Chhattisgarh, 10 districts are land-locked districts and rest of then touches the boundary of other state. Border Districts - 18 01 Koriya 10 Bastar 02 Gaurella-pandra-Marwahi 11 Kondagaon 03 Mungeli 12 Dhamtari 04 Kabirdham 13 Gariaband 05 Rajnandgaon 14 Mahasamund 06 Kanker 15 Raigarh 07 Narayanpur 16 Jashpur 08 Bijapur 17 Balrampur 09 Sukma 18 Surajpur Land locked Districts - 10 i Surguja x Bilaspur ii Korba iii Janjgir-Champa iv Baloda bazar v Raipur vi Bemetara vii Durg viii Balod ix Dantewada Border District Land- locked District Largest Rajnandgaon Korba Smallest Gorella-Pandra-Marwahi * Durg 20 https://competitioncommunity.com  Interconnected Districts of Chhattisgarh Order of Districs S. Districts Connceted with Districts Connected to other Districts No. other Districs Mungeli, Bilaspur, Janjgir-Champa, Raigarh, 01 Balodabazar 07 Mahasamund, Raipur, Bemetra Koriya, Surajpur, Surguja, Raigarh, Janjgir-Champa, 02 Korba 07 Bilaspur, Gorella-Pandra-Marwahi Jashpur, Surguja, Korba, Janjgir-Champa, Balodabazar, 03 Raigarh 06 Mahasamund Mungeli, Balodabazar, Raipur, Durg, Rajnandgaon, 04 Bemetara 06 Kawardha Balodabazar, Mahasamund, Gariaband, Dhamtari, 05 Raipur 06 Durg, Bemetara 06 Dhamtari 06 Durg, Raipur, Gariaband, Balod, Kanker, Kondagaon 07 Surguja 05 Surajpur, Balrampur, Jashpur, Raigarh, Korba Gaurella-Pandra-Marwahi, Korba, Janjgir-Champa, 08 Bilaspur 05 Mungeli, Balodabazar 09 Durg 05 Bemetra, Raipur, Dhamtari, Rajnandgaon, Balod 10 Rajnandgaon 05 Kawardha, Bemetra, Durg, Balod, Kanker Rajnandgaon, Balod, Dhamtari, Kondagaon, 11 Kanker 05 Narayanpur 12 Bijapur 05 Narayanpur, Kondagaon, Bastar, Dantewada, Sukma 13 Kondagaon 05 Dhamtari, Kanker, Narayanpur, Bijapur, Bastar 14 Surajpur 05 Koriya, Korba, Surguja, Balrampur 15 Janjgir-Champa 04 Bilaspur, Korba, Raigarh, Balodabazar Bilaspur, Balodabazar, Bemetra, Kawardha, Gaurella- 16 Mungeli 04 -Pendra-Marwahi 17 Balod 04 Rajnandgaon, Durg, Dhamtari, Kanker 18 Mahasamund 04 Raigarh, Balodabazar, Raipur, Gariaband 19 Bastar 04 Kondagaon, Bijapur, Dantewada, Sukma 20 Koriya 03 Surajpur, Korba, Gorella-Pandra-Marwahi 21 Balrampur 03 Surajpur, Surguja, Jashpur 22 Kawardha 03 Mungeli, Bemetra, Rajnandgaon 23 Jashpur 03 Balrampur, Surguja, Raigarh 24 Gariaband 03 Mahasamund, Dhamtari, Raipur 25 Narayanpur 03 Kanker, Kondagaon, Bijapur 26 Dantewada 03 Bijapur, Bastar, Sukma 27 Sukma 03 Bijapur, Dantewada, Baster https://competitioncommunity.com 21 22 https://competitioncommunity.com https://competitioncommunity.com 23 24 https://competitioncommunity.com https://competitioncommunity.com 25  04 Natural Divisions of Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh comes under diverse geographical locations and it is located in middle of India. There are four Natural Division in Chhattisgarh from North to South : 1. Eastern Baghelkhand pleatues (16.16%) 2. Jashpur pat (4.59%) 3. Mahanadi Basin (50.34%) 4. Dandkaraya pleatues (28.91%) Plateau of Eastern Baghelkhand (21,863 km2, 16.16%) From Shahdol and Dindori districts in the west to the plateau of Chota Nagpur in the east and from Son river in the north to Maikal Range and Mahanadi Basin in the south the uneven hilly area spreads in the area of (42000km2) is called the Eastern Baghelkhand plateau. The Eastern part of Baghelkhand plateau falls under Chhattisgarh. Therefore, the northern part of Chhattisgarh is called the plateau of Eastern Baghelkhand. About 47.32% of Eastern Baghelkhand Plateau is extended to Chhattisgarh so there is uneven land in about 16.16% of Chhattisgarh which can be further subclassified into three categaries. 1. Devgarh Hills - 1033 Meters 2. Sonhat pleatues - 755 Meters 3. Sarguja Basin - 755 Meters Extent : ○○ From 23°40'N latitude to 24°8' N latitude ○○ From 80°5' E longitude to 81°23' E longitude Districts included : ○○ Koriya, ○○ Surajpur, ○○ Balrampur (Excluding Samri Pat and Jamir Pat), ○○ Sarguja (Excluding Mainpat, Jarangpat) 26 https://competitioncommunity.com https://competitioncommunity.com 27  Average height : 300-700 m. Slope : Towards North Physical Structure : On the basis of Physical Structure, Eastern Baghelkhand pleatues can be further sub divided into : 1. Kanhar Basin 2. Rihand Basin 3. Changbhakhar - Devgarh 4. Sarguja Basin 5. Hasdeo - Rampur Basin 1. Kanhar Basin : Kanhar Basin is formed by the Kanhar river and its tributaries. Kanhar river emerges from Bakhona peak of Pandrapat situated in Bagicha Tehsil of Jashpur district. Kanhar Basin is situated at Northern region of Chhattisgarh and extended to the North-East part of Sarguja to Tehsil of Ramanujganj. 2. Rihand Basin : It is formed by Rihand river and its tributaries. It comes under Northern part of Devgargh mountains and Western part of Kanhar Basin of Wadrafnagar Tehsil.Rihand flows from chhuri Matiringa 28 https://competitioncommunity.com  (Sarguja) hills and enters to Sarguja. Then it crosses hills of Sarguja and flows in few parts of Balrampur and enters the Uttar Pradesh and meets Son River. Rihand basin is also known as Singroli Basin. 3. Changbhakhar and Devgarh hills : It is a part of Vindhyan mountain ranges. It extends is in Koriya, Surajpur, Northern Sarguja and Southern Balrampur districts. It is one of the highest region in Chhattisgarh. Highest peak of Devgarh hills is Lilavani - 1033 Meters. Hills of Devsar is located in North of Changbakhar & Devgarh Hills, it is a water divider between Gopad River and Rihand river. The slope of the rgion is towards north, And hence the river water of this region such as Gopad, Banas, Rihand and Kanhar rivers flows towards north and merges into Son river. ○○ Sitakund (Sarguja) : In times of Ramayana, this water reservior hass been built for water conservation. ○○ Sitalekhni Hills : Surajpur 4. Sarguja Basin : It is surrounded by Northern part of Devgarh hill and southern part of chhuri - Matiringa mountains. It is the biggest part of eastern Baghelkhand pleatues (CGPSC PRE - 2015). This Region consist of Ramgarh Hills and pleatues of Sonhat in west. Ramgarh Hills comes under divisions of satpura mountain ranges. Great poet Kalidas wrote "Meghdoot" in Satpura mountain ranges which was translated into Chhattisgarhi by popular writer Mukutdhar Pandey. 5. Hasdeo Rampur Basin : It is the southern most part of the natural division. It extends to southern Manendragarh, eastern Pendra and northern Katghora. There are several waterfalls in this region. Hasdeo River emerges from Kaimur-Sonhat plateau and cuts rocks of Hasdeo Rampur Basin at Gondwana rocks of Korba Basin and finally river at siladehi of Janjgir-Champa district. Hasdeo Rampur Basin is surrounded by pleatues of Pendra-Lormi, Sarguja Basin, Korba Basin and hills of Chhuri-Udaipur. Sitabengra, Jogimara and Lakshman caves situated on Ramgarh Hills. 1. Sitabengera : It is one of the worlds oldest theaters. 2. Jogimara : In this caves pictorial description of love story of dancer Devdutt and Devadasi Sutnuka was described, Scripture of Ashoka of Mauryan dynasty is found in Pali language and Brahmi script. Approximate Height : 300-700 meters Slope : Towards North Drainage System : East Baghelkhand plateau is Sourthern part water dividing range of Ganga and Mahanadi. Son river with its tributaries (Banas, Gopad, Rihand, Kanhar rivers) merges with Ganga river in Patna, Bihar. Which means that region comes under drainage system of Ganga. In addition to this Hasdeo river takes water to southern part of pleatues and merges to Mahanadi. Geological Structure : Baghelkhand plateau is formed from Gondwana rock series and Archean rocks of pre-cambrian era. In northern part of the plateau from east to west Balrampur, Surajpur & Koriya in upper Gondwana are present. In which sand stone are found. The lower Gondwana rock is found in lower part attached to strip of this rock group which is expand to Southern Koriya and Southern Surajpur. In both of these rock Series coal is abundent. In addition to this in few regions of Sarguja Archean rock series is found in which Granite are found. Soil : Almost half of the region of plateau is covered with forest. In this region mainly red-yellow soil is found which is good for farming of coarse grains. Climate : As Tropic of cancer passes through this region, the region is having abundance of forest area. This region has a dry monsoon climate and approximate rainfall is between 125-150 cm. Tropical forest are found here. https://competitioncommunity.com 29  Jashpur Pat Region (6,208 km2, 4.59%) It is the highest and smallest natural division of Chhattisgarh, which is situated at North-Eastern part of Chhattisgarh. Pat is a high topograpical location, which has flat top and steep slope. This is a part of Chhota Nagpur Plateau. (Basically "Pat" is classification of special type of Plateau in local dilact) Area of Chhota Nagpur : 65509 km2 Extension : Mostly in Jharkand and in few parts areas of Odisha, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Included Districts : Jashpur, (Samaripat, Jamirpat) Balrampur, (Mainpat, Jarangpat) Surguja Expansion : 22°18' to 23°40' N Latitude, 83°2' to 84°20' East Longitude Approximate Height : 700-1000 meters. Slope : Towards east south Physical Structure : This pat is surrounded by Chhota Nagpur plateau from east, Baghelkhand plateau from west & Mahanadi basin from South-West of Chhattisgarh. 1. Samripat (Balrampur) 2. Jamir Pat (Balrampur) 3. Pandra Pat (Jashpur) 4. Jashpur Pat (Jashpur) 5. Jarang Pat (Sarguja) 6. Mainpat (Sarguja) 1. Samri Pat : It is extends in Balrampur district of Kusmi Tehsil. It is situated in the borders of Jharkhand & Chhattisgarh. Highest peak of Samri Pat is Gaurlata (1225 meter) Which is also the highest peak of Chhattisgarh. Western part of Samri Pat is known as Lahsoon pat. (CG Vyapam (RI) 2017) 2. Jamir Pat : It is situated in the east of Samripat, It has abundance of Bauxite and hence also known as plains of Bauxite. 3. Pandrapat : It is located in Bagicha tehsil of Jashpur district. Kanhar river originates from Khudiya hills of Pandarapat and the Ib river from highlands of Ranijhulas. Ib flows towards South-East region and enters Odisha and finally falls into Mahanadi river. Bauxite is found in Khudiya hills. 4. Jashpur Pat : It is the widest and largest pat of this natural division. It extends to almost whole of Jashpur district. Its average height is about 900 meter but height of peaks are more than 1000 meters. Example: Bhavar Hill, Tendu pat ect. 5. Jarang Pat : It is extends from Northern Sitapur to Lundra Tehsil of Sarguja district. Its highest altitude is 1145 meter. The largest bauxite reserve is found in Jarang pat. 6. Mainpat : It is one of the coldest area of Chhattisgarh, it is located in south Ambikapur of Sarguja district and few parts of Sitapur Tehsil. It is 29 m wide and 1152 high. Mand originates from Mainpat and falls into Mahanadi at Chandrapur (Janjgir-Champa). In 1962 Tibetan refugees were settled at Mainpat. The tourist attractions are tiger point, Eco point, and fish point, jaljali (sesmic area). 30 https://competitioncommunity.com  Geological Structure : The Deccan Trap formed by the freezing of basalt containing lava from the volcano has created this region. There is abundance of bauxite mineral here. Soil : In this region laterite soil is found. In which oxide of Iron and Aluminium are found. The fertile layer of this Soil is destroyed by flow & leaching, so it is unsuitable for agriculural work but it canbe used for construction work. Climate : The entire region is extremety inaccessible and covered with forests. The climate is Tropical monsoon where approximate temperature during summer is 32°C and temperature during winter it goes to 17°C. Hot humid deciduous forests are found. Drainage System : The major rivers of this region are Kanhar (A tributary of Son), Shankh (A tributary of Brahmi) Ib and Maand (A tributary of Mahanadi). The flow these river are mostly from east to south. Plains of Chhattisgarh (68,064 km2, 50.34%) The fertile land of Mahanadi, comes under plains of Chhattisgarh. It is Surounded by Baghelkhand plateau at north, Maikal Series from west, Dandkaranya plateau at South and some minor ranges from east, the shape of the area is like a wing of a bird. The plains of Chhattisgarh is also known as "heart of Chhattisgarh”. The surface structure of this region is flat in the middle and the eastern and western border areas are at elevations due to which the region looks like a bowl. Included Districts : 1. Korba 2. Raigarh 3. Gorella-Pendra-Marwahi ' 4. Bilaspur 5. Mungeli 6. Janjgir-Champa 7. Kawardha 8. Bemetra 9. Balodabazar 10. Raipur 11. Durg 12. Mahasamund 13. Rajnandgaon 14. Balod 15. Dhamtari 16. Gariaband Extension : ○○ From 19°47' to 23°7' Northerm Latitude ○○ From 83°17' to 83°52' Eastern Longitude Approximate Height of the Plain is 200 meters and avg. height of bordering highlands is 330 mts. Slope : Towards east Physical structure : Central plains of Chhattisgarh expands upto 31,600 km2, of area and Marginal sides of this plain are Surrounded by Highlands, which are expanded in an area of over 36,464 km2 and hence Chhattisgarh basin is divided into two topograpical Regions. Mahanadi Basin S. No. Plains (31,600 km ) 2 Highlands (3,60,464 km2) 1. Pandra-Lormi Plateaues Hills of Churi-Udaipur 2. Korba Basin Maikal Series 3. Raigarh Basin Marginal Highlands of Durg 4. Plain of Bilaspur-Raigarh Dhamtari-Mahasamund Highland 5. Plains of Durg-Raipur https://competitioncommunity.com 31 32 https://competitioncommunity.com https://competitioncommunity.com 33 Plains 1. Pandra-Lormi plateau : This plateau is expanded to North-Western parts of Lormi (Mungeli), Pendra (Bilaspur) and Katghora (Korba) Tehsils with Approx height of 800 meters. There are two major peaks in this pleatue : i. Palma Peak : Gaurella –pendra- marwahi (1080 meters) ii. Lafagarh peak : Korba (1048 meters) 2. Korba Basin : It is expanded in the Southern region of Korba district. A major rivers in this region Hasdeo which is a tributary of Mahanadi and approx hight of the region is 250-300 meters. 3. Raigarh Basin : It extends in the North-Western parts of Raigarh district and to the East of Korba district. Major river of this region is Kelo and approx height of the region is 300 meters. 4. Plains of Bilaspur and Raigarh : This region is extends in the middle of plains of Mungeli tehsil to Raigarh tehsil. Hight the region is between 150-300 meters. The height of Dalha hill situated at Akaltara is 760 meters. 5. Plains of Durg and Raipur : This Region is extends from east of Rajnandagaon, Southern Kabirdham, Durg, Raipur and upto Northern Dhamtari (Kurud Tehsil). Approx height of this plain is 300 meter. Highlands 1. Hill of Chhuri-Udaipur : It extends in northern Korba, Southern Sarguja and Dharamjaigarh Tahsil of Raigarh (at Udaipur). Approx height of this highland is regionis 600-900 meters. 2. Maikal Series : It is situated expands in western Chhattisgarh from Rajnandgaon to Mungeli. Maikal series are a part of Satpura range. Heighest peak of this region is Badargarh (1176 meters), which is situated at Kawardha district. Maikal series comes under a rain shadow area that's the reason for lowest rainfall recorded in Kabirdham district. (CGPSC PRE 2008) 3. Marginal-Highlands of Durg : This region extends to is expanded in Ambagarh (Rajnandgaon), South Durg and Balod district. Approx height of the region is 500-800 meters. Heights peak of this region is Dongargarh(Rajnandgaon) is 704 meters and Dallirajhara Balod (700 meters). 4. Highlands of Dhamtari-Mahasmund : It expands from northern Dhamtari to northern Gariyaband and to Mahasamund District. Avg. Height is 400-900 meters. The heighest peak of this highland are Shishupal Dharidongri (899 meters) situated at Mahasamund district. Geological Structure : This Region is formed due to erosion of Granite stones which also indudes Cuddapah stone. This region is having abundance of Limestone and Dolomite ores. Soil : Here fertile Soil of the region includes Red-Yellow soil and Black soil. Major crops grown are rice, gram, Soybean etc. It is a major region of natural division in which maximum facility for irrigation is provided and in addittion to this, place has highest Agricultural Productivity Moreover this region has the highest population, population density, litteracy and Industrilization. Drainage System : The Major rivers of this fertile region are Mahanadi river and its tributary rivers i.e. Eib, Mand, Kelo, Borai, Hasdeo, Shivnath, Pairi, Sondhur, Jonk and Laat etc. In addition to this Tada and Banjar river flows from Kabirdham and merges to Narmada river. Climate : This region has tropical monsoon climate. Approx. temperature in summer is between40°C-45°C and 20°C during winters. Average annual rainfall in this region is more than 117.5 cm but Kabirdham is the minimum Rainfall region. 34 https://competitioncommunity.com  Note : ○○ Sihawa Hills - Dhamtari ○○ Kandavani Hills - Kabirdham ○○ Chhata Hill - Balodabazar ○○ Pragyagiri Hills - Rajnandgaon Plateaus of Dandkaranya (39,060 km2, 28.91%) Dandkaraya forest of Chhattisgarh (Area : 39060 km2) is extendeds from Vindhyachal mountains to Godavari Basin (Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andra Pradesh) Which is surrounded by Bastar from east, Abujhmad hills in west and plains in South. The region is rich in tribal population, forest and endowed with rich mineral resources. Included District : Bastar, Dantewada, Sukma, Narayanpur, Bijapur, Mohla (Rajnandgaon). Expansion : From 17°46' to 20°34' North Latitude & from 80°18' East to 82°15' East Longitude Slope : From West to South Average Height : 600 meters Physical Structure : This plateau is situated in the southern part of Chhattisgarh plain. The plateau can divided into four division : 1. Kotri Basin 2. Abujhmad Area 3. Bastar plateaus 4. Plains of Bijapur 1. Kotri Basin : This Basin is formed by Kotri river a tributary of Indravati river. This area is extended from Mohalaa (Rajnandgaon) to Pakhanjur, Bhanupratapur (Kanker) the average height is 300-450 meters. 2. Abujhamad Area : It is expanded in South-West region of state, Abujhmad comes under the hills of Narayanpur and South Kanker. The average height of Abujhmad hills are 600-900 meters. Where as maximum height of this hills is 1076 meters. Here, forest has abundance of Teak(sagon) Trees and this region has high records of Rainfall (187.5 cm). And hence this region is also known as "Cherapunji of Chhattisgarh". Under the Kanker Districts : ○○ Raoghat hills : Famous for iron-ore ○○ Aridongri (Bhanupratapur Tehsil) : Iron ore deposite. ○○ Gadhiya hills : Gadhiya festival is celebrated in september. 3. Bastar Plateaus (North-East plateau) : This Region extends to the North-eastern part of Bastar, Northern Sukma and Dantewada. Its average height is 450-750 meters. In this plateau Keshkal valley is situated in North and Bailadila hills is located in west. ○○ Bailadila hills - This hills are formed of Dharwad rocks in which high Quality iron-ore is found. Iron ore obtained from this region is exported to Japan through Vishakhapattnam harbour. Highest peak of these hills is Nandiraj (1210 meters). ○○ Keshkal Valley (Kondagaon) - This valley is a water dividing range between Indravati drainage system and Mahanadi drainage system. There are 12 turns in this valley and this is also known as an entry Gate of Bastar. https://competitioncommunity.com 35 36 https://competitioncommunity.com  4. Plains of Bijapur (Godavari-Shabri plain) : This is Southern part of plateau, which is extends to in South of Bijapur and sukma. Drainage System : The dandkaranya plateau is part Godavari drainage system. The tributary of Godavari is Indravati which originates from Kalahandi in Odisha and falls into Godavari. Geological Structure : Northern part of Dandkaranya is formed from Archean rock series, Granite and gneiss are found in the rock series. Its extends in Kanker, Kondagaon, Narayanpur, Bijapur and north Bastar. The plateau of Bastar is formed of granite and gneiss. Dharwad rock series is found in Dantewada and has the high deposit of iron ore. High pleatues of Keshkal valley is formed from Cudappah and vidhyan rock series. This rocks are formed due to erosion of Granite. Soil : 52.47% of this plateau and hills are covered with forests. In this region Red-sandy soil is found but due to high amount of sand present in such soil its fertility is low. In regions of south Dantewada and Sukma red loamy soil is found. And hence, in some parts of this regions farming is done. Climate : Climate of Dandkaraya is tropical monsoon. The Average temparature in winter is 19°c and 31°c in summer seasons. S. No. District Peak, hills Height (meter) 01 Balrampur Gauralata (highest peak) Samripat 1225 m. 02 Sarguja Mainpat, Jarang Pat 1152 m., 1045 m. 03 Koriya Devgarh, Lormi 1033 m. 04 Bilaspur, Korba, Mungeli Plateaus of Pandra Lormi 800 m. 05 Gaurella-Pendra - Marwahi Palma, Pendra Lormi 1080 m. 06 Korba Lafagarh,( Pendra Lormi plateau) 1048 m. 07 Kabirdham Badargarh, (Maikal Range) 1176 m. 08 Janjgir-Champa (Akaltara) Dalha Hills 760 m. 09 Mahasamund Dharidongar, (Shishupala) 899 m. 10 Rajnandgaon Dongargarh Hills 704 m. 11 Balod Dallirajhra 700 m. 12 Narayanpur Abujhmad Hills 1076 m. 13 Dantewada Bailadila, (Nandiraj) 1210 m. https://competitioncommunity.com 37  05 Geological Structure Chhattisgarh is divided into three divisions on the basis of Geological Structure : 1. Plateau of Northern Chhattisgarh (Eastern Baghelkhand Plateau and Pat Region) 2. Plains of central Chhattisgarh (Plains of Chhattisgarh) 3. Milly region of Southern Chhattisgarh (Dandakaranya plateau) The following rock groups are found in the state on the basis of Geological Structure : 1. Archean Rock Group (50%) : 2. Dharwad Rock Group 3. Cuddapah Rock Group (30%) 4. Vindhyan Rock Group 5. Deccan Trap 6. Gondwana Rock Group (17%) 1. Archean Rock Group (50%) : Archean rock series is expanded in 50% part of Chhattisgarh. It is one of the ancient, hard, fossil free and found in very deep core. The rock system was formed in the Precambrian era, after cooling of lava. That means, these rocks are oldest sedimentary rocks made by igneous and other deposits. Soil formes from the erosion of these rocks are suitable for farming of course crops. It consists of Granite, Gneiss, Quartz, , Hornblade, Biotite rocks. Expansion : i. Eastern Baghelkhand plateaus : Ambikapur Tehsil. ii. Jashpur Samri pat : Samri, Jashpur, Bagicha, Kunkuri, Pathalgaon. iii. Plains of Chhattisgarh : Ghargoda (Raigarh), Pendra Lormi, Pandariya, Kota (North- Western region) 38 https://competitioncommunity.com  iv. Eastern Region : Tehsil of Mahasamund, Gariaband, Rajim, Dhamtari, Kurud, Dondi Lohara, Balod etc. v. Dandkarnya Plateaues : Kanker, Narayanpur, Bijapur, Sukma, Kondagaon, North western, Bastar etc. (75% of Land is formed from proto Granite and proto rocks) 2. Dharwad Rock Group: ○○ It is fossil free rocks formed from the erosion of Archean Rocks. ○○ It is named after Dharwad district of Karnataka. ○○ The maximum minerals are found in this Layered rocks Like. Tin, Quartz, Iron ore and Asbestos are found. ○○ This rocks are expanded in three Series in Chhattisgarh : i. Chilphi Ghati Series : It is expanded in few parts of Mungeli, Kabirdham and Rajnandgaon. In this series, Mangnese ore, Sericite, Quartzite, Cyst stone series are found. ii. Sonakhan Series : This Series is expanded in a shape of finger in Balodabazar and Mahasamund district of Southern part of Mahanadi. In this series Quartzite, Conglomerate, Slate, Quartz, clay etc are found. iii. Iron-Ore Series : This Series is expanded in mountains of Dalhirajra, Raoghat, Bailadila. In which Iron-ore, quartzite, Hemetite is found. 3. Cuddapah Rock Group (30%) : The Cuddapah rocks are formed by the erosion of Darwad rock. This are broken and metamorphic rocks. Its is named after Kadappa district of Andhra Pradesh. These are mainly found in the plains of Chhattisgarh. The dolomite and lime stone are mainly found in the area. It consist of two series in state : i. Raipur Series : It is expanded in areas of Bilaspur, Bemetara, Raipur, Balodabazar and the limestone obtained here is of cement grade. And hence the cement plants are established in these areas. ii. Chandrapur Series : The Lower order of Cuddapa series comes under Chandrapur series which extends in Northern Kanker to Raigarh. It has green chlorite and pink purple rock series. 4. Vindhyan Rock Group : It was formed after the formation of Cuddapah rock group. These are flaky rocks formed by water deposits. In which sands stones are found. It is named after vindhyachal mountains. This rock series is divided into two : i. Upper Vindhyan : These rock formations extend to the north of the Narmada River. Therefore, they are not present in Chhattisgarh. ii. Lower Vindhyan : This Rocks are found in very few quantity in some river valley and plains of Chhattisgarh. https://competitioncommunity.com 39 40 https://competitioncommunity.com 5. Deccan Trap : The physical form of basalt derived from cooling of volcanic Lava into thick layer is called Deccan trap. These volcanic deposits have flat top and steep sides and therefore called ‘trap’ meaning a ‘stair’ or ‘step’ in Swedish. These rock series are of Beige Color Black soil is found due to Basalt precipitation in deccan trap. These are expanded in Eastern part of Maikal seies (Kawardha, Rajnandgaon and Jashpur-Samripat). These areas have abundance of bauxite ore. 6. Gondwana Rock Group (17%) : Gondwana is a fossilized rock made from the remains of various types of flora, fauna and climate change of historical geological era. Mainly, Coal is found in these rock series. Depending upon the configuration and quality this rock series is divided into following : i. Upper Gondwana : It is expanded in Eastern Baghelkhand plataue -Janakpur, Mahendrapur, Pratapur, Baikunthpur, Surajpur etc. In this region high amount of coal is found. ii. Middle Gondwana : It is not yet fully developed in Chhattisgarh regions, but its few concentration is found in region of Son river and Mahanadi river. Which is known as parsora & Tikki. These rock series can be classified on the basis of the content of fossil fuels found in it. iii. Lower Gondwana : This rock series expandes in Lower part of uppper Gondwana Southern Manendragarh, Southern Sarguja, Korba, Katghora, Kharsia, Raigarh & Dharmjaigarh. These rock series are formed from the Layers of Shell grit (Soft, White and sand-stones) and coals. These comes under Talchar, Brakar and Kamethi rock series. https://competitioncommunity.com 41  06 Soils of Chhattisgarh The Geological structure and climate of the place decides the nature and condition of soil. Chhattisgarh is a part of a peninsular plateaue of India and so, the residual soils are found in this region. Soil are divided in five division on the basis of structure and quality : 1. Red-Yellow Soil (55–60%) 2. Red–Sandy Soil (30–35%) : 3. Red - Loamy Soil (10–15%) : 4. Black Soil : 5. Laterite Soil: 1. Red-Yellow Soil (55–60%) : Local Name : Matasi Soil. It is the most commonly found soil in Chhattisgarh. This Soil is formed from the erosion of Cuddapah and Dharwad Rock. In which enough proportion of Limestone is found. Due to the lack of nitrogen, phospharus & humus the soil is less fertile. Red-Yellow soil is normally found is some place. Its red colour is due to presense of Iron oxide while yellow colour is due to hydration of ferric oxide. Due the presence of sand its water retention capacity is low. Its ph value is between 5.5–8.4. This soil has both acidic and basic nature. Soil found in north Chhattisgarh is basic and Soil found in Bastar region is acidic in nature. Rice cultivation is mostly done in Red-Yellow soil. In addition to this, cultivation of pulses, Oilseeds and tobacco is also done in this soil. Expansions : Northern region & plains of Chhattisgarh. (Koriya, Sarguja, Surajpur, Balrampur, Jashpur, Mungeli, Bilaspur, Korba, Janjgir-Champa, Raigarh, Durg, Balod, Bemetra, Rajnandgaon, Raipur, Balodabazar, Dhamtari, Gariyaband & Mahasamund etc) 42 https://competitioncommunity.com https://competitioncommunity.com 43 2. Red–Sandy Soil (30–35%) : ○○ Local Name : Tikra. It is expanded in 30-35% of land in Chhattisgarh. Due to presence of iron - oxide and high proportion of sand this soil is named as Red- Sandy Soil. It is acidic in nature. Due to lack of Nitrogen and humus this soil is less fertile and has less water retention capacity. This kind of Soil is suitable for course grains. Like Maize, Barley, Kodo-Kutki etc. Expansion : In Southern part of the state i.e. Dandkarya region (Kanker, Narayanpur, Bijapur, Sukma, Dantewada, Bastar, Kondagaon, Rajnandgaon & Balod). 3. Red - Loamy Soil (10–15%) : ○○ In this Soil proportion of clay is high as compared to sand. Due to presence of iron oxide colour of this soil is red. Nature of this soil is acidic and due to less moisture absorption capacity, high irrigation is required. This Soil is found in few areas of Sukma & Dantewada. 4. Black Soil : Local Name : Kanhar/Regur/Bharri This Soil is formed due to erosion of Basalt containg lava. Due to presence of high proportion of ferric titanium colour of this Soil is black. In this Soil high amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Organic element is found. It is basic in nature (ph = 7.8) In this Soil proportion of iron & clay is high. It is higly fertile Soil because of its smooth texture its water retentioin capacity is very high and cracks occurs due to Lack of water because of this sun rays air etc enters inside the Layers of Soil. This kind of Soil is highly suitable for farming of Gram, Wheat, Sugarcane, Cotton, Soyabean etc. Expansion : This Soil is found in region with less rainfall like Kawardha, Mungeli, Rajnandgaon (Maikal Series), Gariyaband, Raipur, Dhamtari and few parts of Mahasamund. 5. Laterite Soil : ○○ Local Name : Bhata/Murmi. The formation of such Soil takes place due to deposition method. In which upper fertile layer of Soil is drained in water due to flow and deposition. (CG Vyapam 2014) In this Soil oxides of Iron and Aluminum is found and lime flows inside due to leaching and found in deep layers. This pebbled Soil is suitable for Tea farming and for construstion purpose. 44 https://competitioncommunity.com  This Soil lacks Nutrtive values, its water retention capacity is also less and it is basic in nature, whose ph value is 7. Expansion : It is found in pat region , Raipur, Bilaspur, and few parts of Janjgir-Champa. Note : The mixture of Red-Yellow Soil and Black Soil is known as Dorsa. Local Soil found in Nothern and Southern plateaus of Chhattisgarh Northern Chhattisgarh Southern Chhattisgarh S.No. (Sarguja Area) (Bastar Area) 1 Tikra Marhan 2 Chavar Tikra 3 Gad Chavar Mal 4 Bahara Gabhar https://competitioncommunity.com 45  07 Climate of Chhattisgarh Climate is the average weather in a place over many years.i. e prolonged temperature,. That means its climate is similar to the climate of India. Geographically Chhattisgarh is located in the central India. Hence its climate is similar to the climate of India. Climate of Chhattisgarh is Tropical Monsoon Climate (Hot Humid Monsoon). Average rainfall in Chhattisgarh is 125-150 cm and the average rainfall days is 67 days. Chhattisgarh was divided into three divisions On the Basis of Climate : 1. Northern Hilly area 2. Plane of Chhattisgarh 3. Hilly area of Bastar 1. Northern Hilly area : Tropic of Cancer passes through northern region of Chhattisgarh (Koriya, Surajpur, Balrampur). Due to which there is more heat in summer and cold in winter. But Heat is not felt due to abundance of forests region. In winters the temperature of Mainpat is about 0°C. That means it is the coldest place in Chhattisgarh. Average rainfall in Jashpur region is 172 cm. 2. Plane of Chhattisgarh : Due to the Scarcity of forest in plain of Chhattisgarh. There for the maximum heat is felt in summer seasons. Janjgir-Champa is the hottest place of Chhattisgarh (45°C). In this region, less cold during winter seasons and there is minimum average rainfall in Maikal range regions (Rain Shadow areas) Lowest Rainfall is recorded in Kawardha district. 3. Hilly area of Bastar : Due to abandance of forest and hilly areas, there is warm during Summer Seasons and very cold during winter seasons and high average annual rainfall. 46 https://competitioncommunity.com https://competitioncommunity.com 47  There is cold and wet elimate (due to high rainfall) in this region. Highest rainfall is recorded in Abujhmad (187 cm). That is why Abujhmad is also called as Cherapunji of Chhattisgarh. Climate condition of Chhattisgarh The reasons responsible for climate conditions of any region are as following : 1. The Distance of Tropic of cancer and Equater from that area. 2. Height and distance from the sea level. 3. Wind flowing from ocean and surface. 4. Oceanic Currents. 5. Mountain Series, soil and forest etc Climate of the region affects the Soil, vegetation, agriculture, population, Energy and water sources. In India, after 21 March sun rays falls straight in the Northern hemisphere.On 21 June Sun is perpendicular to the Tropic of Cancer. During this time the sunlight falls straight and the tempreture of the state increases. The lowpressure center is established in North-Western part of India and it is too high in June that winds of sea moves towards lands and Monsoon winds from Indian oceans (low temperature and high pressure area) starts flowing from south to west and this winds is responsible for rain fall when it flows from Chhattisgarh. The monsoon first enters Bastar region. After 21 September, the Sun moves from equator towards southern Hemisphere. During this time sun rays falls fallobliquely on India. There is high wind pressure in Northern-western region and low in Indian occean. As a result, wind starts flowing from North-west to South region. But this wind is dry and cold. There is winter in November to January in state. The south-west monsoon is responsible for the rainfall in Chhattigarh. In which 90% of rainfall occurs due to monsoon winds of Bay of Bengal and 10% of Arabian sea. There are 3 major seasons in Chhattisgarh : 1. Summer - March to June 2. Rainfall - July to October 3. Winter - November to Feburary Mean while, October is the transition period (Sankranti) between rainy and winter seasons called "Sharad" and February is the transitaion period (Sankranti) between winter and summer called 'Basant' or 'Spring'. 48 https://competitioncommunity.com  08 Agriculture, Irrigation and Animal Husbandry In Chhattisgarh Agriculture Chhattisgarh is an agricultural dominant state in which 80% population is involved in agriculture related Industries.Chhattisgarh is surrounded by hills & plateaues; paddy is grown mainly in the plain areas of Chhattisgarh (around 67.46%) Hence, Chhattisgarh is also known as "Rice bowl". Despite of all this per hectare production is only limated to 8 Quintals per Acre, which is Less than the average production of our country. Total population of families involved in farming in the state is 37.46 Lac. Under which 76% families comes under small & marginal category. The contribution of crop production of Chhattisgarh in GDP (at constant price) - 24,18,422 Lac approx (2018-19). Contribution of Crop sector in GDP (constant price) Statistics 2015–16 2016–17(P) 2017–18(Q) 2018–19(A) 2019-20(A) Contribution (in lakhs) 19,78,955 24,54,184 19,82,601 22,97,560 2344656 Increment (%) –3.27 24.01 –19.22 15.89 2.05 Share (%) 10.97 12.57 9.71 10.52 10.19 Agricultural Computation according to 2010-11 : Total Sown Area - 50.40 Lakh Hectare Total farming family - 37.46 Lakh Hectare Average Holding Size - 1.36 Hectare Small and Marginal farmers - 76% According to the Economic Survey 2018–19 Total Sown Area Net Sown Area Dual Croping Area 56.24 Lakh Hectare 46.81 Lakh Hectare 9.4 Lakh Hectare No. Max. Min. No. Max. Min. No. Max. Min. 1 Rajnandgaon Narayanpur 1 Rajnandgaon Narayanpur 1 Rajnandgaon Bijapur 2 Bemetra Bijapur 2 Mahasamund Bijapur 2 Bemetra Narayanpur 3 Mahasamund Dantewada 3 Raigarh Koriya 3 Kabirdham Sukma https://competitioncommunity.com 49  Agricultural Climate area 1. Plains of Chhattisgarh Area Soil Rainfall Crops Division : Bilaspur, Gaurella- Bhata 1225 mm. Rice, Kodo-Kutki, Wheat, Pea, Moong, Pendra-Marwahi, Raipur, Durg, Matasi Gram, Linseed, Mustard, Groundnut, Charama and Bhanupratapur in Dorsa Soyabean Kanker Kanhar Headquater : Raipur 50.52% of state's land comes under it. 2. Bastar Plateaues Area Soil Rainfall Crops Division : Bastar (Under Kanker Marhan 1521 mm. Rice, Wheat, Kodo-Kutki, Maize, Arhar, district : Kanker, Narharpur, Tikara Gram, Kulthi, Sesame, Tivra, Potato, Antagarh, Pakhanjoor) Mal Vegetables Headquater : Jagdalpur Gabhar 28.62% land it comes under 3. Northern Hilly Region Area Soil Rainfall Crops Division : Sarguja Tikara 1241.5 mm. Kodo-Kutki, Rice, Wheat, Ramtil, Pea, Headquater : Ambikapur Chhawar Mustard, Potato. 20.86% state land comes under Gadchawar it Bahara Classification of Crops 1.Crops Based on life cycle 2. Crops Based on Seasons 3. Crops Based on Utility Annuals, Kharif Biannual Rabi Perennials Zaid General Utility Special Utility Food Crops Cash Crops Oil seeds Inter cropping Pulses Soil Protector Spices Green Manure Fruits Medicinal Stimulants 50 https://competitioncommunity.com १. Crops on the Basis of Life Cycle : Annual crops Biannual crops Perennial crops These crops complete their life cycle These crops complete their life These crops complete their life cycle in one year. cycle in two years. in more than two years. Basically in Ex. : Paddy, Wheat, Barley, Gram, Medicinal and flowering crops this flowers and fruits are grown. Soyabean, Cotton, Potato and are such kind of crops. Ex. : Naiper Grass, Rijka, Fruits etc. Gourd etc. Ex. Sugarcane, Beet and Onion etc. 2. Crops Based on Seasons :- a) Kharif Crops (Rainy Seasons crops) : Duration : 15 June to 15 October These crops require High temperature and Humidity at the time of sowing and a dry climate at the time of Harveting. These crops are sown in June and Harvested during October. These Crops completely depends upon rainfall, just because of its high water requirement. 75% of Rice farming is done under such crops. Major Kharif Crops : 1. Food corps : Paddy, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Kodo, Kutki 2. Oilseeds : Groundnuti, Soyabean, Til etc 3. Pulses Crops : Moong, Arhar, Urad 4. Commercial Crops : Jute, Sugarcane, Soyabean b) Rabi Crops (Winter Crops) : Duration : 15 October to 15 Feburary These crops requires less temperature during sowing and dry and