Cardiovascular System/Circulatory System PDF

Cardiovascular o Difference between serum and blood plasma: System/Circulatory System ▪ Blood Plasma – can...

Cardiovascular o Difference between serum and blood plasma: System/Circulatory System ▪ Blood Plasma – can cause blood clotting and Components: need anticoagulant for it - Blood to separate - Heart ▪ Serum – it is same with - Blood Vessels the plasma; however it cannot cause blood Blood clotting as it does not have any clotting factors like plasma. Functions - Formed Elements - Transportation of oxygen and nutrients o Cells and cell fragments - Regulation of temperature o Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes - Protection o White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes o Protective cells: White Blood o Platelets/ Thrombocytes Cell (WBC) and Antibodies. Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes Physical Characteristics - Size: 7.5 micrometer in diameter - Denser and more viscous than water - Biconcave discs (increase surface are for - Temperature: 38oC (100.4oF) oxygen binding) with depressed centers - Volume - Normal Count o 5-6 liters (1.5 gal) – male o Male – 5-5.5 million/cubic mm o 4-5 liters (1.2 gal) – female o Female – 4-4.5 million/cubic *Venipuncture – collection of blood mm through veins. - Life Span: 120 days *Phlebotomy – drawing of blood for - Contains 2 special form of protein testing. o Hemoglobin *Phlebotomist – the one who collects ▪ Oxygen carrier and draws blood. ▪ Carries oxygen from the lungs and give it to the Components cells; the cells will then - Blood Plasma release carbon dioxide o A watery liquid that contains that will be picked up dissolved substances like by hemoglobin to be globulins (protein made in the given to the lungs for liver), albumins removal/exhalation of o Yellow colored liquid that is left carbon dioxide after the formed elements are o Spectrin removed ▪ Responsible for o Made up of 91.5% water and maintaining cell shape 8.5% solutes (plasma proteins) *Hematocrit *Plasma proteins = antibodies o Percentage of the blood volume *Antibodies – binds to antigen occupied by RBCs that provokes its production o Normal Range of Adults (Specific Immunity) and when ▪ Female: 38 – 46% combined, the invading antigen (average: 42%) will be disabled (Immune ▪ Male: 40 – 54% System) (average: 47%) *Red Blood Cell Disorders  o Anemic – Low RBC - Lifespan: 5-9 days o Polycythemia - High RBC - Necessary for clotting of blood to prevent excessive bleeding when injured. White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes - Produced in the bone marrow - Colorless and do not contain - Normal clotting depends on adequate hemoglobin. Vit. K, clotting factor, and platelets. - Combats inflammation and infection - White Blood Cell Disorder *Hemostasis o Leukemia – immature WBC that - Sequence of responses that stop doesn’t mature and is a disorder excessive bleeding. among children. - Mechanisms: Indications o Vascular White Blood Spasm/Vasoconstriction High Cells Low Count ▪ Secretion of chemicals Count Neutrophils Bacterial Radiation that induce blood - Granulocyte infections, exposure, vessels to constrict. - First to attack Burns, Drug toxicity, ▪ When arteries are antigen Stress, Vit. B12 damaged, the circularly - Become pus Inflammatio deficiency, arranged smooth muscle cell (dead n in their walls contracts neutrophils) immediately. Lymphocyte Viral Prolonged ▪ Immediate response to s infection, illnesses, tissue injury. - Agranulocyte Some Treatment with leukemias cortisol o Platelet Plug Formation - Essential for ▪ Mass formed by the adaptive immunity accumulation and Monocytes Viral or Bone marrow attachment of large - Agranulocyte fungal depression, numbers of platelets. - Can mature infections, Treatment with ▪ Phases: into Tuberculosis, cortisol Platelet macrophages Other Adhesion – chronic platelets diseases contract and Eosinophils Allergic Drug toxicity, sticks to parts - Granulocyte reactions, Stress of damaged Parasitic infections blood vessel Basophils Allergic Pregnancy, Platelet Release - Granulocyte reactions, Ovulation, Reaction – Leukemias, Stress, extent many Cancers Hyperthyroidis projections that m enable them to *White blood cells immediately contact and multiply when there’s an infection in the interact with body. one another *Vitamin C can increase white blood Platelet cells Aggregation – gathering of Platelet/Thrombocytes platelet - Normal Count: 200,000 to 400,000 per o Coagulation Cascade cubic mm of blood.  ▪form fibrin (final Atrium – Receiving chambers product of coagulation Ventricles – Pumping chambers cascade) Artery – Carry oxygenated blood except ▪ Secondary Hemostasis pulmonary artery. o Blood Clotting – Blood Veins – Carry unoxygenated blood except thickened and forms a gel. pulmonary vein. *Summary of Hemostasis Right Side of Heart/ Pulmonic Circulation 1.1 - Inferior Vena Cava o Receive unoxygenated blood from the lower extremities. 1.2 - Superior Vena Cava o Where unoxygenated blood enters from the upper extremities. 2 - Right Atrium *Complete Blood Count (CBC) – test that o Where unoxygenated blood is screens for anemia and various infections. dumped/received. Blood Type A B AB O 3 - Right Ventricle Antigen on No o Pumps the unoxygenated blood A B AB RBCs Antigen to the pulmonary artery. Anti-A 3.1 – Tricuspid Valve Antibody in Anti- Anti- No and o Prevents back flow of plasma A B antibody Anti-B Compatible unoxygenated blood to the right A,O B,O A,B,AB,O O atrium. donor Incompatible B, AB A, N/A A,B, 4 – Pulmonary Artery doner AB AB o Connects to the lungs Transfusion – transfer of whole blood from the o Way of the unoxygenated blood doner to the receiver to flow to the lungs for Type AB – Universal recipient/receiver oxygenation. Type O – Universal Donor 4.1 – Pulmonary Valve Antigen – Contained in the RBC o Prevents back flow of Antibody – Contained in the blood plasma unoxygenated blood to the right ventricle. Heart Left Side of the Heart/ Systemic Circulation Blood Circulation 1 - Pulmonary Vein - Way of oxygenated blood to flow to left atrium. 2 - Left Atrium - Where oxygenated blood is dumped/received. 3 - Left Ventricle - Pumps the blood to aorta. 3.1 – Bicuspid Valve/Mitral Valve - Prevents back flow of oxygenated blood to the left atrium. 4 - Aorta - Distribute oxygenated blood to the body 4.1 - Aortic Valve - Prevents back flow of oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.