Class 1 Notes PDF

Anatomy: The study of the structures of the body Physiology: The study of how the body functions Atoms Molecule Organelle Organ Tissue Cell Organ Systems The Human Organism Chemicals Inorganic Organic Does not contain carbon Contains carbon...

Anatomy: The study of the structures of the body Physiology: The study of how the body functions Atoms Molecule Organelle Organ Tissue Cell Organ Systems The Human Organism Chemicals Inorganic Organic Does not contain carbon Contains carbon and and hydrogen hydrogen combinations Carbohydrates, fats, H20, 02, C02, Ca, Na proteins, nucleic acids  cell smallest living units of structure and function of the body; carries out specific chemical reactions tissue a group of cells with similar structure and function - there are four main groups  organ a structure with specific functions made up of 2 or more tissues eg. stomach lined with epithelial cells; contracts with muscle cells and is controlled by nerve impulses systems a group of related organs that work together to perform specific functions Integumentary system Skin, hair, nails Skeletal system Bones, cartilage, and ligaments Muscular system Primarily skeletal muscles Circulatory system Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries Lymphatic system Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen and tonsils Respiratory system Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Urinary system Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Nervous system Brain, spinal cord, and sense organs Endocrine system Pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other organs Digestive system Stomach, small and large intestines, esophagus, liver, mouth, and pancreas Male reproductive system Testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis Female reproductive system Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and breasts Anatomic terms Midline Directional terms: Grouped in Medial pairs of Lateral opposites Proximal Distal Anatomical position- standing upright, facing forward, arms at side with palms forward and feet slightly apart  Superior Anterior (Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) Superficial Deep Inferior Body planes Sagittal plane Transverse plane Frontal plane Body regions Body cavities Abdominal regions  Use your book and a piece of paper and make a tic-tac-toe grid putting in these regions Abdominal quadrants Rt Upper Quadrant liver, gallbladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, right adrenal gland, part of Rt kidney, part of colon Lt Upper Quadrant Lt lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of Lt kidney, pancreas, lt adrenal gland, part of colon  Lt lower quadrant lower part of Lt kidney, part of colon, Lt ovary, Lt fallopian tube, Lt ureter, Lt spermatic cord, part of the uterus Rt lower quadrant lower part of Rt kidney, cecum appendix, part of colon, Rt ovary, Rt fallopian tube, Rt ureter, Rt spermatic cord, part of the uterus Homeostasis Homeostasis is the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body. The body operates within a narrow range of temperature, fluids, and chemicals. Homeostatic regulation Involves a: 1. Receptor: Detects change 2. Control center: An area of the body that receives and processes information from the receptor 3. Effector: Sends signals (feedback) that either oppose or enhance the stimulus ▪ Negative feedback: When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change ▪ Positive feedback: When the effector reinforces the stimulus and amplifies the direction of change Negative Feedback System  Primary control for homeostasis  Furnace analogy  Body constantly monitors the environment, sends information to nervous/endocrine systems to help maintain homeostasis Negative feedback in the body  Outside temperature falls.  Temperature receptors in the skin send a message to the brain.  The hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the muscles.  The muscles shiver, raising body temperature.  Chemistry of body element - a basic substance that can't be simplified (H, O, Na) atom - the smallest amount of an element molecule - two or more atoms that are chemically joined together (O2) compound - a molecule that contains more than one element (H2O, C6H12O6) Major Elements – 98.5% There are 24 elements in the human body 6 major elements  C  H  O  N  C  P Lesser elements -.8%  Sulfur  Potassium  Sodium  Chlorine  Magnesium  Iron  Also – 12 trace elements (.7%) Nucleus ▪ Protons carry a positive charge. ▪ Electrons carry a negative charge. ▪ Neutrons are neutral. Molecules and compounds Molecules - 2 or more atoms that share electrons – bound together – i.e. 02 Compounds – 2 or more atoms of different elements that are joined together i.e. H20 Free radical – charged ion or molecule with an unpaired electron (known to be disease- causing) Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds