Lecture Notes: Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (ISM 2024)

M. Sc. Psychology & Management Clinical psychology & methods of psychotherapy Lecture notes Version 2024: Course content determined by Prof. Dr. Irmgard Mausz, adapted & taught by Amba Frese ISM 2024 - Mausz 1 Imprint Use of...

M. Sc. Psychology & Management Clinical psychology & methods of psychotherapy Lecture notes Version 2024: Course content determined by Prof. Dr. Irmgard Mausz, adapted & taught by Amba Frese ISM 2024 - Mausz 1 Imprint Use of the script, even in part, is prohibited outside ISM and the events it organizes without prior approval by the university. The author(s) is/are responsible for the content of this script. Scripts cannot be cited in scientific papers. ISM International School of Management GmbH Otto-Hahn-Str. 19 44227 Dortmund www.ism.de ISM 2024 - Mausz 2 2019 BSc Psychology University College London 2020 MSc Clinical Neuroscience Kings College London 2020 – 2021 Multiple Sclerosis Research 2021 – current Neuropsychology joint PhD ISM 2024 - Mausz 3 General information The course comprises 12 teaching units of 90 minutes each. In addition, you must - in accordance with the study regulations - expect to spend time outside of lecture times in order to work on the requirements for the examination: 2 ECTS = 60h time expenditure In addition to the 18 "contact hours", there are approx. 42 hours of self-study! The examination consists of a written exam (total time 120 minutes) as part of the module examination "Concepts of Business Psychology I" together with the subjects "General Psychology" and "Social & Personality Psychology". ISM 2024 - Mausz 4 II Literature Mandatory literature: Hooley, J.M., Nock, M.K. & Butcher & J.N. Butcher (2020). Abnormal Psychology. Pearson. Further reading: Bennett, P. (2011). Abnormal And Clinical Psychology: An Introductory Textbook. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2020). Cognitive psychology. A student’s handbook. Taylor & Francis. Gerrig, R. J. (2012). Psychology and live (20th ed.). Pearson. Hall, C. N. (Ed). (2023). Introduction to Biological Psychology. Open Textbook Library. Reeve, J. (2018). Understanding Motivation and Emotion (7th ed.). Wiley. ISM 2024 - Mausz 5 II Literature Further reading: Sank, L. I., & Shaffer, C. S. (2012). A therapist’s manual for cognitive behavior therapy in groups. Springer Science & Business Media. Retzlaff, R. (2013). Development of family therapy and systemic therapy in Germany. Contemporary Family Therapy, 35, 349-363. Suppes, B. C. (2022). Family systems theory simplified: Applying and understanding systemic therapy models. Routledge. Taylor, D. (2015). Treatment manuals and the advancement of psychoanalytic knowledge: the treatment manual of the Tavistock Adult Depression Study. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 96(3), 845-875. Bateman, A. W., Holmes, J., & Allison, E. (2021). Introduction to psychoanalysis: Contemporary theory and practice. Routledge. ISM 2024 - Mausz 6 I. Professional objectives As part of this subject, you should...... get to know different therapeutic directions and techniques.... get an idea of what happens in therapy.... have the opportunity to try out some therapeutic techniques for yourselves. Of course, it will not be your job to carry out therapeutic interventions later on. However, you should be able to advise employees about therapy and allay any fears they may have about treatment. The techniques covered and practiced in this seminar are selected in such a way that you can apply them with slight modifications in your day-to-day work, for example in appraisal interviews, training sessions or coaching sessions. ISM 2024 - Mausz 7 III Coming up in the next few weeks Before we start, I would like to know... What do you imagine therapy to be? Which procedures are you already familiar with (e.g. from the media)? What do you hope to gain from this course? ISM 2024 - Mausz 8 III Coming up in the next few weeks 1. Introduction: Mental disorders 2. Psychotherapy 3. Directions in psychotherapy ISM 2024 - Mausz 9 01 Introduction: The History of Mental Health ISM 2024 - Mausz 10 Click on the screenshot to view this video. ISM 2024 - Mausz 11 The First Views of Mental Disorders Demonology, Gods, and Magic Early Chinese, Egyptian, Hebrew, and Greek writings attribute abnormal behavior to possession by demon or god https://www.historyextra.com/ Joseph Glanvill, Tullo et al. (2010) Saducismus triumphatus, (London, 1700) ISM 2024 - Mausz 12 The First Views of Mental Disorders Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts Greek physician Hippocrates (460– 377 B.C., “father of modern medicine”) contributed to shift in understanding of mental disorders as natural, not supernatural, in origin Britannica ISM 2024 - Mausz 13 The First Views of Mental Disorders Early Philosophical Conceptualizations of Abnormal Behavior Plato (429–347 B.C.): Greek philosopher – Emphasized importance of individual differences in intellectual abilities – Acknowledged sociocultural influences – Recommended “hospital” care for those who developed beliefs counter to the broader social order Aristotle (384–322 B.C.): Student of Plato – Wrote extensively about mental disorders Galen (A.D. 130–200): Greek physician – Took a scientific approach to mental health, dividing causes into physical and mental categories ISM 2024 - Mausz 14 The First Views of Mental Disorders Early Chinese Conceptualizations of Abnormal Behavior Around A.D. 200: Chung Ching (the “Hippocrates of China”) wrote works attributing mental disorders to organ pathologies, which he believed could be caused by stressful psychological conditions Chung Ching Photo from the Institute for Traditional Medicine ISM 2024 - Mausz 15 The First Views of Mental Disorders Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages (c. 500-1500) Islamic Middle Eastern countries preserved scientific aspects of Greek medicine – First mental hospital established in Baghdad in 792; provided humane treatment Middle Ages in Europe mostly devoid of scientific thinking and humane treatment for the mentally ill; exorcisms were sometimes combined with poorly understood medical treatments ISM 2024 - Mausz 16 Views of Abnormal Behavior in the 1500s and 1600s The Establishment of Early Asylums Asylums—places dedicated solely to care of people with mental illness – Known as “madhouses” – Gradually spread to Europe, Russia, Mexico, United States Aggressive treatment techniques designed to intimidate patients into William Norris, shackled choosing rationality over on his bed at Bedlam. Credit: Wellcome mental illness Collection. CC BY ISM 2024 - Mausz 17 Humanitarian Reform Pinel’s Experiment and Tuke’s Work in England Philippe Pinel (1745–1826): French physician – In 1792, removed chains from mental patients with positive results— showed benefit of treating them as sick people, not beasts or criminals William Tuke (1732–1822): English Quaker – Inspired Samuel Hitch to introduce trained medical staff at asylum – Inspired Thomas Wakley to help pass the Lunacy Inquiry Act: asylums had to be inspected regularly to ensure proper diet, no use of restraints Country Asylums Act (England, 1845): every county required to provide asylum to “paupers and lunatics” Man in restraint chair at the West Riding Lunatic Asylum, UK – H. Clarke, 1869– Wellcome Trust ISM 2024 - Mausz 18 Humanitarian Reform Benjamin Rush (1745–1813): founder of American psychiatry who encouraged more humane treatment Early 1800s in America: widespread growth of moral management based on work of Pinel and Tuke – Wide-ranging method of treatment focusing on patients’ social, individual and occupational needs and moral/spiritual development 1960s: recognition of need for reform – Community Mental Health Act of 1963 established outpatient clinics, inpatient hospital facilities, community programs – Essays: Erving Goffman’s Asylums (1961) described neglect and maltreatment of patients in mental hospitals Late 20th century: – Introduction of effective medications such as antipsychotics, mood stabilizers – Deinstitutionalization movement to close mental hospitals Well-intentioned but had unforeseen consequences to both patients and communities (e.g., increased homelessness) ISM 2024 - Mausz 19 The Emergence of Modern Views of Abnormal Behaviour Four major advances in the 19th & 20th centuries changed how abnormal behavior was viewed and treated: – Biological discoveries – Development of an agreed-upon classification system for mental disorders – Emergence of scientifically informed views about the causes of abnormal behavior – Emergence of experimental psychology Sigmund Freud Credit: Hans Casparius | Getty Images ISM 2024 - Mausz 20 Video: Historical Views of Mental Illness Click on the screenshot to view this video. ISM 2024 - Mausz 21 01 Introduction: Mental Disorders DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ISM 2024 - Mausz 22 Famous people who suffered from mental disorders Howard Hughes (inventor, entrepreneur), Whoopi Goldberg (actress) - anxiety disorder Arthur Schopenhauer (philosopher) - Depression Sebastian Deissler, Robert Enke (soccer player) - Depression Curt Cobain (Singer) - Depression Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce (writer), Catherine Zeta-Jones (actress) - bipolar disorder Vincent van Gogh (painter) - psychotic disorder Michael Stipe (singer), Lady Gaga (singer), David Coulthard (Formula 1 driver) - eating disorder Elvis Presley (singer), John Belushi (comedian), Betty Ford (US first lady), Amy Winehouse (singer) - substance abuse/substance dependence Comer, 2001 ISM 2024 - Mausz 23 What is mental illness? According to the current state of knowledge, mental disorders can be divided into at least four interacting key areas of human development. Describe and define human activity and behavior more precisely (whereby none of the levels is considered solely decisive): the way in which people experience and express their feelings (emotion) the way they think, judge and learn (information processing, cognition) the way they behave (e.g. motor skills and social interaction) which physical or biopsychological phenomena (e.g. heartbeat, neuroanatomical abnormalities, etc.) they exhibit Wittchen, 2006 ISM 2024 - Mausz 24 Characteristics of mental illness Statistical rarity Defined on the basis of average values (e.g. only about 1% of the population suffers from bipolar disorder) Violation of social norms e.g. threatening or frightening others - problem: cultural dependency! Personal suffering Impairment of lifestyle (e.g. loss of performance) Inappropriate behavior or inappropriate reaction to stress from the environment Davison, Neale & ISM 2024 - Mausz 25 Hautzinger, 2007 Eccentric or disturbed? A few months ago, Mr. M. felt as if a voice was saying to him that he had to give up his job, leave his family, move to another place and should start all over again. In the time that followed, he had several such inspirations. These plunged him into a deep state of confusion, especially as he felt as if his long-dead father would speak to him and tell him how he should organize his life differently. What would you say? Is this (still) normal or is it a psychological disorder with disease value? ISM 2024 - Mausz 26 Stigma & Psychiatry On being sane in insane places Study by David Rosenhan (Psychology professor in Philadelphia, 1969) – published in 1973 He and eight other pseudo-patients faked their way into psychiatric hospitals Got themselves admitted to psychiatric hospitals, secretly, by pretending to have a mental illness Diagnosed schizophrenic Began to behave normally upon admission All but one discharged with the revised diagnosis, schizophrenia in remission. ISM 2024 - Mausz 27 Problems of demarcation The categories "disturbed" and "normal" or "ill" and "healthy" may sound clearly definable, but in many areas they are actually different positions on a continuum. In the case of mental disorders, there is the additional factor that being classified as "disturbed" also means social stigmatization, which can have negative implications for the person affected. ISM 2024 - Mausz 28 Click on the screenshot to view this video. ISM 2024 - Mausz 29 Classification and Diagnosis Advantages of Classification Systems Provide nomenclature (a naming system) Provide a common language for clinicians and researchers Allow structuring of information in a helpful manner Facilitate research Define the domain of what is considered pathological Help in insurance reimbursement assessment ISM 2024 - Mausz 30 Classification and Diagnosis What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? Loss of specific information and personal details due to simplification Stigma (disgrace) and stereotyping (automatic beliefs concerning other people) may be associated with diagnosis Self-concept impacted by diagnostic labeling Important to remember that diagnostic classification systems do not classify people; they classify the disorders that people have Take care not to define patients by their illness—use respectful and appropriate “person-first” instead, e.g., “a person with schizophrenia,” not “a schizophrenic” ISM 2024 - Mausz 31 Culture and Abnormality Culture Affects the way abnormality is defined Varies in the way different cultures describe psychological distress Can shape the clinical presentation of disorders Can influence the forms of psychopathology experienced by people in that culture ISM 2024 - Mausz 32 Multiple Choice Question ISM 2024 - Mausz 33 Multiple Choice Questions from Today Early writings show that the Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed abnormal behavior to __________. a. poor parenting b. physical disease c. demonic possession d. chemical imbalance in the brain ISM 2024 - Mausz 34 Comorbidity means __________. a. that a disorder is often fatal b. that a person has two or more disorders c. that a person has a more severe form of a disorder d. that a person is unlikely to recover from a disorder ISM 2024 - Mausz 35 Which of the following individuals would most likely be a subject of specialists in abnormal psychology? a. Stacy, a college student who is consistently 15 minutes late to class b. Jason, a stock trader who rarely leaves his house c. Misha, a lab assistant who translates the vocal sounds of dolphins d. Tyree, an athlete who seeks to use visual imagery to improve his rowing technique ISM 2024 - Mausz 36 What makes defining abnormality difficult? a. There are so many types of abnormal behavior that they can’t be accurately described. b. There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal. c. Most of us are abnormal much of the time, so we cannot tell what is normal. d. Criteria for abnormality have yet to be developed. ISM 2024 - Mausz 37 The fact that tattoos are commonplace today, while they were once viewed as abnormal, illustrates that __________. a. modern society is unlikely to change b. what is acceptable for men and women is no longer different c. German culture values independence d. the values of a society may change over time ISM 2024 - Mausz 38 Brandon consistently drinks a fifth of vodka at least five times per week. This has greatly increased his chance of serious liver damage and premature death. Because he drinks at home, the behavior harms no one else. According to the DSM-5, is Brett’s behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder? a. Yes, because many people in society engage in this behavior b. Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that is harmful and dangerous c. No, because his behavior must also harm the well-being of others in the community d. No, because there is no evidence that his actions are out of his own control ISM 2024 - Mausz 39 In the field of abnormal psychology, what does DSM stand for? a. Disorders, Science, and the Mind b. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual c. Descriptors for the Science of the Mind d. Diagnostic Science of the Mind ISM 2024 - Mausz 40 Martine believes that the trees on her family farm occasionally speak to her. In deciding if Martine has a mental illness or not, which of the following should first be evaluated? a. How old is Martine? b. Is Martine’s belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture? c. Do people in general consider Martine’s belief to be abnormal? d. Does her belief match any of the symptoms in the disorders in the DSM-5? ISM 2024 - Mausz 41 The Load of Mental Disorders ISM 2024 - Mausz 42 How Common Are Mental Disorders? Understanding the number and types of people with diagnosable disorders is significant for many reasons, including: – Planning, establishing, and funding mental health services for specific disorders – Understanding the causes of mental disorders in different groups of people ISM 2024 - Mausz 43 Terminology Mental health epidemiology: the study of the distribution of mental disorders in a given population Prevalence: number of active cases in a population during any given period of time, expressed in percentages or different types of prevalence estimates – Point prevalence: estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point in time – 1-year prevalence: estimate of the number of people who experienced depression at any point during the entire year – Lifetime prevalence: estimate of the number of people who have had a particular disorder at any time in their lives Incidence: number of new cases in population over given period of time; typically lower than prevalence figures Comorbidity (the presence of two or more disorders in the same person) occurs in serious cases; not in mild cases ISM 2024 - Mausz 44  Prevalence of mental illness 12-month prevalence of mental disorders affective disorders somatoform disorders Possible psychotic disorders obsessive-compulsive disorders Women anxiety men disorders Substance-related disorders (without nicotine dependence) PTSD any mental disorders (without nicotine dependence) Robert Koch Institute Berlin, 2015 ISM 2024 - Mausz 45  2.1 Introduction: Mental disorders -month prevalence of mental disorders mentally ill people in Germany any mental disorder anxiety disorder (F40,F41) affective disorders (F3) Substance use disorder (F1 without nicotine dependence) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (F42) somatoform disorder (F45) psychotic disorder (F2) PTSD (F43.1) Number of patients in MIO. Report Psychotherapy 2020, ISM 2024 - Mausz 46 www.dptv.de/ The Global Burden of Disease Mental and substance use disorders account for more than 7 percent of the global burden of disease Effects on economic output, personal/emotional costs Treatment Not all people receive treatment Most people delay treatment Many people treated by family physicians Vast majority of treatment is done on outpatient basis Inpatient hospitalization typically in psychiatric units ISM 2024 - Mausz 47 The Burden of Mental Illness for Different Disorders Across the Lifespan Global Disability-Adjusted Life Years across Age Groups ISM 2024 - Mausz 48 Years of life lost - reasons for DALYs* in Europe 1. Ischemic heart disease 10.5 2. Cardiovascular disease 6.8 3. Unipolar depression 6.1 4. Alzheimer's disease and other forms of Dementia 3.0 5. alcohol-induced disorders 2.9 * Disability-adjusted life-years: number of "lost" years of life due to premature mortality or life with severe disability. Impairment Üstün, Ayuso-Mateos, Chatterji & ISM 2024 - Mausz 49 Mathers, 2004 ISM 2024 - Mausz 50  2.1 Introduction: Mental disorders Figures from the health insurance companies Figure 15: Sick days and cases of sick leave per 100 insured years due to mental illnesses Sick days per 100 insured people Cases of sick leave per 100 insured people DAK Health Report ISM 2024 - Mausz 51 2020 What explains the increase in the proportion of mental illnesses? A DAK expert survey (2005) attributes to the increase to several factors: Actual increase in mental illnesses (at least in the case of depression) Higher diagnostic competence of doctors Affected people are now more likely to express symptoms of their own that indicate a mental illness. Those affected are more willing to accept corresponding diagnoses (diagnosis is possibly less strongly experienced as stigmatizing) DAK, ISM 2024 - Mausz 52 2005 What causes Mental Illness? ISM 2024 - Mausz 53 Types of Causes Necessary Cause must be present for a mental illness to develop Without X, Y does not occur Sufficient Cause a factor that can, on its own, cause the disorder If X occurs, Y will occur Contributory Cause increases the likelihood of a mental illness but is neither necessary nor sufficient on its own If X occurs, the probability of Y increase ISM 2024 - Mausz 54 Mental illness - vulnerability-stress model (aka diathesis stress model) Stress, exams, social load Barrel model: the higher the vulnerability - here the bottom of the barrel - the faster the barrel Low overflows (e.g. under vulnerability stress); onset of a psychotic episode. High Increased vulnerabilit vulnerabilit y y Bäuml & Lambert (2009) Recognizing, understanding and ISM 2024 - Mausz 55 treating psychoses ISM 2024 - Mausz 56 Mental illness - integrative perspective Integrative perspective (vulnerability-stress model, Wittchen & Hoyer Vulnerabilities Exposur 2006, p. 20) Modifying variables Consequence Intraindividual e Psycholog. s Acute Factors consequences e.g. age, gender, personality, e.g. resilience, e.g. professional & Temperament, genetic coping, interac. problems & neurobiolog. Factors, social support, loss & trauma dysfunct. Cognitions & Schemes Stress Psych. disorder events Social environment Social environment Long-term e.g. social class, consequences Education, family, e.g. social class, social affairs Education, family, e.g. Network, professional social affairs unemployment Socialization, norms Network, social isolation, professional Hopelessness Initiation Start of malfunction Fault history Socialization, norms ISM 2024 - Mausz 57 Risk and protective factors Although initial bonding experiences have a formative influence on people, the attribution to an "unhappy childhood“ can not be concluded to the probability of developing a mental disorder. It is just one (of many) risk factors. There are also protective factors that can prevent a person from developing a mental disorder. This includes positive social relationships and own skills/competencies. Lenz, ISM 2024 - Mausz 58 2005 Risk factors Categories of Risk Factors: Biological Psychological Environmental (Sociocultural) Examples of risk factors are - chronically stressful relationships with the family or the direct Environment (overprotection or neglect by parents, contradictory forms of communication, life in foreign cultures) - acutely traumatizing events in the past (deaths, disasters) - lasting changes in external living conditions (loss of a parent or the job, but also the birth of a child, career advancement in a more responsible position) - Biological factors like temperament or inherited diseases Lenz, ISM 2024 - Mausz 59 2005 Protective factors Strengths/resources (social skills, intelligence, self-confidence) Emotional ties to people who provide support in crisis situations Integration into social networks (friends, workplace) Through the interaction of protective, risk factors and current stress results in a predisposition to the development of mental disorders (vulnerability) Resilience: The ability to survive psychologically and physiologically difficult life situations and crises and remain stable without losing positive self-esteem (psychological resilience) Werner et al. (1971) studied children who grew up in great poverty and found that around two thirds of all children who grew up poor had major problems in adulthood. The third who were not affected by poverty in this study were described as resilient. Lenz, ISM 2024 - Mausz 60 2005 What Does It Mean to Have a Mental Disorder? Click on the screenshot to view this video. ISM 2024 - Mausz 61 __________ refers to the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point of time. a. Point prevalence b. Absolute prevalence c. 1-year prevalence d. Lifetime prevalence ISM 2024 - Mausz 62 01 Introduction: The Importance of Mental Health in Management ISM 2024 - Mausz 63 Work Is One of the Top Sources of Stress for Young Adults (ages 18–23) What area of your life causes you the most stress? Source: Based on American Psychological Association, Stress in American 2019 (Washington, D C: A P A, November 2019): https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2019/stress-america-2019.pdf ISM 2024 - Mausz 64 How the Stress Process Unfolds In The Workplace Stress: a generally unpleasant perception and appraisal of stressors. Stressor: conditions or events that an individual perceives as challenging or threatening. – Challenge stressors – Hindrance stressors Strain: the psychological, physiological, and behavioral consequences of stress. Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved ISM 2024 - Mausz 65 ISM 2024 - Mausz 66 The Proposed Inverted-U Relationship Between Stress and Job Performance ISM 2024 - Mausz 67 I feel stressed at work by the following conditions... Hectic Hektik 32.5 39.6 27.9 Time/deadline pressure Zeitdruck, Termindruck 30.6 39.2 30.2 High work pace hohes Arbeitstempo 28.8 34.5 36.7 Large workload große Arbeitsmengen 28.5 38.3 33.2 ständige Constant Aufmerksamkeit, attention, concentration 27.7 38.6 33.7 Konzentration High accuracy große Genauigkeit 26.3 31.8 41.9 Unterbrechung von Interruption of angefangenen work in progress 25.4 41.1 33.6 strong Arbeiten performance pressure/compulsion to Leistungsdruck/Erfolgszw ang succeed 25.4 36.5 38.1 a little hohe Fehlermöglichkeit 18.4 40 41.6 not at all High possibility of errors eintönige Arbeit 14.8 29.7 55.4 repetitive work unerwartete Schwierigkeiten und 14.6 42.6 42.7 Probleme Unexpected difficulties and problems Überstunden 13.8 32.9 53.3 Overtime/extra hours schw ierige Entscheidungen/Arbeiten 12.4 41 46.6 Difficult decisions/work lange Anfahrtzeiten zur Arbeit 10 20.2 69.8 Long journeys to work 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Bungard, ISM 2024 - Mausz 68 2005 Which working conditions can make you ill? DAK study (2005): Survey of 34 scientists and experienced practitioners who were asked to assess which work-related factors they consider to be particularly relevant. Workloads Combination Lack of resources - Excessive e.g. labor - Social support requirements intensification↑, - Significance - Low influenceability Social support↓ - Reward - Low predictability - Job Security - Leads to Presenteeism, Workaholism, Psychological Distress (including Burnout & Depression) - Affects Sleep ISM 2024 - Mausz 69 Organized Efforts for Mental Health (4 of 4) Mental Health Resources in Private Industry Psychological difficulties among employees can result in: – Low morale – Absenteeism – Accident proneness – Poor productivity – High job turnover – Violence in the workplace People with psychiatric problems cannot be discriminated against in the workplace More research is needed to identify mental health risk factors in work situations (e.g., workload, schedule, job security) ISM 2024 - Mausz 70 Boundary Management Tactic Examples Based on T. D. Allen, E. Cho, and L. L. Meier, “Work-Family Boundary Dynamics,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 1 (2014): 99–121. Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved ISM 2024 - Mausz 71 Boundary Management Tactic Examples Based on T. D. Allen, E. Cho, and L. L. Meier, “Work-Family Boundary Dynamics,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 1 (2014): 99–121. Copyright © 2023, 2019, 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved ISM 2024 - Mausz 72 - Time based strategies - Information based strategies - Monetary strategies - Direct Services - Work Culture strategies ISM 2024 - Mausz 73 Work–Life Initiatives ISM 2024 - Mausz 74 Work–Life Initiatives ISM 2024 - Mausz 75 ISM 2024 - Mausz 76 ISM 2024 - Mausz 77 Presentation Assignment 7-10 Minute presentation to be held on the 18.12.2024 Presentation Outline (ie. a Summary of the topic) due 13.12.2024 Content: It can be on any aspect of the course that you like and find interesting! Think: A Case Study, a Literature Review, an Overview of a disorder, etc. For example, a possible Structure for an overview of a disorder could include: – Introduction to the disorder: how does it present symptomatically? How is it diagnosed? What risk factors add to its occurrence? – Therapeutic Approach: What is the right therapy technique? Why? Discuss benefits and potential conflicts. – Modern thinking: What are the latest findings in the current literature? How may they be incorporated in future diagnosis and/or treatment? I am looking for: – A clear and logically structured presentation – Understanding of the subject matter – Critical thinking (question definitions, conclusions, processes, etc  Discuss!) – A reflection of an aspect of what you have learnt in this course ISM 2024 - Mausz 78 Review questions 1. What is a mental disorder? Name 4 key areas of human behavior that can be used to describe mental disorders and 4 characteristics of mental disorders. 2. Briefly explain in your own words why it can be problematic to make a "clear" distinction between disturbed and normal. 3. Explain the vulnerability-stress model in your own words using your own example. 4. What are protective and risk factors? Briefly explain the terms and give 2 examples of each. 5. How does work make you ill? Give 3 examples of workplace conditions that can have a negative impact on the health of employees. ISM 2024 - Mausz 79