NU MOA Senior High School - Methods Of Philosophizing PDF

Methods of Philosophizing  TOPICS FOR MIDTERM (Philosophy) WK NO 1-2 DOING PHILOSOPHY 3 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING 4-5 THE HUMAN AS AN EMBODIED SUBJECT 6 THE HUM...

Methods of Philosophizing  TOPICS FOR MIDTERM (Philosophy) WK NO 1-2 DOING PHILOSOPHY 3 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING 4-5 THE HUMAN AS AN EMBODIED SUBJECT 6 THE HUMAN PERSON AND THE ENVIRONMENT 7 MIDTERMS EXAM On-going discussion Topic completed Topic not yet completed Philosophy - A body of knowledge - Provides methodologies and insights on how societal questions can be answered - An intellectual activity - an analytic procedure of addressing individual thought processes such as resolving conflict and confusion, testing positions, and analyzing beliefs. Philosophy - As an intellectual activity - helps you think many things, including those that leave you confused or without an acceptable answer. - can be done by yourself, with a partner, or with a group - prescribed by logic, reason, and ethics leading to wisdom - involves critical, logical, analytical thinking, observative and communicative skills. Philosophy - enables reflective thinking which greatly influences a person’s view of life, challenges, and relationships. - directs how a person will perceive factors in life and how they will be faced. - wisdom is always gained when applied to formulate a conclusion about a certain concern. Holistic vs partial Holistic vs partial Holistic POV leads to fair and objective conclusions. helps one to develop the skill of broadly looking at the situation first before concluding anything Partial POV only promotes limited knowledge on the situation, thus leading to wrong (illogical or incorrect) conclusions. Holistic vs partial doing philosophy should not be mistaken for the Filipino activity of pamimilosopo or pedantry (displaying useless knowledge or minute observances of small details) The Six Blind Men and the Elephant  Questions to ponder Did anyone among the blind men give the correct answer? Why or why not? In the context of the elephant story, what do you think is a holistic perspective? What is a partial point of view? What is the importance of a holistic perspective?  Questions to ponder John Godfrey Saxe So oft in theologic wars, related the parable to The disputants, I ween, the religious wars Rail on in utter ignorance during his time. What Of what each other mean, do you think is he And prate about an Elephant trying to say in this Not one of them has seen! poem? Philosophical reflection the process by which a person undergoes a reflective state or evaluates their experiences first before making any related action. Uses a holistic perspective which leads to actions being directed towards greater sources of wisdom and truth. Human activities that emanate from deliberate reflection: Learning from your previous mistakes and not repeating them Evaluating and knowing the best choice from a set of options. Gaining a holistic point of view first before making any conclusion. What do you think? Does hardship make a person stronger? If so, under what conditions and at what point is it too much hardship? If not, what makes a person stronger? Is it better to be a big fish in a small pond or a small fish in a big pond? Explain and cite possible scenarios that are beneficial and not beneficial to the fish. Plato’s Metaphysical System “The safest characterization of western philosophy is that of a series of footnotes to Plato.” -Alfred North Whitehead  Plato’s Metaphysical System The Republic World of Forms The physical world is not the basis for the attainment of true and real knowledge. “If something is to be accepted as knowledge, there must be an ultimate basis for it that is absolute and Physical World unchanging.” What is a chair?  Plato’s Metaphysical System PHYSICAL WORLD everything that we see in this world is nothing but a secondary copy of the idea in what he called the world of forms and ideas.  Plato’s Metaphysical System THE WORLD OF FORMS Our souls were once a part of the World Soul where it has direct contact with the world of Forms and Ideas. Our souls become corrupted once it joins the body. Knowledge is remembrance. (Anamnesis) Remember the knowledge you had before to pursue the goodness and the Good Life Allegory of the Cave Plato  The Allegory of the Cave (The Divided Line) Visible Realm (Opinion) – Doxa Invisible Realm/ (Knowledge) – Episteme - What seems to be -Genuine Knowledge - Sensible world/ World of Experience -Intelligible world Eikasia Pistis Dianoia Noesis Dialectical Knowledge and Imagination Conviction or belief Mathematical Knowledge Metaphysics Represented by the shadows seen Represented by the names of the Objects outside the cave. Represented by the sun. by the prisoners. shadows that are seen. Understanding of scientific, Grasping of complete or Objects in this realm include This include political, moral, and mathematical, or abstract perfect knowledge of the poetry and works of art. religious beliefs. hypothesis. forms and ideas. “The unexamined life is not worth living.” “All that I know is that I know nothing.” (ignorance or aporia) Socrates  A dialectical method is a series of questions and answers that usually lead to an endless argument. The Socratic Socrates used this on Sophists who were said to know everything and Method were paid to teach The Sophists thought that wisdom can be treated as a skill or technique that can be taught to anyone “In order to examine into the truth, it is necessary, once in one’s life to doubt of all things, so far as this is possible.” - Rene Descartes Do you really exist? Method of Systematic Doubt Nature of Knowledge and Fallacies Perception Abstraction Judgement How do you perceive this? How do you perceive this? What about this?  TYPE OF STATEMENTS Analytic Empirical Truth or falsity of the knowledge Its truth or falsity depends on the could be found in the statement state of affairs being claimed. itself A Posteriori A Priori, or formal statements.  TYPE OF STATEMENTS truths of language, truths of reason, maters of logic, A Priori, Analytic or formal statements. Truth or falsity of the knowledge could be found in the statement Example: itself No bachelor has a mother-in-law. A calf is a young elephant. A Priori, or formal statements. Formal Knowledge Method of validation depends entirely on the particular system being used. Empirical Knowledge Takes emphasis and makes use of the data or the content from experience and its correspondence with the state of affairs to establish the truth or falsity of their knowledge claims from these empirical sciences.  Logical Fallacies  Ad Hominem Unfairly attacking a person (Argument Against Man) instead of the issue Strawman Occurs when an opponent’s position is misinterpreted to Fallacy make it easier to critique.  False This line of reasoning fails by limiting the options to two when Dilemma/False there are in fact more options to Dichotomy choose from.  Begging the When a person’s argument is just Question repeating what they assumed beforehand, it’s not already (Petitio principii) arriving at any new conclusion. Red Herring Typically related to the issue in question but aren’t quite relevant Fallacy enough to be helpful. Bandwagon Assumes something is true (or right, or good) because other people agree with Fallacy it.  Personal attacks, and emotional appeals, aren’t Appeal to strictly relevant to Pity whether something is true or false. Appeal to This fallacy happens when Authority we misuse an authority.  Learning Output#1 Make a concept map about Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave”.