Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery PDF

Nanoparticles in drug delivery (Brief introduction) Relative size of various pharmaceutical particles ranging from nanoparticles to tablets  Introduction Nanoparticles is derived from the Greek word Nano means⁎.extremely...

Nanoparticles in drug delivery (Brief introduction) Relative size of various pharmaceutical particles ranging from nanoparticles to tablets  Introduction Nanoparticles is derived from the Greek word Nano means⁎.extremely small.Nanoparticles are sub nano sized colloidal delivery system⁎.Particle size ranges from 10-1000nm in diameter ⁎.One nanometers is the same as on billionth of meter(10-9 meter)⁎ They are made up of natural ,synthetic or semi synthetic polymers ⁎. carrying drugs Drugs are entrapped either in the polymer matrix as a particulates ⁎ or solid or may bound to particle surface by physical adsorption or by.chemical reaction Drug can be added during preparation of nanoparticles or to the ⁎. previously prepared nanoparticles Nanoparticles Examples of Nanoparticles and their relative size  Advantages of Nanoparticles.Reduction in the frequency of the dosages taken by the patient ⁎.More uniform effect of the drug ⁎.Reduction of drug side effects ⁎.Reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels ⁎.Avoids hepatic first pass metabolism ⁎ The system can be used for various of administration, such as ⁎.oral ,nasal ,parenteral, intraocular Nanoparticles are taken up by cells more efficiently than the ⁎.large sized micro particles Targeted nano-drug carriers reduce drug toxicity and provide ⁎.more efficient drug distribution.Protection from enzymatic and chemical degradation ⁎ Disadvantages of Nanoparticles.High cost ⁕. Reduced ability to adjust the dose ⁕ Highly sophisticated technology ⁕ Requires skills to manufacture ⁕.Difficult to maintain stability of dosage form ⁕.Productively more difficult ⁕  Ideal characteristic.it should be biochemical inert , nontoxic and non immunogenic ⁎ It should be stable both physically and chemically in vivo and ⁎.invitro conditions.Controllable and predicate rate of drug release ⁎.drug release should not effect drug action ⁎ Restrict drug distributions to non target cells or tissues or organs ⁎.and should have uniform distribution.Specific therapeutic amount of drug release must be possessed ⁎ Carriers used must be biodegradable or readily eliminated from the ⁎ body without any Problem and no carrier induced.modulation in disease state The preparation of the delivery System should be easy or ⁎.reasonable.Simple , reproducible and cost effective ⁎  ?What are polymers.Macromolecules made up of repeating units of monomer ⁕.If monomer are identical : homo polymer ⁕.More than one type of monomer : co-polymer ⁕.Natural polymer: biopolymer such as :DNA, proteins, starch⁕.Synthetic Polymers: plastic, nylon ⁕.Can be fabricated into various shapes and sizes ⁕.Application food to drug delivery to artificial organs ⁕ Polymers are the backbone of any drug delivery System from⁕.Simple tablets to implants Drug can be encapsulated or dispersed, complexes or ⁕ configured. ⁕ Spatial and or temporal control off drug release from hr to years. ⁕ Smart polymers can release the drug in response to specific biological Stimuli. ⁕ Polymers can target to specific organs or cells. ⁕ Multifunctional polymers targeting agent drug and diagnostic agent. ⁕ Properties can be tailored choice of monomers..⁕ Biocompatibility of polymers is critical  C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of p o l y m e r s Based o n origin natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic polymers. Based o n Most of the natural polymers are biodegradable Synthetic polymers may be either biodegradable or biodegradability non-biodegradable Based on t h e linear, cross-linked or branched polymers architecture Based on w a t e r water soluble and water insoluble polymers solubility  Non- Biodegradable biodegradable - Enzym atic cleava ge - inert, don't undergo enzymatic - for controlled cleav age delivery (h - days) - Excreted intact - Ex polysaccharides, - Drug release by cyclodextrins, diffusion as well as polysiloxanes erosion - Drug release by diffusion  Smart Nanoparticles System are those that are capable of releasing more drug molecules to the surrounding environment upon Stimulation the stimuli include physical(temperature light, magnetic field and electricity chemical (pH and ions) and biological enzymes antibodies and small molecules Components Rexin G is a matrix targeted nanoparticles used in treatment of metastatic cancer  N at ur al po ly m er s Synthetic polymers Proteins Polysaccharides Pre polymerised Polymerised in polymer process polymer Gelatin Alginate Poly(e- Poly(isobutyl Albumin Dextran caprolactone) cynoacrylate) Lectin s Chitosan Polylactic Poly(butylcy Legumin Agarose acid noacrylate) Poly(lactide- Poly(hexyley co-glycolide) noacrylate) Polystyrene Polymethylm ethacrylate