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CLE REVIEWER convened a council to prevent schism Pope Leo the Great in the Church. The Roman empire had fallen into ❖ Attila and the Huns were threatening disgrace and was deprived of i...

CLE REVIEWER convened a council to prevent schism Pope Leo the Great in the Church. The Roman empire had fallen into ❖ Attila and the Huns were threatening disgrace and was deprived of its honor outside the walls of Rome. Great Pope Leo I - Pope Leo met Attila which - astonished everyone with his ability to made him decide to call off accomplish what seemed impossible the invasion. by just mere presence. - the first pope to be given the title “The - entered the Papacy at a difficult time. Great”. - proved to be a master statesman and - fought to preserve the unity of the history has deservedly accorded him Church and its faith. “Pope Leo the Great”. - the first Pope named Leo. - ordained St. Patrick as Bishop of - became the first Pope buried in the St. Ireland. Peter’s Basilica. - St. Patrick used a - Pope Benedict XIV proclaimed Leo I as Clover(3-leaf) to symbolize a Doctor of the Church. the Holy Trinity The main battle was the arena of faith. The Monks and European Civilization Manicheans in Italy Barbarian Invasion - the cause of the fall of the Manicheans - people who Roman Empire, leaving the European civilization believe in the struggle in chaos. between good(the spiritual NOTE: Monks abandon their riches to devote their world) and evil(the material lives to God. Their goal is to preserve the culture world). of Christianity and continue. Arians in Africa - this was seen throughout Palestine, Priscillians in Spain Syria, and Egypt Priscillians - people who - early example was St. John the Baptist deny Christ’s divinity and His St. Antony the Abbot - father of the monks of the real humanity. desert in Egypt. - claims that angels Took to heart the words of Christ to the are merely rich young man: “Go sell what you have emanations of the and give to the poor, and you will have God-head and treasure in heaven.” souls are united to Lived a life of solitude, prayer, and bodies as poverty. punishment for Taught his followers the way of the their sins. ascetic Monophysites in the East Asceticism - comes from the Monophysites - people who word “ascetic”, which comes believe that Christ is divine from Greek roots meaning and not human even though monk was taken on a human body. - practice rigorous - He played the role of catechist by self-denial, defining the norms forcefully, particularly the commented on Scriptures, and rejection of the  pleasures of the 1. His theological and spiritual world writings shaped the thought Died in 356 of the Middle Ages. St. Patrick of Ireland 2. Made the Pope the de facto Founded the monastery of Armagh in ruler of central Italy. 444 & other monasteries throughout 3. His charisma strengthened Ireland. the Papacy in the West. The Irish monks that followed him 4. Was dedicated to the converted much of Northern Europe. conversion of England to The Irish monks began private Christianity. confession and allowed one to repeat confession as necessary. Christianity during the Carolingian Empire St. Benedict of Nursia Carolingian Empire - began with Charles Martel. Born in Nursia, Italy on 480 Charles Martel Came from an aristocratic family and Mayor of the Palace under the educated in one of the best schools in Merovingian Franks. Rome. Stopped the Muslim invasion of Europe The licentiousness of the society made at the Battle of Tours near Poitiers in him choose a life of solitude in 732. Subiaco. Supported St. Boniface in the Benedictine Abbeys - became the conversion of Germany. centers of conversion and learning Pepin the Short during the barbarian invasion. Charles Martel son His Holy Rule became the standard for He and the Papacy formed a historic monasteries throughout Europe & the alliance. pattern for Western civilization. Died in 768 and divided his realm ○ Obedience - comes from the between his two sons, Carloman and Latin word for “listen” Charles. - practice of Pope Stephen II - first pope to leave Italy and attentive listening cross the Alps in 754. is foundational to King Pepin Patrician of the Romans - swept into the Benedictine Italy and conquered the Lombards, securing Rule of Life papal estates St. Gregory the Great Charles(742-814) First monk to become Pope and Saint. Known as Charlemagne Born to Roman nobility Took over all of Gaul upon the death of First pursued a political career and his brother in 771 and soon conquered became the Prefect of Rome. most of mainland Europe. - he gave up his position and Ruled until 814. wealth and retreated to his Strong supporter of Christianity, it home to lead a monastic life. became the guiding principle of the Elected as Pope in 590 Carolingian Empire, as the Church Served until his death in 604. established a powerful presence Known for 4 historic achievements: throughout Europe.  Considered himself the leader of ○ Pope Gregory IV decided to Christendom as political head of state include all the saints in the and protector of Church feast day, calling it Feast of Pope Leo II - crowned Charlemagne, Emperor of All Saints and moving the the Romans on Christmas Day 800. date to November 1 in 837 - this was the beginning of medieval AD Christendom All Souls’ Day All Saints’ Day Commemorated on November 2 Contrary to what some people believe, All Saints’ On this day Roman Catholic churches Day and All Souls’ Day did not evolve from pay homage to the people who have paganism left the earth - some parts of pagan practices were ○ they offer prayers to the included by other cultures souls who are still in - others naturally became part of the All purgatory Saints’ and All Souls’ Celebrations In the 7th or 8th century AD, all the ORIGIN OF ALL SAINT’S DAY churches in the world read “The Office November 1 is All Saints’ Day of the Dead” prayer Day Christians in many parts of the A Requiem Mass for the departed is world remember all the known and offered as well unknown martyrs and saint through the People visit the graves of their family history of the Christian world members and reflect on the lives of the Churches declared that November 1 is loved ones they lost a day of obligation, meaning Christians are required to go to church and try to Saints of Grade 9 avoid doing any submissive work ST. EZEKIEL MORENO Feast day comes after Hallow’s Eve or An Augustinian Recollect known for Hallow’een his simple and open spirit The traditional activity during Was deeply devoted to the Sacred Halloween is to hold a vigil and pray for Heart of Jesus all the martyrs and saints He ministered for many years in foreign Halloween is NOT related to horror lands images and other new activities He strongly defended the rights of the practiced by people today to celebrate Church Halloween Born in Alfaro, Logrono, Spain on April The Christians tradition of honoring 9, 1848 martyrs and saints as well as declaring His family was poor in material goods a special day for each saint started in but committed in faith the 4th century AD Professed his vows as an Augustinian The tradition of remembering all Recollect in 1865 martyrs began in 609 AD after the Was ordained a priest in Manila, declaration of Pope Boniface IV Philippines in 1871 In the beginning, the Feast of All Holy He worked at bringing the Gospel of Martyrs was observed on May 13 Jesus to the people of the Philippines during the next 15 years  Was called back to Spain in 1885 ○ Continued his studies with ○ There he served as Rector of the Jesuits in Oropesa and the College and Novitiate of later studied music in Avila Monteagudo Served the cathedral for 2 years as a Ezekiel showed himself a voice of choirboy strength for his people In 1550 he studied philosophy and In 1906 a diagnosis of cancer caused theology in Salamanca for 6 years until him to reluctantly return to Spain for he felt called to the priesthood treatment He was ordained deacon in Avila He died August 19, 1906 Professed in 1568 Was beatified by Pope Paul VI in 1975 ○ Coming as a deacon with Canonized by Pope John Paul II in ecclesiastical studies 1992 already done ST. PETER BAUTISTA He was soon ordained priest and was Saint Pedro Bautista of the Franciscan assigned to preaching and formation Order. work in the Province One of the most outstanding of all the Arrived in Manila in 1584 and friars that developed and ministered immediately gave himself to out of the country. missionary work He contributed much in developing In his missions in the Philippines, he some key places in the country under chose the poor and needy the Franciscan administration that environments would later became key cities in the He visited them, took care of the sick, country. built houses, schools and hospitals Taught church music and the Pedro Bautista and his confreres manufacture and use of musical attended to the lepers and the poor instruments. They became the advocate for the Discovered the medicinal voiceless, abused, and exploited characteristics of the hot springs of Founded the Church: Basilica Minore Los Baños, Laguna. de Santuario de San Pedro Bautista or Strongly defended the basic human Minor Basilica of Saint Pedro rights of the indigenous peoples of Bautista. Zambales. Feast Day: February 6 An ambassador in Japan would led to Birth: 1545 his martyrdom. Death: 1597 ○ They cut their left ear and ST. TERESA OF CALCUTTA made them walk outside Said “By blood, I am Albanian. By where it’s cold because of citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a the winter season. Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong Born Pedro y Blázquez in San Esteban to the world. As to my heart, I belong del Valle on June 29, 1542. entirely to the Heart of Jesus.” Studied Latin and cosmology in Beatified on October 19, 2003. Mombeltran. Born to Albanian parents in what is now Skopje, Macedonia.  Anjeze Gonxha (Agnes) Bojaxhiu was She returned to Calcutta, where she the youngest of the three children who lived in the slums and opened a school survived. for poor children. ○ The name St. Teresa is from She soon began getting to know her 2 Saints : St. Therese of neighbors(especially the poor & the Lisieux and St. Teresa of sick) while dressed in a white sari and Avila. sandals(ordinary dress of an Indian During her years in public school, woman) and getting to know their Agnes participated in a Catholic needs through visits. sodality and showed a strong interest The work was exhausting, but she was in the foreign missions. not alone for long. At age 18, she entered the Loreto ○ Volunteers who came to join Sisters of Dublin. her in the work(some of 1928 when she said goodbye to her them former students) mother for the final time and made her became the core of the way to a new land and a new life. Missionaries of Charity. The following year she was sent to the ○ Others helped by donating Loreto novitiate in Darjeeling, India. food, clothing, supplies, and There she chose the name Teresa and the use of buildings. prepared for a life of service. In 1952, the city of Calcutta gave She was assigned to a high school for Mother Teresa a former hostel, which girls in Calcutta, where she taught became a home for the dying and the history and geography to the daughters destitute. of the wealthy. But she could not As the order expanded, services were escape the realities around her—the also offered to orphans, abandoned poverty, the suffering, the children, alcoholics, the aging, and overwhelming numbers of destitute street people. people. For the next 4 decades, Mother Teresa 1946, while riding a train to Darjeeling worked tirelessly on behalf of the poor. to make a retreat, Sister Teresa heard ○ Her love knew no bounds. what she later explained as “a call ○ Nor did her energy, as she within a call. The message was clear. I crisscrossed the globe was to leave the convent and help the pleading for support and poor while living among them.” inviting others to see the ○ She also heard a call to give face of Jesus in the poorest up her life with the Sisters of of the poor. Loreto and to “follow Christ In 1979, she was awarded the Nobel into the slums to serve him Peace Prize among the poorest of the On September 5, 1997, God called her poor.” home. Sister Teresa took a nursing course for Blessed Teresa was canonized by Pope several months after receiving Francis on September 4, 2016. permission to leave Loreto, establish a St. John Paul II’s Mass at Quezon new religious community, and Memorial Circle from February 19, undertake her new work. 1981 which featured another  well-known figure now venerated as a who became enraged at their Saint of the Catholic Church present in persistence. the said Mass in the presence of the They were given the death sentence, Coronada image of La Gran Señora. and were soon slain by sword. St. Mother Teresa of Calcutta was His devotion to Christianity held a among the faithful present in the Mass deeper value to St. Vicente than earthly in Quezon City, during which she also life itself- he insisted on being received Holy Communion(one of many) martyred when it was suggested that from her friend, Pope St. John Paul II. he should be spared, since he was ST. VINCENT LIEM DE LA PAZ Tonkinese. He gave everything for his faith. He and St. Castaneda are revered today Lived: 1732-1773 as Vietnamese Martyrs. Feast Day: November 7 He studied here in the Philippines in Lived in modern-day Vietnam, then the school named : Kolehiyo San Juan known as Tonkin. de Letran. Born to Christian parents, members of the nobility, as he became educated he The Conversion of Russia felt a call to the priesthood and joined ❖ The Byzantine Empire of the East, the Dominicans. Constantinople as the capital, After lengthy study abroad in the flourished for thousands of years. Philippines, St. Vicente was ordained, Byzantine Empire - also then sent, with other Dominicans to referred to as the Eastern evangelize among the rural Tonkinese Roman Empire, was the people. continuation of the Roman His efforts to introduce Christianity, a Empire in its eastern banned religion, were not welcomed by provinces. local authorities. ❖ Emperor Theodosius the Great They had St. Vicente and his proclaimed Christianity as the official companion, a Spaniard and Dominican state religion of the Roman Empire in friar St. Jacinto Castenada, beaten, 380. then taken by foot, carrying a yoke ❖ The Empire reached its peak under identifying them as Christian, to a Emperor Justinian, author of Justinian regional center of government, and Code of Law. eventually to a place where the king of He ruled from 527 to 565. Tonkin held court. ❖ He built the beautiful Church of Hagia While under detention, he and St. Sophia in Constantinople which Castaneda continued to preach their became a center of religious thought. Christian, Catholic faith. ❖ The writings of the Greek Fathers(St. They participated in a 3-day debate Basil, St. John Chrysostom, and St. about Confucianism, Taoism, Maximus the Confessor) of the Church Buddhism, and Catholicism, recorded influenced greatly the spiritual as The Council of the Four Religions. formation of early Christianity. ○ Eventually, they were tried ❖ St. Cyril - created the Cyrilic alphabet before the king of Tonkin, for their liturgy and became the basis of Slavic languages(including Russian).  ❖ Kiev - once the capital of the country of bishops. bishops. Kievan Rus. Compromised the modern Governance nations of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Centralized Decentraliz ❖ Prince Vladimir of Kiev adopted authority ed Byzantine Christianity in 988, Pope in Self-govern converting Russia to the Byzantine Rome as ing the Churching Orthodox faith. supreme having its This is under the influence of leader. own his grandmother, Olga. patriarch ❖ In the 16th century, Philotheus of Pskov noted that Rome and Filioque Clause Constantinople, the second Rome, had Filioque - Latin term added to the original Nicene-Constantinople; it describes the Holy fallen, but “Moscow, the third Rome,” Spirit as proceeding from both the Father and stands. the Son. ❖ The Russian Orthodox Church today is the largest Eastern Orthodox faith with Includes Rejects the over 110 million members. the Filioque DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROMAN CATHOLIC AND Filioque clause. EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH clause(“an Believing d the Son”) the Holy Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox in the Spirit Nicene proceeds Services Services Creed. only from are in are in Stating the the Father. Latin. Greek or in Holy Spirit local proceeds languages. from both Father and Divorce is Divorce is Son. not allowed allowed. under Sacraments certain conditions. Recognized Recognizes the 7 the 7 Pope is the Patriarch(a sacrament mysteries( head of the nd other s. sacrament Church. bishops) is s), but with head of the some Church. differences. Pope has Emperor leadership has Liturgy and Worship over all authority kings, over Uses the Uses emperors, patriarch Roman various and and other Rite, with a liturgies(e.  July 16, 1054 - diplomatic effort between Pope more g. standardiz Byzantine Leo IX of Rome and Byzantine Patriarch Michael ed liturgy. Coptic), Cerularius of Constantinople ended in disaster. more Cardinal Humbert - laid a papal bull of emphasis excommunication on the altar of the church of on Hagia Sophia. tradition. ❖ The break was sealed in 1204 with the sacking of Constantinople during the Calendar 4th Crusade. Uses the Uses the 5th Ecumenical Council at Constantinople Gregorian Julian II(553) - Emperor Justinian, reaffirmed that there Calendar. Calendar is only 1 person or hypostasis in our Lord Jesus resulting in Christ. different 6th Ecumenical Council at Constantinople dates for III(681) - St. Maximus the Confessor, confessed Easter and Christmas. that Christ had 2 wills, divine and human in harmony. Icon Veneration 7th Ecumenical Council at Nicaea II(787) - resolved the iconoclast controversy, St. John Permits Encourage Damascus, since Jesus had a true humanity and icon s icon His body was finite, it was only proper to venerate veneration, veneration holy images of the human face of Jesus, as well but with as means as Mady and the Saints. caution. of devotion. ❖ The language of Rome was Latin and that of Constantinople was Greek. This Ecclesiastical Structure led to difficulty in communication. ❖ Difference in perception of Church Has a Organized authority between East and the West. hierarchica into ❖ (1) Ecumenical dialogue; (2) l structure, autocephal Theological understanding; (3) Cultural with ous archdioces churches, exchange; (4) Reconciliation efforts. es and with dioceses. patriarchs Crossing the Crusade: and TRIVIA: archbishop First Crusade : Crusaders fail to capture s. Jerusalem. Second Crusade : Edessa falls to Muslim forces. The Great Schism Eighth Crusade : Crusaders defeated at Battle of The Great Schism of 1054 - Catholic Church in Tunis. Rome and the Byzantine or Eastern Orthodox Ninth Crusade : Prince Edward of England leads Church in Constantinople. crusade. ❖ Schism - formal division within a Church or religious body over some The Reconquest of Spain doctrinal difference. Catholic Spain - first European territory to suffer Islamic invasion in 711 when  the Berber General Ibn Tariq conquered Battle of Manzikert, in 1071, the Seljuk nearly all of Spain. Turks massacred the Byzantine’s Spain was troubled in 997 when the armies, and began to threaten the Moor Almanzor seized the power of the capital of Constantinople. Caliphate. Meanwhile, they also conquered ○ The Moors - Muslims who Jerusalem. lived in the northern African Pope Urban II, launched 200 years of countries of Morocco and Crusade at the Council of Clermont, Algeria. France on November 27, 1095. Sacked the city and Cathedral of He urged the knights and noblemen to Santiago de Compostela. win back the Holy Land, to face their King Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile - sins, and called upon those present to recaptured Toledo in 1085. save their souls and become Soldiers El Cid - held off the Muslims in of Christ. Valencia until 1099. Those who took the vow for the King Alfonso I of Navarre & Aragon - pilgrimage were to wear the sign of the recaptured Zaragoza in 1118. cross(croix in French) and so evolved King Alfonso VII - won a major battle at the word croisade or Crusade. Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. “Deus le volt!” - God wills it! King Fernando III - recaptured Cordoba ○ Became the battle cry of the in 1236 and returned the cathedral crusades. bells to the Church of Santiago de 3 Primary Reasons for the Beginning of Crusade: Compostela. 1. Free Jerusalem and the Church of the The nation of Spain was united when Holy Sepulchre; King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen 2. Defend the Christian East, hopefully Isabella I of Castille were married in healing the rift between Roman and 1469. Orthodox Christianity; and Granada was still ruled by Moors. 3. Marshal the energy of the constantly United their forces ended the warring feudal lords and knights into Reconquista. the one cause of penitential warfare. ○ Reconquista - name given to Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, the First a long series of wars and Crusade, freed Jerusalem on July 15, battles between the Christian 1099. Kingdom and the Muslim The Church of Holy Sepulchre was Moors for control of the once again in Christian hands and Iberian Peninsula restored. Effects: The 4 Crusader states were ❖ Shaping of Spanish identity. established - Jerusalem, Tripoli, ❖ Influence on Latin American Antioch, and Edessa. conquests. The Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted for ❖ Preservation of Islamic heritage. 88 years, until Saladin recaptured the ❖ Continued Muslim-Christian tensions. city. ❖ Cultural exchange and diversity. King Richard the Lionheart of England - negotiated the Peace Treaty of Jaffa Pope Urban II & The First Crusade  with Saladin - Christian pilgrims were 1224 - he received the stigmata of given free access to Jerusalem. Christ, two years before his death. The 4 Crusader states eventually ST. DOMINIC DE GUZMAN(1170-1221) collapsed; the surrender of Acre in Born in Caleruega, Spain. 1291 ended 192 years of formal He spent several years preaching in Christian rule in the Holy Land. France in an attempt to convert the Albigensians. The Mendicant Orders ○ Albigenses - members of a ❖ 12th and 13th centuries - the climax of Catharistic sect of southern the Medieval Age. France. ❖ The flowering of Christendom, a time ○ Manichean - teaching the of extraordinary intellectual activity, release of the spirit from with the rise of the university and the matter through asceticism. introduction of Arabian, Hebrew, and He received a vision of the Blessed Greek words into Christian schools. Virgin Mary and began to spread ❖ Mendicant Orders also known as devotion to the Rosary in 1208. “friars” He was a man of peace and converted Aim was not only to pursue many through prayer, preaching, and the Monastic Ideals(poverty, his example of poverty. renunciation, and self He founded the Order of Preachers in sacrifice) but also maintain a 1216 known as the Dominican Friars. presence and convert the ST. THOMAS AQUINAS(1225-1274) world by example and Born in Roccasecca, Italy. preaching. He joined the Dominicans at the age of Mendicant - member of any 18. of several Roman Catholic He received his doctorate in theology religious orders who and taught at the University of Paris assumes a vow of poverty during the height of Christendom. and supports himself/herself He saw reason and faith as one and by work and charitable mutually supportive, and combined the contributions. Bible and Church Fathers and the ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI(1182-1226) reasoning of Aristotle into one unified Was born to wealth. system of understanding Christian He experienced conversion after revelation through faith enlightened by joining the military. reason. Adopted a life of poverty and began to Summa Theologica - most noted work, preach the Kingdom of Heaven. a five-volume masterpiece. Loved creation for Christ Himself took on flesh in the Incarnation. He founded the Franciscan Order and received approval from Rome in 1209. 1219 - St. Francis risked his life in the Fifth Crusade by calling directly upon the Sultan of Egypt in an effort to convert him and bring peace.