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CE 133 – CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering ENGR. ROMEL B. SAN DIEGO JR.  Construction Materials Testing Construction Materials Materials Testing Importance of Construction Material Testing Stress a...

CE 133 – CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering ENGR. ROMEL B. SAN DIEGO JR.  Construction Materials Testing Construction Materials Materials Testing Importance of Construction Material Testing Stress and Deformation CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering It is an important course in civil engineering as it discusses the reliability and suitability if materials used in the construction process. It defines the safety and longevity of the construction materials used in the structures. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering is the process of making a building infrastructure. Construction starts with planning, design and financing; and continues until the project is built and ready for use. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Building constructions is usually further subdivided into residential and non-residential. When we say non-residential, those are commercial and institutional structures. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering It is often called heavy civil or heavy engineering. It includes large public works such as dams, bridges, high ways, railways, waste water, and utility distribution. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering It includes refineries, processed chemicals, power generation mills, and manufacturing plants. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering These are materials which are used for construction purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to constructed structures. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Engineering structures are composed of materials. These materials are known as engineering materials or building materials or materials of construction. It is necessary for the civil engineer to become conversant with the properties of such materials. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Familiarization of the basic construction materials is one the basic knowledges a civil engineer needs to know. Comprehending with characteristics and properties of construction materials through systematic laboratory tests conforming to standards, helps to analyze underlying principles in the design of the structure. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Construction Materials are items, material or supply, fixtures or equipment consumed or used in construction process. In general, there are five (5) types of construction materials: aggregates, steel reinforcement, cement, concrete and bitumen. Each material has its distinct characteristics that must conform to the standards and specifications for specific structural components. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering These are taken to represent the total, to know the distinct characteristics. There is no substitute for sampling if the aim is to get an idea of quality. Sampling is standardized so as to minimize the effect of human error. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Refers to the process of making tests on samples submitted to determine the degree of compliance of delivered or constructed materials with the specifications. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The measurement of the characteristics and behavior of materials such as metals, concrete, ceramics or plastics under various conditions. Generally, materials testing is performed to certify material for a given specification or to verify that it meets a certain criterion. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The testing may evaluate mechanical properties such as strength, hardness and elasticity or determine the composition or elemental content of the material. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Mechanical Testing It aims to find out the properties of the materials such as the yield strength or hardness, toughness where the materials are physically tested to destruction. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) It is a kind of testing and analysis technique used to evaluate the properties of materials, component, structure or system for characteristic differences or welding defects and discontinuities without causing damage to the original part. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering  Meeting the regulatory requirements like National Building Code, National Structural Code of the Philippines, international organization and others. Selection of the appropriate materials and treatments for application. Evaluation of the product design and improvement of specifications Verification of the production process CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering  Know how to choose proper material from the commercially available varieties for a particular purpose of construction; Know common defects in the materials; Know various precautions to be taken while constructing for better durability. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering It is critical for the viability and safety of a construction project. CMT can reveal any number of issues related to construction quality. It can highlight future risks, help classify a building site, and assist with engineering decisions. Without CMT, engineers and builders may not know if the quality of the construction meets the requirements. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering It is an international standard organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services, including construction materials. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Quality materials is essential for the construction of safe and robust buildings. ISO has more than 100 standards related to raw materials used in construction, such as concrete, cement, timber, and glass. These include standards on terminology, testing procedures and assessment of safety levels. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering They serve as the National Standards Body (NSB) of the Philippines and is mandated to develop, promulgate, and implement standards for all products in the Philippines, to promote standardization activities in the country, and to ensure the manufacture, production, and distribution of quality products for the protection of the consumer. Under the BPS is the Standards Development Division that develops Philippine National Standards (PNS). CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering It contains all the standard specifications of all item of work. This includes the right terminology in every structure or description, the pay item number, unit of measurement per item, its construction methodology, material requirement that includes the required test and number of samples in a given test. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Aggregate is a collective term for mineral materials such as sand, gravel, and crushed stone that are used with a binding medium (such as water, bitumen, Portland cement, lime, etc.) to form compound materials (such as asphalt concrete and Portland cement concrete). CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is an analytical technique used to determine the particle size distribution of granular material by allowing the material to pass through a series of sieves of progressively smaller mesh size and weighing the amount of material collected in each sieve. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering A water absorption test is used to measure the amount of water that an aggregate can absorb. It is the increase in the aggregate mass due to the penetration of water into the pores of the particles during a prescribed time. The term absorption does not include the amount of water adhering to the surface of the particles. Water absorption is expressed as a percentage of the dry mass. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The Abrasion Test measures the toughness and resistance like degradation, crushing, and disintegration. AASHTO T96 suggests the test or ASTM C131 called the “Resistance to degradation of small coarse aggregate by Abrasion” and impact on the Los Angeles Abrasion Test Machine. The test ensures that aggregates used for the surface course of road pavements can resist wear and tear of traffic movement and traffic loads. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow compressive load. The aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact or shock, which may differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load. Due to movement of vehicle on the road, the aggregates are subjected to impact resulting in their breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration on due to impact. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The crushing value test gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to crushing under a gradually applied compressive load. Aggregate crushing value is defined as the percentage by weight of the crushed (or finer) material obtained when the test aggregates are subjected to a specified load under standardized conditions, and the strength of the aggregate used in road construction is expressed by numerical index. Aggregates with lower crushing value show a lower crushed fraction under load and would give a longer service life to the road and hence a more economical performance. If we used a weaker it would get crushed under traffic loads, would produce smaller pieces not coated with binder and these would be easily displaced or loosened out resulting in loss of the surface/layer. Due to this reason, the aggregates used in road construction must be strong enough to withstand crushing under rollers and traffic. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Bitumen or asphalt is any of various mixtures of hydrocarbons (such as tar) often together with their non-metallic derivatives that occur naturally or are obtained as residues after heat-refining natural substances (such as petroleum). Bitumen is also defined as a substance produced through the distillation of crude oil that is known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties. Bitumen production through distillation removes lighter crude oil components, such as gasoline and diesel, leaving the “heavier bitumen behind. The producer often refines it several times to improve its grade. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The determination of binder content of bituminous mixtures is one of the major properties that affect pavement performance. The binder content affects the pavement’s tendency to permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, and moisture damage. The binder content can be determined by ignition method and hot/cold extraction. Centrifuge Extractor is the machine used to determine the amount of bitumen. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The flash point is an important concept in fire investigation and protection because it is the lowest temperature at which a fire risk exists with a given liquid. It is crucial in many circumstances to establish the presence of some liquids and to know their flash point during the investigation process. The high density of bitumen will show the higher value of fire & flashpoint. When the bitumen sample is mixed with other particles, then it shows different values while testing the sample. Improper specimen heating will affect the result of the test. The Pensky-Martens apparatus is used to determine the bitumen's flash and fire points of the bitumen. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Flash Point – The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the test flame's application causes the material's vapors to momentarily catch fire in the form of a flash under specified conditions of the test. Fire Point – The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn for at least 5 seconds under specified conditions of the test. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Penetration test of bitumen determines the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in millimeters to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in five seconds while the temperature of the bitumen sample is maintained at 25. Also, the Penetration test of bitumen is used to measure the consistency of bitumen. A penetrometer consisting of a needle assembly with a total weight of 100 grams and a device for releasing and locking the needle is mainly used in the determination of the penetration of the bitumen. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Bitumen are viscoelastic material without sharply defined melting points; it gradually becomes softer and less viscous as the temperature rises. The softening point of bitumen can be determined through the use of a ring- and-ball apparatus immersed in distilled water (30 to 80°C) or USP glycerin (above 80 to 157°C). The softening point is reported as the mean of the temperatures at which the two disks soften enough to allow each ball, enveloped in bitumen, to fall a distance of 25 mm (1.0 in.). The softening point is useful in the classification of bitumen, as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply and is indicative of the tendency of the material to flow at elevated temperatures encountered in service. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The specific gravity of a bitumen binder is a fundamental property frequently required as an aid in classing binders for use in paving jobs. Bitumen weights sometimes have to be converted into volumes for asphalt concrete mix design calculations for which a knowledge of specific gravity is essential. Specific gravity is also used in identifying the source of bitumen binder. Bitumen binder has specific gravity in the range of 0.97 to 1.02. The specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a given volume of bitumen to the mass of an equal volume of water, both taken at a recorded/specified temperature. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The ductility of a material is the ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation (permanent deformation) before the rupturing (breaking) of a material. The ductility of a bituminous material is measured by the distance in cm to which it will elongate before breaking when a standard briquette specimen of the material is pulled apart at a specified speed and a specified temperature. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Marshall Stability is the resistance to the plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface. It is the load-carrying capacity of the mix at 60 C and is measured in kg. Marshall stability measures the maximum load sustained by the bituminous material at a loading rate of 50.8 mm/minute. The test load is increased until it reaches a maximum. Beyond that, when the load just starts to decrease, the loading is ended and the maximum load (i.e. Marshall stability) is recorded. During the loading test, a dial gauge is attached which measures the specimen’s plastic flow owing to the applied load. The flow value refers to the vertical deformation when the maximum load is reached. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Cement is a fine-gray powder that is mixed with water and other substances to make mortar or concrete. It is a key building material in both residential and commercial construction work. Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron, and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. These ingredients, when heated at high temperatures form a rock-like substance that is ground into the fine powder that we commonly think of as cement. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The Fineness test of cement is done by sieving the cement sample through a standard IS sieve. The weight of cement particles whose size is greater than 90 microns is determined and the percentage of retained cement particles are calculated. In general, finer cement particles are considered best. Fineness of the cement decreases bleeding while it increases the final strength and increases the strength development during its first seven days. Fineness also affects the workability and indirectly measures the surface area of the particles of cement per unit mass. Fineness also increases the rate of hydration; the finer the cement particles the higher the rate of hydration can be produced. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The soundness of cement is the property at which the cement resists or withstands the Expansion due to slow or delayed hydration of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. It is simply defined as the ability of cement to retain its volume after it gets hardened. The soundness of cement describes that the cement should be at minimum volume change after it gets hardened. A soundness test of cement is done to ensure that cement doesn’t show any expansion after hardening and to find out the uncombined lime in cement (excess lime). In simpler words, this test is conducted to check the “unsoundness of cement”. The unsoundness of cement makes the work saggy. Soundness directly affects the durability of the structure. The soundness test of the cement is mostly conducted by Le-Chatlier’s Method. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The consistency of cement refers to the minimum quantity of water required to initiate the chemical reaction between water and cement to form a paste. The Consistency of cement test is performed to determine the amount of water content that is to be added in cement to attain Standard consistency or normal consistency of cement. The Standard or Normal consistency for Ordinary Portland cement varies between 25-35%. When water is mixed with cement, it starts hydration. Excessive addition of water to cement results in an increase in water-cement ratio & ultimately cement loses its strength when it hardens. If less water is added than required, cement isn’t properly hydrated and results in loss of strength. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering When cement is mixed with water, it hydrates and makes cement paste. This paste can be molded into any desired shape due to its plasticity. Within this time cement continues with water and slowly cement starts losing its plasticity and set harden. This complete cycle is called the Setting time of cement. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering  Initial Setting Time of Cement: The time to which cement can be molded in any desired shape without losing it strength is called the initial setting time of cement. It is also defined as the time at which cement starts harden and completely loses its plasticity or the time available for mixing the cement and placing it in position. For Ordinary Portland Cement, the initial setting time is 30 minutes. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering  Final Setting Time of Cement: The time at which cement completely loses its plasticity and becomes hard is the final setting time of cement or the time taken by cement to gain its entire strength. For Ordinary Portland Cement, The Final Setting Time is 600 minutes (10hrs). CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand), and coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time. Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, or rocks. The paste, composed of Portland Cement and water, coats the surface of the fine (small) and coarse (larger) aggregates. Through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock-like mass known as concrete. In building construction, concrete is used for the construction of foundations, columns, beams, slabs, and other load-bearing elements. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering  Test of Fresh Concrete - Slump Test - Compaction Factor Test - Vee Bee Test - K-Slump Test Test of Hardened Concrete - Compression Strength Test - Flexural Strength Test - Rebound Hammer Test - Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering Concrete Slump Test is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity. It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness. A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness, indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete mix should be matched to the requirements for the finished product quality. The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test is an empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures concrete consistency between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of the apparatus used and simple procedure. CMT LECTURE/LABORATORY College of Engineering The compaction factor test is used for concrete which have low workability for which slump test is not suitable. The compacting factor test is performed to ascertain the workability of the concrete. The slump test does not give accurate results for low workability of concrete when the slump is