CM 564 Midterm Preparation PDF

CM 564 Midterm Preparation **Super's Life Span, Life-Space Theory** 1. **What are the five stages of Super's Life Span, Life-Space theory?** a) Exploration, Establishment, Achievement, Growth, Decline\ b) Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Disengagement\ c) Birth, Ed...

CM 564 Midterm Preparation **Super's Life Span, Life-Space Theory** 1. **What are the five stages of Super's Life Span, Life-Space theory?** a) Exploration, Establishment, Achievement, Growth, Decline\ b) Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Disengagement\ c) Birth, Education, Work, Retirement, End\ d) Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Middle Age, Senior Age 2. **According to Super, what factor primarily influences career decisions?**\ a) External opportunities\ b) Economic factors\ c) Self-concept\ d) Peer relationships 3. **Which stage focuses on exploring different career possibilities?**\ a) Growth\ b) Exploration\ c) Establishment\ d) Disengagement 4. **In Super\'s theory, how do life roles interact with career development?**\ a) They determine the stages of career exploration\ b) They influence only the beginning of one's career\ c) They overlap and affect career choices throughout life\ d) They define personality traits but not career decisions 5. **At what stage does an individual focus on maintaining their career according to Super's model?**\ a) Growth\ b) Establishment\ c) Maintenance\ d) Decline 6. **What is the purpose of the "life rainbow" in Super's theory?**\ a) To illustrate the variety of life roles over time\ b) To show how personality traits influence career choices\ c) To explain the importance of career exploration\ d) To describe economic factors affecting career 7. **Which phase in Super\'s theory involves planning for retirement?**\ a) Growth\ b) Exploration\ c) Maintenance\ d) Disengagement **Holland's Personality Types (RIASEC Model)** 8. **Which of the following is NOT one of Holland's six personality types?**\ a) Investigative\ b) Enterprising\ c) Adaptive\ d) Conventional 9. **According to Holland, how does a congruence between personality type and work environment affect job satisfaction?**\ a) It has no significant effect\ b) It increases job satisfaction\ c) It decreases job satisfaction\ d) It results in personality changes 10. **What does the Investigative personality type emphasize in Holland's model?**\ a) Practical, hands-on tasks\ b) Analytical and intellectual activities\ c) Leading and persuading others\ d) Creative self-expression 11. **Which tool is commonly used to assess a client's personality type based on Holland's theory?**\ a) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator\ b) Strong Interest Inventory\ c) Career Maturity Inventory\ d) Work Environment Questionnaire 12. **Which two personality types are most likely to prefer working with data and systems rather than people?**\ a) Realistic and Social\ b) Investigative and Conventional\ c) Artistic and Enterprising\ d) Social and Conventional 13. **Which of the following combinations describes individuals who enjoy creative expression and non-traditional work?**\ a) Realistic and Conventional\ b) Social and Investigative\ c) Artistic and Enterprising\ d) Artistic and Investigative 14. **What does consistency mean in Holland's theory?**\ a) Stability of career interests over time\ b) Alignment between multiple personality types\ c) Agreement between a person's values and job environment\ d) Degree of similarity between different personality types **Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory** 15. **Which of the following is NOT one of the four factors that influence career decisions in Krumboltz's theory?**\ a) Environmental conditions\ b) Task approach skills\ c) Learning experiences\ d) Genetic predispositions 16. **What role do chance events play in Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory?**\ a) They have no effect on career choices\ b) They can create unplanned opportunities\ c) They prevent individuals from making decisions\ d) They determine long-term career paths 17. **How can career counselors use Krumboltz's theory to help clients?**\ a) By helping them focus only on past successes\ b) By encouraging them to plan for every aspect of their career\ c) By helping them take advantage of unexpected events\ d) By making all decisions based on educational achievements 18. **In Krumboltz's theory, what is the importance of task approach skills?**\ a) They have no influence on career success\ b) They are primarily influenced by family background\ c) They determine how a person approaches career challenges\ d) They only apply to early career decisions 19. **Which of the following best describes the learning experiences in Krumboltz\'s model?**\ a) Experiences gained only through formal education\ b) Events and feedback that shape career preferences\ c) Personality traits passed down through genetics\ d) Career decisions based on purely random factors 20. **Krumboltz emphasizes that career counselors should help clients by:**\ a) Exploring all possible career paths\ b) Focusing only on one chosen career\ c) Encouraging a rigid career path\ d) Minimizing their exposure to new experiences **Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise** 21. **What does \"circumscription\" refer to in Gottfredson\'s theory?**\ a) Expanding career choices over time\ b) Eliminating career options based on perceived fit\ c) Narrowing choices based on others' opinions\ d) Making career decisions based on random chance 22. **How does compromise play a role in career decisions according to Gottfredson?**\ a) It involves choosing a career that aligns with personal interests\ b) It results from a balance between aspirations and practical limitations\ c) It occurs when individuals refuse to adjust their career goals\ d) It is the final step before career satisfaction 23. **Which of the following factors contributes to the process of circumscription?**\ a) Educational achievements\ b) Self-concept and societal expectations\ c) Random chance events\ d) Financial needs 24. **What is the key focus of Gottfredson's theory?**\ a) Individuals gradually expand career options as they grow\ b) Career decisions are entirely based on personal preferences\ c) People narrow down and adjust career choices based on reality\ d) Career paths are determined purely by personality traits 25. **In what stage do individuals typically begin to compromise in their career choices, according to Gottfredson?**\ a) Late childhood\ b) Adolescence\ c) Early adulthood\ d) Middle adulthood 26. **According to Gottfredson, what leads individuals to narrow down their career options over time?**\ a) Increasing awareness of job market realities\ b) Exploration of all possible career choices\ c) A stable understanding of self-concept\ d) The desire to fulfill parental expectations **Planned Happenstance Theory** 27. **Which of the following is the main idea of Planned Happenstance Theory?**\ a) Career success is based on rigid planning\ b) Random events play no role in career decisions\ c) Unplanned events can create beneficial opportunities\ d) Career paths are determined solely by education 28. **How should career counselors use Planned Happenstance Theory in practice?**\ a) Encourage clients to avoid taking risks\ b) Help clients recognize and capitalize on unexpected events\ c) Ensure that clients make one fixed career decision early on\ d) Discourage clients from exploring multiple career paths 29. **Which of the following is NOT a component of the Planned Happenstance Theory?**\ a) Curiosity\ b) Persistence\ c) Flexibility\ d) Certainty 30. **According to Planned Happenstance, how can individuals increase their chances of career success?**\ a) By being open to new experiences\ b) By relying on academic performance alone\ c) By following a strictly defined career path\ d) By ignoring chance events **General Career Counseling Concepts** 31. **Which tool is frequently used to assess a client's vocational interests?**\ a) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator\ b) Strong Interest Inventory\ c) Career Adaptability Test\ d) Work Satisfaction Index 32. **Which of the following is a key element in ethical career counseling?**\ a) Ignoring legal requirements\ b) Maintaining confidentiality\ c) Minimizing client input in decisions\ d) Only focusing on academic success 33. **What is the main goal of using personality inventories in career counseling?**\ a) To identify educational deficiencies\ b) To measure a person's fit with specific job environments\ c) To predict future income levels\ d) To eliminate non-traditional career paths 34. **In which context is the *MBTI* most commonly used in career counseling?**\ a) To assess skills and qualifications\ b) To understand decision-making styles\ c) To identify physical abilities\ d) To predict job market trends 35. **Which of the following assessments is primarily used to evaluate a client's career interests?**\ a) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator\ b) Strong Interest Inventory\ c) General Aptitude Test Battery\ d) Career Maturity Inventory 36. **What is the purpose of the *Self-Directed Search*?**\ a) To match clients with specific employers\ b) To evaluate self-concept and job satisfaction\ c) To identify career interests based on Holland's types\ d) To measure general intelligence 37. **In ethical career counseling, how should client confidentiality be managed?**\ a) It can be broken if it benefits the counselor\ b) It must always be maintained unless legally required to disclose\ c) It is only important for high-paying clients\ d) It can be ignored if the client is not cooperative 38. **What does the *Strong Interest Inventory* primarily measure?**\ a) Skills and abilities\ b) Interests related to work environments\ c) Emotional intelligence\ d) Leadership potential **Super's Life Span, Life-Space Theory** 1. **Super\'s theory suggests that career development ends once a person reaches the Establishment stage.\ True / False** 2. **Self-concept is central to Super\'s Life Span, Life-Space theory of career development.\ True / False** 3. **The Disengagement stage in Super's theory typically involves preparing for retirement or reducing work responsibilities.\ True / False** 4. **Super\'s theory focuses solely on the role of work in an individual\'s life.\ True / False** 5. **In Super's Life-Space model, individuals may play multiple life roles (e.g., worker, parent) at the same time.\ True / False** **Holland's Personality Types (RIASEC Model)** 6. **Holland's theory states that people will always find the most satisfaction when their personality types perfectly match their work environments.\ True / False** 7. **According to Holland's theory, people with an Artistic personality type prefer working in structured, rule-based environments.\ True / False** 8. **The Realistic type in Holland's model prefers working with tools, machinery, or hands-on activities rather than people.\ True / False** 9. **Holland's six personality types are mutually exclusive, meaning a person can only fit into one type.\ True / False** 10. **The RIASEC model is widely used in career counseling to match personality types with compatible career environments.\ True / False** **Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory** 11. **Krumboltz's theory emphasizes the importance of both planned actions and unplanned events in shaping career paths.\ True / False** 12. **In Krumboltz's model, genetic factors play no role in career decisions.\ True / False** 13. **Learning experiences, both positive and negative, are key in influencing career choices according to Krumboltz.\ True / False** 14. **Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory suggests that career decisions should be solely based on academic achievements.\ True / False** 15. **According to Krumboltz, unplanned opportunities (or happenstance) can be a significant source of career development.\ True / False** **Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise** 16. **Gottfredson's theory explains how individuals eliminate career options based on perceived fit as they grow older.\ True / False** 17. **Compromise in Gottfredson\'s theory refers to individuals adjusting their career choices based solely on financial reasons.\ True / False** 18. **According to Gottfredson, societal expectations and self-concept play a role in narrowing down career options.\ True / False** 19. **In Gottfredson's theory, individuals begin to narrow their career choices in early childhood.\ True / False** **General Career Counseling Concepts** 20. **Ethical guidelines in career counseling require counselors to maintain confidentiality unless required by law to disclose information.\ True / False** **\ ** **Answer Keys** **Multiple-Choice Questions and Explanations** 1. **What are the five stages of Super's Life Span, Life-Space theory?\ Answer: b) Growth, Exploration, Establishment, Maintenance, Disengagement\ Explanation: Super's theory outlines five key stages in career development that individuals pass through over the course of their life.** 2. **According to Super, what factor primarily influences career decisions?\ Answer: c) Self-concept\ Explanation: Self-concept is central in Super's theory, as it evolves over time and influences career decisions and paths.** 3. **Which stage focuses on exploring different career possibilities?\ Answer: b) Exploration\ Explanation: The Exploration stage involves trying out different career options and narrowing down choices.** 4. **In Super\'s theory, how do life roles interact with career development?\ Answer: c) They overlap and affect career choices throughout life\ Explanation: Super's Life-Space model illustrates how multiple life roles, such as being a worker, parent, and citizen, interact and influence career decisions.** 5. **At what stage does an individual focus on maintaining their career according to Super's model?\ Answer: c) Maintenance\ Explanation: The Maintenance stage involves stabilizing and holding onto career positions, focusing on productivity and skill improvement.** 6. **What is the purpose of the "life rainbow" in Super's theory?\ Answer: a) To illustrate the variety of life roles over time\ Explanation: The life rainbow is used to depict the multiple roles a person takes on across their lifespan and how these roles interact with career development.** 7. **Which phase in Super\'s theory involves planning for retirement?\ Answer: d) Disengagement\ Explanation: The Disengagement stage focuses on slowing down work responsibilities and preparing for retirement.** 8. **Which of the following is NOT one of Holland's six personality types?\ Answer: c) Adaptive\ Explanation: Holland\'s six personality types are Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. \"Adaptive\" is not one of them.** 9. **According to Holland, how does a congruence between personality type and work environment affect job satisfaction?\ Answer: b) It increases job satisfaction\ Explanation: Holland's theory posits that individuals are more satisfied when their work environment aligns with their personality type.** 10. **What does the Investigative personality type emphasize in Holland's model?\ Answer: b) Analytical and intellectual activities\ Explanation: Investigative types enjoy working with theories, research, and data, often in scientific or technical roles.** 11. **Which tool is commonly used to assess a client's personality type based on Holland's theory?\ Answer: b) Strong Interest Inventory\ Explanation: The Strong Interest Inventory is based on Holland's RIASEC model and helps clients identify their personality types and corresponding career paths.** 12. **Which two personality types are most likely to prefer working with data and systems rather than people?\ Answer: b) Investigative and Conventional\ Explanation: Investigative types prefer analytical tasks, while Conventional types enjoy structured, rule-based activities, often working with data or systems.** 13. **Which of the following combinations describes individuals who enjoy creative expression and non-traditional work?\ Answer: d) Artistic and Investigative\ Explanation: Artistic individuals prefer creative work, while Investigative types are inclined toward intellectual and scientific pursuits.** 14. **What does consistency mean in Holland's theory?\ Answer: d) Degree of similarity between different personality types\ Explanation: Consistency in Holland's theory refers to how similar an individual's top personality types are. Higher consistency typically leads to clearer career choices.** 15. **Which of the following is NOT one of the four factors that influence career decisions in Krumboltz's theory?\ Answer: d) Genetic predispositions\ Explanation: Krumboltz's theory focuses on environmental conditions, learning experiences, task approach skills, and chance events. Genetic factors are not directly included.** 16. **What role do chance events play in Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory?\ Answer: b) They can create unplanned opportunities\ Explanation: Chance events, or happenstance, can lead to unexpected career opportunities according to Krumboltz.** 17. **How can career counselors use Krumboltz's theory to help clients?\ Answer: c) By helping them take advantage of unexpected events\ Explanation: Krumboltz emphasizes that clients should be open to unplanned events and leverage them for career development.** 18. **In Krumboltz's theory, what is the importance of task approach skills?\ Answer: c) They determine how a person approaches career challenges\ Explanation: Task approach skills, such as problem-solving and decision-making, influence how individuals manage their careers.** 19. **Which of the following best describes the learning experiences in Krumboltz\'s model?\ Answer: b) Events and feedback that shape career preferences\ Explanation: Learning experiences, including successes and failures, help shape an individual\'s career path in Krumboltz's model.** 20. **Krumboltz emphasizes that career counselors should help clients by:\ Answer: a) Exploring all possible career paths\ Explanation: Krumboltz encourages exploration of multiple career paths, rather than focusing on a single option, to accommodate for flexibility and adaptability.** 21. **What does \"circumscription\" refer to in Gottfredson\'s theory?\ Answer: b) Eliminating career options based on perceived fit\ Explanation: Circumscription refers to the process of narrowing down career choices based on societal and self-perceived limitations.** 22. **How does compromise play a role in career decisions according to Gottfredson?\ Answer: b) It results from a balance between aspirations and practical limitations\ Explanation: Compromise occurs when individuals adjust their career goals to align with external realities, such as availability of jobs.** 23. **Which of the following factors contributes to the process of circumscription?\ Answer: b) Self-concept and societal expectations\ Explanation: Both self-concept and societal expectations influence how individuals narrow down their career options.** 24. **What is the key focus of Gottfredson's theory?\ Answer: c) People narrow down and adjust career choices based on reality\ Explanation: Gottfredson's theory explains how individuals eliminate and adjust career options based on perceived barriers and opportunities.** 25. **In what stage do individuals typically begin to compromise in their career choices, according to Gottfredson?\ Answer: c) Early adulthood\ Explanation: Compromise typically happens during early adulthood when individuals must balance their aspirations with practical realities.** 26. **According to Gottfredson, what leads individuals to narrow down their career options over time?\ Answer: a) Increasing awareness of job market realities\ Explanation: As individuals grow older, they become more aware of the realities of the job market and adjust their career choices accordingly.** 27. **Which of the following is the main idea of Planned Happenstance Theory?\ Answer: c) Unplanned events can create beneficial opportunities\ Explanation: Planned Happenstance theory emphasizes that chance events can lead to career opportunities, and individuals should be prepared to capitalize on them.** 28. **How should career counselors use Planned Happenstance Theory in practice?\ Answer: b) Help clients recognize and capitalize on unexpected events\ Explanation: Counselors should guide clients to stay open to new opportunities and take advantage of chance occurrences in their career paths.** 29. **Which of the following is NOT a component of the Planned Happenstance Theory?\ Answer: d) Certainty\ Explanation: Planned Happenstance encourages flexibility, curiosity, and persistence, rather than certainty.** 30. **According to Planned Happenstance, how can individuals increase their chances of career success?\ Answer: a) By being open to new experiences\ Explanation: Being open to new experiences and unplanned events is a key factor in achieving career success according to Planned Happenstance Theory.** 31. **Which tool is frequently used to assess a client's vocational interests?\ Answer: b) Strong Interest Inventory\ Explanation: The Strong Interest Inventory is a widely used tool for assessing career interests.** 32. **Which of the following is a key element in ethical career counseling?\ Answer: b) Maintaining confidentiality\ Explanation: Maintaining confidentiality is an essential ethical standard in career counseling.** 33. **What is the main goal of using personality inventories in career counseling?\ Answer: b) To measure a person's fit with specific job environments\ Explanation: Personality inventories help match clients with jobs that align with their personalities.** 34. **In which context is the *MBTI* most commonly used in career counseling?\ Answer: b) To understand decision-making styles\ Explanation: The MBTI is commonly used to assess how clients make decisions, particularly in career settings.** 35. **Which of the following assessments is primarily used to evaluate a client's career interests?\ Answer: b) Strong Interest Inventory\ Explanation: The Strong Interest Inventory is designed to assess a client\'s career-related interests.** 36. **What is the purpose of the *Self-Directed Search*?\ Answer: c) To identify career interests based on Holland's types\ Explanation: The *Self-Directed Search* helps individuals identify their career interests based on the Holland RIASEC model.** 37. **In ethical career counseling, how should client confidentiality be managed?\ Answer: b) It must always be maintained unless legally required to disclose\ Explanation: Confidentiality is an ethical requirement and can only be breached under legal obligations such as mandatory reporting.** 38. **What does the *Strong Interest Inventory* primarily measure?\ Answer: b) Interests related to work environments\ Explanation: The *Strong Interest Inventory* focuses on assessing interests that are relevant to specific work environments.** **True or False Questions and Explanations** 1. **Super\'s theory suggests that career development ends once a person reaches the Establishment stage.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Career development continues beyond the Establishment stage into Maintenance and Disengagement.** 2. **Self-concept is central to Super\'s Life Span, Life-Space theory of career development.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Super's theory emphasizes the evolving self-concept as a key element in career development.** 3. **The Disengagement stage in Super's theory typically involves preparing for retirement or reducing work responsibilities.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Disengagement involves reducing work responsibilities and planning for retirement.** 4. **Super\'s theory focuses solely on the role of work in an individual\'s life.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Super's theory also addresses the various life roles (e.g., parent, citizen) that influence career development.** 5. **In Super's Life-Space model, individuals may play multiple life roles (e.g., worker, parent) at the same time.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Individuals take on multiple roles that interact with their career throughout their life.** 6. **Holland's theory states that people will always find the most satisfaction when their personality types perfectly match their work environments.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Holland's theory suggests that career satisfaction is highest when there is congruence between personality and work environment.** 7. **According to Holland's theory, people with an Artistic personality type prefer working in structured, rule-based environments.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Artistic types prefer unstructured, creative environments rather than rule-based ones.** 8. **The Realistic type in Holland's model prefers working with tools, machinery, or hands-on activities rather than people.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Realistic individuals prefer working with objects or tools rather than social interactions.** 9. **Holland's six personality types are mutually exclusive, meaning a person can only fit into one type.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Individuals may have combinations of different Holland personality types.** 10. **The RIASEC model is widely used in career counseling to match personality types with compatible career environments.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: The RIASEC model is a fundamental tool in career counseling for matching personality and careers.** 11. **Krumboltz's theory emphasizes the importance of both planned actions and unplanned events in shaping career paths.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory incorporates planned actions and happenstance.** 12. **In Krumboltz's model, genetic factors play no role in career decisions.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Genetic factors are one of the four key influences in Krumboltz\'s model.** 13. **Learning experiences, both positive and negative, are key in influencing career choices according to Krumboltz.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Positive and negative learning experiences shape career decisions in Krumboltz's model.** 14. **Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory suggests that career decisions should be solely based on academic achievements.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Krumboltz emphasizes that many factors, including learning and chance events, influence career decisions, not just academics.** 15. **According to Krumboltz, unplanned opportunities (or happenstance) can be a significant source of career development.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Krumboltz encourages openness to unplanned opportunities in career development.** 16. **Gottfredson's theory explains how individuals eliminate career options based on perceived fit as they grow older.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Circumscription involves gradually eliminating career choices as individuals mature and recognize societal and personal limitations.** 17. **Compromise in Gottfredson\'s theory refers to individuals adjusting their career choices based solely on financial reasons.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Compromise involves balancing personal aspirations with practical limitations, not just financial reasons.** 18. **According to Gottfredson, societal expectations and self-concept play a role in narrowing down career options.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Both societal expectations and self-concept guide the circumscription process in narrowing career options.** 19. **In Gottfredson's theory, individuals begin to narrow their career choices in early childhood.\ Answer: False\ Explanation: Individuals begin circumscription during late childhood and early adolescence.** 20. **Ethical guidelines in career counseling require counselors to maintain confidentiality unless required by law to disclose information.\ Answer: True\ Explanation: Confidentiality is a key ethical guideline, but exceptions exist for legal obligations such as mandatory reporting.** **\ **