Class 9 Economics PDF

# Class IX NCERT ## The Story of Village Palampur - The lesson is all about the production activities. ## Types of Production - Industrialization - Agriculture - Services - Service sector contributes more GDP in India. - Despite being the major contributor of GDP, agriculture sector has major emplo...

# Class IX NCERT ## The Story of Village Palampur - The lesson is all about the production activities. ## Types of Production - Industrialization - Agriculture - Services - Service sector contributes more GDP in India. - Despite being the major contributor of GDP, agriculture sector has major employment. ## Factors of Production - Land - Labour - Physical Capital (Fixed & Human Capital) - Human capital ## Kharif Crops - Monsoon (June-July) - Harvesting (Sept-Oct) - Warm, humid, high rainfall - Rice, cotton, sugarcane, jowar, bajra - Rain Dependent ## Rabi Crops - Postmonsoon (Oct-Nov) - Harvested (March-April) - Warm, cool growth period - Wheat, mustard, gram - Well irrigated - Electricity has a good impact on irrigation system. - Riverine & coastal regions are well irrigated. - Deccan plateaus have low level of irrigation. ## To increase production - Multiple cropping - practice of growing more than one crop on the same piece of land in a season or a year. # Modern Farming: Green Revolution in late 1960s - High yield varieties (HYVs) were used to increase production of wheat & rice. - These HYVs produce a lot more than traditional seeds. - There need a lot of working capital, i.e fertilizers, chemical pesticides etc. - Punjab, Haryana, western part of UP were first to use modern farming. - It affects the natural resource (land) - It loses its soil fertility due to the chemical fertilizers. - Water table levels are low. # Non-Farming Activities ## Diary ## Small Scale Industries ## Transport - Rural Development: Economic Development - To create balanced & sustainable growth, reduction in urban migration, better health & education. ## Few schemes by government - **Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREA):** to provide 100 days employment per year to every rural household. - **Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):** provides road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations in remote areas. ## People as Resource - **Resource** - things to perform an activity. - **Human resources** - man-made - **Natural resources** - **Thomas Malthus** - study on population (He had a negative perception) - According to him, if a country has a huge population, a country has to spend a lot of money on administration. - **Govt** - Revenue/Income - **Health** - Spend - **Education** - Infrastructure - **Dividends:** The profit shared to the shareholders in a company/organization. - **Demographic dividend:** study used in economics that was focused on population & geography focused on population. Classifying population. - **Japan** - highest aging population - They've invested on health & education which enhanced their living conditions, making it more developed despite having aging population. It skilled human resources. # Economic Activities - **Primary** - Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry - **Secondary** - Manufacturing - **Tertiary** - Trade, transport, services # Education - **Primary** - **Secondary Skill development education** - **Higher education** - (IITS, Medical institutions, Management institutions) - **Sarva Siksha Abhyaan (Education for all)** - **Mid-day meal scheme** - To focus on primary education - Countries which focus on women's education and jobs happen to be comparatively developed. - 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation of learners. # Health - India has the highest out of the pocket expenditure because of poor health facilities or infrastructure & less focus on health. - Lack of good system of insurance. - **Unemployement** - **Seasonal** (not finding jobs during some months of the year) - **Disguised** (employed in a job than are needed, resulting in insignificant contribution. # Poverty as a Challenge - Every 4th person in India is poor. (27% were) (2011-12) - The largest single concentration of the poor in the world. - **Health** - **Hunger** - **Clean water/Good Food** - **Shelter** - **Education** - **Lack of (Poverty)** - **Sanitation** - **Sense of helplessness** ## Social Exclusion - Cause & Consequence of Poverty - Individuals or groups are excluded from the facilities, benefits & opportunities that others enjoy - Ex- caste system, racism etc. ## Vulnerability - It means weakness. It describes the major probability of certain communities of becoming or remaining poor. (Widows or handicapped example) - **Vulnerable groups in social context**: SC, ST, - **Vulnerable groups in economic context**: Agricultural & urban labours. ## Poverty Line - The poverty line is a threshold income level below which individuals or household are considered to be living in poverty. - **In India**: ₹71500 per month (Rural area) ₹22500 per month (Urban area) (as of 2021) ## Poverty in India - 56% (1973) to 36% (1993) to 26% (2000) - women & children are poorest of the poor. - **HCR - Head Count Ratio (Based on poverty lines)** - **Urban & rural poverty is high** - MP, Bihar, Orissa, UP - **Focusing on** - Human resource development - Kerala - Land Reform measures - West Bengal - Public distribution of food grains - AP & TN - **China & South-East Asia countries poverty decline was rapid.** ## Causes of Poverty - **Rapid growth of population** - **Failing agriculture** - **Unequal distribution of land** - **Social factors** # Anti-Poverty Measures | Scheme | Aim | Starting Year | |---|---|---| | PMRY - Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana | To create self-employment | 1993 | | REGP - Rural Employment Generation Programme | Self employment in rural areas | 1995 | | SGSY - Swarn Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana | Assisting families below poverty line | 1999 | | PMGY - PM Gramodaya Yojana | Improving rural life | 2000 | | AAY - Antyodaya Anna Yojana | Food security to poor | 2000 | | NFWP - National Food for Work Programme | Create employment & provide food | 2001 | | NREA - National Rural Employment Guarantee Act | 100 days assured employment in rural areas | 2005 | - Despite taking measures, why is India still developing in its economic? - **Unemployment in the youth also working for low-wages and in informal sector.** - **Major employment in agriculture sector yet not generating a good economy.** - **Vulnerable groups still lack basic facilities due to inequality.** # Food Security in India - **Food security** - affordability, accessibility, availability - **World Food Summit (1995):** Food security at the individual household, regional, national & global level exists when all people, at all times, have physical & economic access to sufficient, safe & nutritious food to meet their dietary requirements for an active & healthy life. - **Poverty eradication** is essential to improve access to food. - **Natural Production - Food shortage - Prices ↑ - Less affordability** - **Calamity** - **UP, Bihar, Orissa, MP, West Bengal, Chattisgarh - Largest number of food insecure people in the country.** - **Famine - Starvation** - **Famine is widespread deaths due to starvation & epidemics.** - **Hunger** - **Seasonal** - **Inadequate food access** - **Long term.** # Famine of Bengal 1943 - **30 Lakh people died** - **Areas still affected**: - Kalahandi & Kashipur in Orissa. - Baran in Rajasthan. - Palamau in Jharkhand. - **Agricultural & Casual labour, fishermen, transport worker, SCs, STs, ex OBCs, migrated people, etc** - **Mostly affected people.** - India is aiming at self-sufficiency in food grains since independence. - **PM Indira Gandhi** - Green revolution (1968) - Wheat revolution & Rice revolution. - **Punjab & UP, WB ↑ production** - **Jharkhand, Assam, TN, ↑ production** # Food security in India - Buffer Stock - Buffer Stock - **Stocking of food grains (wheat and rice) by government.** - **Minimum support price (MSP)** - it is pre-announced price for their crops. - **The Food Corporation of India (FCI) purchases from farmers where there is surplus production.** - **These food grains are distributed to the deficit areas and among poor for lower prices (issue price).** - **Helps to resolve shortage of food during periods of calamity.** # Public Distribution System - **System of distributing food grains. (Rationing)** - **Any family with ration card have this access.** - **i) Antyodaya cards** - poorest of poor - **ii) BPL cards** - below poverty line - **iii) APL cards** - for all others - **Programs for food intervention** - **i) PDS** - **ii) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)** - **iii) Food for Work (FFW)** # National Food Security Act, 2013 - Provides for food and nutritional security life at affordable prices. - **Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS)** - 1992. - **Targeted Reblic Distribution System (TPDS)** - 1997 (poor section) # Merits of PDS - Helps to keep food prices stable - Prevents hunger & famine - Subsidi​zed food to poor. - Assuring farmer with MSP # Demerits of PDS - Food grains deteriorate in buffer stock. - Waste due to rotting, wear & tear. - Mal-practices by PDS dealers, selling foodgrains in open market for higher profit. # Role of Cooperatives in food security - **Operate Love Priced Goods** - 94% of TN fair shops are run by cooperatives. - Mother diary provides milk & vegetables in Delhi. - Amul (Gujarat) - white revolution. - **In Maharashtra, Academy of Development Science (ADS) Network of NGOs for setting up grain banks.** - **Training & capacity building on food security.**