Construction Materials Testing CE 3121 PDF

22/08/2024 CE 3121 CONTENTS TOPICS 1. IMPORTAN...

22/08/2024 CE 3121 CONTENTS TOPICS 1. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 2. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIAL COMMON ENGINEERING MATERIALS 3. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS TESTING 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS ENGR. PJGPAMANI 6. CHARACTERESTICS BEHAVIOUR UNDER STRESS 7. MATERIAL ENGINEERING CONCEPTS 8. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS SETTING AGENCIES ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 Module 01 1. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS A. Know the sources of construction materials; B. Identify and know the properties of FUNDAMENTALS OF CONSTRUCTION various construction materials; C. Know how the materials are tested as MATERIALS TESTING per ASTM standards; D. Know how to choose proper material from the commercially available varieties for a particular purpose of construction; E. Know common defects in the materials; F. Know various precaution to be taken while constructing for better durability. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 2. CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING MATERIAL 3. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS A. The chemical composition of the Physical properties - A material; material undergoes transition B. The mode of occurrence of the material; under the influence of C. The refining and manufacturing temperature and pressure, and processes to which the material was these changes are physical in subjected prior to the acquisition of nature, because their the required properties; molecules remain intact. D. The atomic and crystalline structure [Density, specific gravity, of materials; and E. The industrial and technical use of the porosity, water material. absorption, etc…] ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 2. COMMON ENGINEERING MATERIALS-material science and engineering 3. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS A. METALS (ferrous- w/ iron and non ferrous-w/o iron) and alloys Mechanical properties. It is the B. CERAMICS- structural, pipes, property of material which bricks, roof tiles and floors. opposes the deformation or C. POLYMERS- syntetic organic breakdown of material in materials as plastics and resins. presence of external forces D. COMPOSITES- concrete, disc or load. [tensile strength, brake etc. compressive strength, rigidity, E. ADVANCED MATERIALS hardness, creep, fatigue, etc…] ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 3. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 3. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS Economic characteristics. Cost saving characteristics Thermal properties. The properties of a material Aesthetic properties. The which is related to its qualities that make a product conductivity of heat. These attractive to look at, or are the properties which pleasing to experience. are exhibited by a material [color, surface smoothness, when heat is passed the reflection of light, etc…] through it. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 3. PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Chemical properties. A chemical property is any of a material’s properties 1. Density (ρ) is defined that becomes evident during, or after, a as mass per unit volume chemical reaction; that is, any quality that for a material in kg/m3. can be established only by changing a substance’s chemical identity. Chemical Relative density (d) is the ratio of properties cannot be determined just by the density of the material with pure viewing or touching the substance; the water at 4oC. substance’s internal structure must be affected greatly for its chemical properties to be investigated. [resistance to acids, alkalies, brine, and oxidation] ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS The two types of density Where: Density Index ( 𝜌𝑜) is the are as follows: Ms = solid mass ratio of bulk density and a. Bulk Density ( 𝜌𝑏 ) is Mw = water mass relative density. It indicates the mass of a unit volume Vs = volume of solids the degree to which the volume of material in its natural Vv = volume of voids of a material is filled with state ( with pores and solid matter. For almost all voids) calculated as building materials 𝜌𝑜 is less than 1.0 because there are no absolutely dense bodies in nature. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS The two types of density 2. Specific Weight (𝛾) also known as the unit weight. It is the are as follows: weight per unit volume of material. Specific weight can be b. Solid density (ρs). It is used in civil engineering to determine the weight of a the ratio of the mass of structure designed to carry certain loads while remaining solid material to the volume intact and remaining within limits regarding deformation. It is of solid material without also used in fluid dynamics as a property of the fluid any space. Where: (example: the specific weight of water on Earth is 9.80 kN/m3 Ms = solid mass at 4ºC. Vs = volume of solids ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 3. Specific Gravity (Gs) of solid True or absolute specific gravity (Ga) if both the permeable and 6. Water absorption, Ww or Wv, denotes the ability of the material particles of a material is the ratio to absorb and retain water. It is expressed as percentage in weight impermeable voids are excluded to of weight/ mass of a given volume determine the true volume of or of volume of dry material. Where: of solids to the weight/ mass of solids, the specific gravity is called an equal volume of water at 4ºC. Ms = mass of saturated material true or absolute specific gravity. M = mass of dry material V = volume of material including the pores For materials like clay which is soaked readily, it is Apparent or mass specific gravity (Gm) It is Water absorption by volume is always zero, whereas for materials like glass and metals, it is 1. less than 100%, whereas that by weight the ratio of mass density of fine grained of porous material may exceed Materials with coefficient softening less than 0.8 should not be recommended in the situations permanently material to the mass density of water. 100%. exposed to the action of moisture. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 4. Porosity (n) is the ratio of the volume of the spaces in 7. Weathering resistance. It is the ability of a material to endure the material to the overall volume. alternate wet and dry conditions for a long period without considerable deformation and loss of mechanical strength. Where: 8. Water permeability. It is the capacity of a material to allow water V = volume of material including the pores. to penetrate under pressure. Materials like glass, steel and bitumen Vv = volume of voids in the material are impervious. 5. Voids ratio (e) the ratio between the size of the voids to the volume 9. Frost resistance. It denotes the ability of a water-saturated of solid material. material to endure repeated freezing and thawing with considerable decrease of mechanical strength. Under such conditions Where: the water contained by the pores increases in volume even up to 9 Vs = volume of solid material percent on freezing. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 10. Heat Conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. It is 1. Strength is the ability of the material to resist failure under the influenced by nature of material, its structure, porosity, character of action of stresses caused by loads. pores and mean temperature at which heat exchange takes place. 2. Stress (σ) is the applied force P divided by the original area Ao. 11. Thermal Capacity is the property of a material to absorb heat There are several types of stress which depend described by its specific heat. on types of applied load. These stresses can 12. Fire Resistance is the ability of a material to resist the action of be classified as: high temperature without any appreciable deformation and substantial a) Compression stress loss of strength. b) Tension stress 13. Refractoriness denotes the ability of a material to withstand c) Shear stress prolonged action of high temperature without melting or losing shape. d) Bending stress e) Torsion stress ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 14. Chemical Resistance is the ability of a material to withstand 3. Strain ( ε) is the change in the action of acids, alkalis, sea water and gases. length δ divided by the original length Lo. 15. Durability is the ability of a material to resist the combined effects of atmospheric and other factors. 4. Hardness is the ability of a material to resist penetration by a harder body. 5. Elasticity is the ability of a material to restore its initial form and dimensions after the load is removed. 6. Plasticity is the ability of a material to change its shape under load without cracking and to retain this shape after the load is removed. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 6. CHARACTERISTICS BEHAVIOUR UNDER STRESS 7. MATERIALS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS  The ductile materials can be drawn Materials engineers are responsible for the selection, specification, and out without necking down. quality control of materials to be used in a job.  Brittle materials have little or no These materials must meet certain classes of criteria or materials plasticity. properties (Ashby and Jones 2005). These classes of criteria include:  Stiff materials have a high modulus  Economic factors of elasticity permitting small deformation for a given load.  Mechanical properties  Non-mechanical properties  Flexible materials on the other hand  Production/construction have low modulus of elasticity and considerations bend considerably without breakdown.  Aesthetic properties ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 6. CHARACTERISTICS BEHAVIOUR UNDER STRESS 7. MATERIALS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS  Tough materials withstand heavy A. ECONOMIC FACTORS shocks. The economics of the material selection process are affected by  Malleable materials can be much more than just the cost of the material. Factors that should hammered into sheets without be considered in the selection of the material include: rupture.  Availability and cost of raw materials  Hard materials resist scratching and  Manufacturing costs denting.  Transportation  Placing  Maintenance ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 7. MATERIALS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS 8. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS SETTING AGENCIES B. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 1. ASTM INTERNATIONAL (formerly The mechanical behavior of materials is the response of the the American Society for Testing material to external loads. All materials deform in response to and Materials) is a private loads; however, the specific response of a material depends on its organization that establishes properties, the magnitude and type of load, and the geometry of specifications for materials and the element. methods of construction accepted C. NONMECHANICAL PROPERTIES as standards throughout the Nonmechanical properties refer to characteristics of the material, United States. other than load response, that affect selection, use, and performance. Greatest concern to civil engineers are density, thermal properties, and surface characteristics. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 7. MATERIALS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS 8. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS SETTING AGENCIES D. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 2. ANSI (American National Sustainable design is the philosophy of designing physical Standards Institute) is another objects, the built environment and services to comply with the private organization that develops principles of economic, social, and ecological sustainability. and certifies North American E. AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS standards for a broad range of The aesthetic characteristics of a material refer to the products, such as exterior windows, appearance of the material. Generally, these characteristics are mechanical components of buildings, the responsibility of the architect. and even the accessibility requirements referenced within the IBC itself (ICC/ANSI A117.1) ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1  22/08/2024 8. CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS SETTING AGENCIES CE 3121 3. IS (Indian Standards) is the national Standards Body of India regulating the building construction activities across MERCI! the country. ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1 P-CW01-TLO1: FUNDAMENTALS OF CONSTRUCTION ! MATERIALS ENGINEERING 1. What are the factors influencing the choice of a building material? 2. Why is it important to make standards for building materials? 3. Why is it important to study the properties of building materials? ENGR. PJGPAMANI – CE 3121 TLO1