CLINICAL-PSYCHOLOGY-REVIEWER.pdf

PSY 010 – CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 – Introduction to Clinical Psychology SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY? ▪ Promote the intellectual, social, and emotional - integrates science, theory, and practi...

PSY 010 – CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 – Introduction to Clinical Psychology SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY? ▪ Promote the intellectual, social, and emotional - integrates science, theory, and practice to growth of school-age children and adolescents understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, ▪ May conduct psychological and educational disability, and discomfort as well as to promote assessments, develop learning programs and human adaptation, adjustment, and personal evaluate their effectiveness, and consult with development. teachers, parents, and school officials - focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social, and behavioral aspects of HEALTH AND REHABILITATION PSYCHOLOGISTS human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels. ▪ those who, through their research or practice, (American Psychological Association, 2009) contribute to the promotion and maintenance of good health. ▪ They may design, execute, and study programs to CLOSELY RELATED MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS help people stop smoking, manage stress, lose weight, or stay fit. → Because most confusion lies in contrasting clinical ▪ Conducts study regarding addiction (substance psychology with psychiatry and with counseling abuse) psychology, we focus most of our discussion on ▪ Maintaining health, manage weight and stress. these fields. → Let us briefly review some of the other major PSYCHIATRIC NURSE professions in the mental health field ▪ they are not only in a position to provide PSYCHIATRIST information about patients’ hospital adjustment but also can play a crucial and sensitive role in fostering ▪ A medical physician who specializes in the diagnosis, an appropriate therapeutic environment treatment, and prevention of mental illnesses, including substance use disorders WHAT IS CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST? PSYCHOMETRICIAN: → Clinical psychologists assess, diagnose, and treat ▪ someone who practices the science of educational mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. and psychological measurement, or testing. They Clinical psychologists help people deal with measure the validity, reliability, and fairness of an problems ranging from short-term personal issues exam program, and are an integral part in the to severe, chronic conditions. process of creating valid and reliable language tests. → Instead of defining clinical psychology in terms of problems or issues clinical psychologists are asked COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS: to address, Let’s try to give a picture of the field by reviewing the activities engaged in by clinical ▪ Work may involve group counseling or counseling psychologists with individuals. ▪ Principal method of assessment is usually the WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGIST DO? interview, but counseling psychologists also do - Psychotherapy/Intervention testing (e.g., assessment of abilities, personality, - Diagnosis/Assessment interests, and vocational aptitude - Teaching - Clinical Supervision Other Mental Health Professionals - Research/writing CLINICAL SOCIAL WORKERS - Consultation - Administration ▪ Professional social workers assist individuals, - Psychometrics groups, or communities to restore or enhance their capacity for social functioning, while creating societal conditions favorable to their goals  HOW TO BECOME CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST? - Health and social care settings: Hospitals, health centers, community mental health teams 1. Complete a Bachelor's Degree - Government 2. Enroll in a Master's Degree Program 3. Earn a Doctorate Degree 4. Complete Clinical Training 5. Become – and Stay – Licensed HOW TO BECOME CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGST (Ph Version) 1. Bachelor's Degree 2. Master's Degree 3. BLEPP 4. CCLP 5. Doctorate Degree TRAINING AND EDUCATION SCIENTIEST-PRACTIONER/BOULDER MODEL ▪ also known as the Boulder Model, is a training model in psychology that emphasizes the integration of scientific research and clinical practice. This model was developed in the 1940s as a way to ensure that psychologists were trained to use the most up-to-date research to inform their clinical work PRACTITIONER=SCHOLAR/VAIL MODEL ▪ also known as the Vail model, is a professional doctorate degree that trains students for clinical practice in psychology. Most students earn Psy.D.(Doctor of Psychology) degrees. It was developed in 1973 to produce clinicians in psychology similar to how medical schools and law schools produce physicians and lawyers. CLINICAL SCIENCE MODEL ▪ in the field of psychology, the clinical science model is a systematic, evidence-biased approach to understanding and addressing mental health and behavioral issues. It places a strong emphasis on scientific research, empirical evidence, and the application of scientific principles into clinical practices. WHERE DO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST WORK? - Private Practice/Own Clinic - Schools and Universities Chapter 2 – Historical Overview Hygiene Movement” HIPPOCRATES (around 400 BC) CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Lightner Whitmer (Father of Clinical Psychology) ▪ father of modern science (coined the term → friend of James McKeen Cattell (coined the “hysteria”) term “mental test”) and they had Wilhelm ▪ According to him, if there’s imbalance in humors Wundt as their mentor there’s an ILLNESS. ▪ coined the term “clinical psychology” ▪ According to him mental disturbances has causes ▪ Presented clinical psychology to APA Convention in 1896 3 CATEGORIES OF MENTAL DISORDERS ▪ opened a clinic (1904) to assess and remediate 1. Mania - periods of great excitement, delusions learning difficulties and overactivity ▪ Offered Clinical Psychology courses at Penn in 2. Melancholia - depression 1904 3. Phrenitis - inflammation of brain; acute fever ▪ First Clinical Journal – The Psychological Clinic and delirium (1907) 4 HUMORS ▪ First Article – Clinical Psychology i. Blood – optimistic ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSTIC ISSUES: categorizing mental illnesses. ii. Black bile – melancholic NEUROSIS: Neurotic individuals were thought to iii. Yellow bile – hot tempered suffer from some psychiatric symptoms (including what we would now call anxiety and depression) but iv. Phlegm – calm under stress to maintain an intact grasp on reality. EARLY PIONEERS ▪ a neurotic individual maintains an awareness of reality. 1. Philippe Pinel - Liberator of mentally ill. PSYCHOTIC - a condition that affects the way your → pioneered humanitarian treatment at lobby center brain processes information. It causes you to lose which is an asylum in Paris touch with reality. ▪ psychotic individual demonstrates a break from → he is the first one to treat patients as a sick human the reality in the form of hallucinations, being rather than a beast. delusions or grossly behavioral functioning EMIL KRAEPLIN (Father of Psychiatry) → Believed that mental disorders were due to 2. William Tuke biological causes → Worked on classifications of symptoms into → is an English man who devoted himself to syndromes established a model hospital for the humane 2 CATEGORIES OF MENTAL ILLNESS treatment of the sick and troubled. Exogenous- caused by external factors. 3. Eli Todd - Wants civilized care, respect, and Endogenous- caused by internal factors morality. → He was laboring long and successfully 2 MAJOR SYNDROMES develop a retreat for mentally ill. Dementia praecox – premature dementia or → Through his effort, it became impassionate to preconscious madness. This illness is now known as regard mental patients as “incurable” “schizophrenia” → The search for psychological antecedents for Manic Depressive Psychosis- it is a mental illness that mental illness and emphasis on treatment has causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, began and replace the harshness activity levels, and concentration. This illness is now 4. Dorothy Dix (Dorothea Dix)- Better facilities for known as “bipolar disorder” the mentally ill. → she is a crusader for prisoners and mentally ill urged improvement of institutions → established 30 new public hospitals with physicians and that movement was also known as “Mental  INTELLIGENCE → first widely available test of cognitive ability → STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE TEST David Weschler Edward Lee Thorndike → develop several intelligence tests → promoted the idea that each person possesses → Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Test - this is a point separate, independent intelligences. scale type of test wherein the items are classified by → he is one of the leading researchers in the subtest. It has 6 verbal subtest and 5 performance area of operant conditioning and law of effect subtests ▪ arrange in order of increasingly difficulty Charles Spearman however this test has criticisms which are; → studied the existence of “g or factor g” which is a ▪ it lacks sufficient inter-item reliability; general intelligence thought to overlap with many ▪ the subtest is too easy particular abilities. ▪ the scoring criteria for certain items are too → is the one who build the mathematical framework ambiguous. for statistical technique for factor analysis and for → Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) - for spearman ranks measuring intelligence of an adult → he was the one who developed the correlation ▪ it is a verbal and performance scale and coefficient (Spearman Rho). the score include a verbal IQ, → he also did seminal work on human intelligence in performance IQ and a full-scale IQ. the discovery of the “g factor” which is known is → Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)- for known as the general intelligence factor which is a measuring the intelligence of a children construct in psychometrics that refers to the idea ▪ It is use for ages 6 years old up to 16 that a single underlying factor, often referred to as years and 11 months general intelligence, can account for the positive ▪ it has 21 subtests and 15 composites correlations among cognitive abilities. In simpler scores. terms, general intelligence is the broad mental ▪ the completion time is only for 1 hour capacity that influences the overall cognitive ability. → Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of → he also originates the concept of reliability. Intelligence (WPPSI)- it is used for ages 2 years and 6 months up to 7 years and 7 months. Alfred Binet WORLD WAR 1 → French government asked Binet and collaborator Theodore Simon to design a measure to assess Army Alpha Test – verbal children with cognitive deficits ▪ given to soldiers who knows how to read → during 1908 he and Theodore Simon published the ▪ composed of logical questions to test the knowledge of Binet-Simon scale measures 50 tests of mental skills soldier to put them in a position that is accurate for them. → has 4 components of intelligence which are; reasoning, judgement, memory and abstraction. Army Beta Test - non-verbal (for those who can’t write and → He measures or create a test that is more complex spoke English) in measuring intelligence ▪ measuring skills and ability of the soldier → during 1895 he and Victor Henri published several articles in which they argue for the measurement of PERSONALITY abilities such as memory and social comprehension James Mckeen Catell → during 1905, Binet and Simon published a 30-item measuring scale of intelligence which is designed to studied connection between reaction time and help identify mentally retarded Paris school intelligence children. Coined term “mental tests Lewis Terman → (US)- “Father of American Version of Binet’s Test” → modified the work of Binet and Simon  OBJECTIVE TEST vs. PROJECTIVE TEST the use of the relationship between Objective Test therapist and a patient as a window into ▪ requires the respondent to problematic relationships patterns in ▪ make a particular, it is structured to provide a patient’s life self- report statement to which the person response to true or false, yes or no 2). BEHAVIORAL- it is a term that describes a broad range of ▪ even multiplication can be considered as an techniques that is used in changing maladaptive behavior objective test Projective Test goal is to reinforce desirable behaviors and ▪ provides ambiguous test stimulus that let an eliminate the unwanted ones individual impose his or her own interpretation in 3). HUMANISTIC- is a mental health approach that answering. emphasizes the importance of being true to yourself in ▪ the response requirement is unclear, the scoring is heavily depended on the judgement of the order to live the most fulfilling life scorers. it is based on the principle that everyone has their ▪ an example of this is essay own unique way of looking at the world that can impact your choices and action in life Herman Rorschach → Client – centered (person centered therapy)- focuses on the persons subjective view of the world Rorschach Inkblot Test- an example of a → Family therapy- it is a type of psychological projective test counseling that can help family members in It assesses various primary personality traits in communication and resolve conflicts order to provide feedback in individuals 4). COGNITIVE- it is a relatively short-term form of preposition psychotherapy that is based on the concept that the way we Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray think about things affect how we feel emotionally Thematic Apperception Test - is a projective test focuses on present thinking, behavior and that involves describing ambiguous scenes to learn communication rather than on past experiences and more about a person's emotions, motivations, and is oriented towards problem solving personality. focuses on problems in present Starke Hathaway and JC Mckinley Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) - which provides broad information about aspects of personality and the existence of components of psychopathology. Heavy use of statistics and test development Raymond Cattell 16PF- which provides insight that helps you to understand objectively who people are by getting a view of their whole personality, not just the behavior they exhibit in professional contexts He also has a contribution in the development of “Big Five Factor Personality Test” PSYCHOTHERAPY 1) Psychodynamic therapy - focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering its whole marks are self-reflection and self- examination Chapter 4 - Research are kept constant while the other set of variables are being measured as the subject of experiment. Research 1) Observe the Event PURPOSES 2) Develops Hypothesis to explain the observed 1. It allows us to escape the realm of pure speculation events. or appeal to authority. 3) Empirical Testing of Hypothesis 4) Altering the Hypothesis to match the results and 2. It helps us extend and modify our theories as well as interpretation obtained during empirical testing. establish their parsimony and utility. → There is an intimate relationship between the TWO GROUPS theory and the research. CONTROL GROUP THEORY stimulates and guides the research we do but, → receives no treatment theories are also modified by the outcome of research. EXPERIMNETAL GROUP → receives treatment 3. To enhance our ability to predict and understand the TWO TYPES OF VARIABLE behavior, feelings, and thoughts of the people you Independent served. → the variable that the researcher will change as Observation part of the study Dependent The most basic and pervasive of all research → variables that occur as a result of changes in the methods. independent variable Through observation that we develop hypotheses that can eventually be tested. 1. Unsystematic Observation – casual observation Hawthorne Effect 2. Naturalistic Observation – neither casual nor freewheeling but is carefully planned in advance → The subjects may respond differently just because they are being studied Epidemiology Placebo Effect The study of the incidence, prevalence, and → Changes in behavior produced by a condition in distribution of illness or disease in given population experiment thought to be inert and inactive Incidence- to the rate of new cases of illness that develop Double-Blind Experiment within a given period of time. → Neither the subject nor the researcher knows which Prevalence- refers to the overall rate of cases within a given is the control group and which one is the period. experimental group Correlational Method Ethics Goal of research is to find if there’s any relationship Informed Consent between two variables and describe how strong it → It ensures that adults understand the treatment or is. assessment they are about to receive. Before These techniques enable us to determine whether proceeding, the psychologist must explain all variable X is related to variable Y. relevant details, such as the purpose, methods, Example: Is there any relationship between media violence potential risks, benefits, and any alternatives and violent behavior in children? available. The individual must also be informed that they can withdraw their consent at any time Experimental Methods without penalty. Experimental research is any research conducted with a scientific approach, where a set of variables Informed Assent → is for those who can't fully consent, like children. It involves explaining the treatment so they understand and agree. While a guardian gives legal consent, the psychologist still involves the person in the decision. Researchers inform the participants of any risks, discomforts, or limitations on confidentiality. Confidentiality → the practice of keeping strictly secret and private the information or measurements obtained from an individual during a research study Deception → Deliberate misleading. → Sometimes the purpose of the research or the meaning of participant’s is withheld. Debriefing → After the research is over the participant should be able to discuss the procedure and the findings with the psychologist. → Fraudulent Data