Carthage, Etruria and Rome: From Cities to Empires PDF

Carthage, Etruria and Rome: From Cities to Empires CLAA04H3, Week 11 2  Peoples of Early Italy a. Latins from 1000 BC b. Etruscans 900-720 BC c. Phoenicians from 800 BC d. Greeks from 800 BC...

Carthage, Etruria and Rome: From Cities to Empires CLAA04H3, Week 11 2  Peoples of Early Italy a. Latins from 1000 BC b. Etruscans 900-720 BC c. Phoenicians from 800 BC d. Greeks from 800 BC 3 b. Etruscans Tarquinii Veii Caere Rome 4  b. Etruscans Origins uncertain Urban civilization – Hydraulics – Mining (shafts and tunnels) – Town planning – Writing – Revealed, highly ritualistic religion 5 Bronze liver of Piacenza, 3rd – 2nd c. BC 6 7 Phoenicians and Greeks 8  Cultural Contacts: The Phoenicians in Italy Phoenician merchants – Sicilia – Sardinia – Malta – Roma 8th-7th cent. BC – Tyrians in Rome 8th cent. BC Phoenician alphabet 9 Magna Graecia 10  Greek Colonies Sources: – Archaeology – Herodotus, Thucydides 7th cent. BC on = Commercial links Greek theatre, Syracusa 11  Greeks in Italy Profound influence on Etruscans and Romans : – Art – Religion – Literature – Politics and institutions 12  The Rise of the Cities 750-450 BC Broad phenomenon – Etruria: Tarquinii, Veii, Caere – Latium: Rome – Campania: Neapolis, Poseidonia – Magna Graecia: Syracusa // Eastern Mediterranean 13 Best documented city = ROME 14  Rome’s Topography Tiber river Hills Marshes 15  Who founded Rome? a. Aeneas b. Romulus c. Remus d. The Romans e. We don’t know 16  The Royal Period in Rome 6th c. BC Archaeology Literary Sources – Quintus Fabius Pictor 200 BC lost – Cato the Elder 150 BC lost – Cicero (106-43 BC) – Livy (59 BC – AD 17) – Varro 116-27 BC – Diodorus Siculus 1st cent. BC – Dionysius of Halicarnassus late 1st cent. BC – Virgil 70 BC – 19 AD – Plutarch before 50, after 120 AD – Cassius Dio late 2nd – early 3rd cent. AD 17 Mythical Origins (see Livy) Aeneas Romulus, Remus and the She-wolf Rome 18  Livy, book I But the Fates had, I believe, already decreed the origin of this great city and the foundation of the mightiest empire under heaven. The Vestal was forcibly violated and gave birth to twins. She named Mars as their father, either because she really believed it, or because the fault might appear less heinous if a deity were the cause of it. But neither gods nor men sheltered her or her babes from the king's cruelty; the priestess was thrown into prison, the boys were ordered to be thrown into the river. By a heaven-sent chance it happened that the Tiber was then overflowing its banks, and stretches of standing water prevented any approach to the main channel. Those who were carrying the children expected that this stagnant water would be sufficient to drown them, so under the impression that they were carrying out the king's orders they exposed the boys at the nearest point of the overflow, where the Ficus Ruminalis (said to have been formerly called Romularis) now stands. The locality was then a wild solitude. The tradition goes on to say that after the floating cradle in which the boys had been exposed had been left by the retreating water on dry land, a thirsty she-wolf from the surrounding hills, attracted by the crying of the children, came to them, gave them her teats to suck and was so gentle towards them that the king's flock- master found her licking the boys with her tongue. According to the story his name was Faustulus. He took the children to his hut and gave them to his wife Larentia to bring up. Some writers think that Larentia, from her unchaste life, had got the nickname of `She-wolf' amongst the shepherds, and that this was the origin of the marvellous story. 19  As soon as the boys, thus born and thus brought up, grew to be young men they did not neglect their pastoral duties but their special delight was roaming through the woods on hunting expeditions. As their strength and courage were thus developed, they used not only to lie in wait for fierce beasts of prey, but they even attacked brigands when loaded with plunder. They distributed what they took amongst the shepherds, with whom, surrounded by a continually increasing body of young men, they associated themselves in their serious undertakings and in their sports and pastimes. 20  Ruling of Rome 8th cent. BC Aristocracy 7th-6th cent. BC Kingship 5th cent. Beginnings of the Republic 21 Rome’s 7 Kings according to Varro 753 BC Foundation by Romulus 1.753-715 BC Romulus 2.715-673 Numa Pompilius 3.673-642 Tullus Hostilius 4.642-617 Ancus Marcius 5.616-579 Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 6.578-535 Servius Tullius 7.534-510 Lucius Tarquinius 22  7th-5th c. BC : Etruscans in Rome DRAINAGE Public space 23  The Beginnings of the Republic Still obscure Tradition: – 509: Tarquinius expelled from Rome – 508: War against Tarquinius 24  The Beginnings of the Republic Republic = res publica : "public thing" = State ruled by magistrates 25  Republic = Resistance to tyranny and monarchy + Shared power between the members of the elite 26  Let us recapitulate… 10th – 8thc. BC Early peoples 7th – 6thc. BC Monarchy 5th – 1stc. BC Republic (res publica) 27  Republic Collegial power = against monarchy – Voting assemblies – Magistracies – Senate Powers to the elite 28  Republic 4th cent.: Formative period wars in Italy + expansion – Magistracies – End of the « Struggle of the order » (patricians=oligarchy vs plebeians = « commoners ») – New mixed elite 29 3rd-2nd cent.: Senates’s supremacy Conquests Few very wealthy, many poor (land, citizenship) Optimates (Senate, nobility) vs Populares (equestrians, ‘people’) 30  Rome’s Mediterranean Expansion 2 main developments: – The Punic Wars – Involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean 31  The Punic Wars 264-146 BC 3 Wars against Carthage – 264-241 BC – 218-201 BC – 149-146 BC 32 Where was Carthage located? D A B C E 33  Carthage = Qart-Hadasht = ‘New Town’ Most prosperous Phoenician colony Best fleet of the Mediterranean Mediterranean Empire: – North Africa – Western Sicily – Sardinia – Balearic Islands – Spain 34 35  Sources Punic: Archaeological + Epigraphical – No narrative or literary account Literary accounts: Greek and Latin authors = Negatively biased -Virgil -Josephus -Justin 36  BBC Ancient Worlds Ep5: The Republic of Virtue https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCKPyAHgX7U (17:00) http:// www.dailymotion.com/video/xvqr16_vietsub-ancient-worlds-episod e-5-the-republic-of-virtue_tech (27:00) 37 Foundation Myth C Tyre 38 Elissa-Dido 39  Foundation Myth Seems to have some historical basis – Earliest data = before 750 BC – Carthage = Tyrian colony – Political crisis in the metropolis – Foundation in a region already known (Utica) – Role of Tyrian aristocracy + upper clergy – Involves appropriation + marking of territory – Local distinctiveness linked to human 40 sacrifice  Foundation Myth Dido (Elissa) and Aeneas, Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, 41 mort de Didon, Auguste Cayot,, 1711  Carthage = Culturally diverse + open Punic Libyan Egyptian Trading contacts with: – Greece – Italy – Phoenician colonies – Phoenicia 42 Carthage’s ‘Tophet’ 43  What is it? ‘A sacred place located intra muros, often close to city walls and dedicated to the Phoenician god Ball Hammon, with or without the goddess Tinnit (=Tanit). The tophet area contains a small chapel for the cult and a great number of pottery urns, buried on several chronological levels and generally surmounted by a stele that sometimes bears figures or inscriptions. The urns contain human or animal ashes, especially of very young children.’ -Corinne Bonnet (see textbook) 44  Where else? Carthage Tunisia Sardinia Sicily Malta 45 Votive stelae 46  Stelae Thousands found Formula – Human blood sacrifice – Substitution of a sheep for the child – Private offerings from individuals as gifts, promise or payment of a due to Baal Hammon in exchange for favour received No mention of child ‘Donor’ identified 47  What was going on in the Tophet? Issue still debated: – No regular, institutionalized human sacrifice – Rituals linked to stillborn + early dead children – In exceptional circumstances: children sacrifices To appease the gods 48