Insect Circulatory System PDF

Question Answer What is the function of hemolymph in D) All of the above insects? Explanation: Hemolymph in insects serves multiple functions, including oxygen transport, nutrient A) Oxygen transport tr...

Question Answer What is the function of hemolymph in D) All of the above insects? Explanation: Hemolymph in insects serves multiple functions, including oxygen transport, nutrient A) Oxygen transport transport, and waste removal, making it a vital component of the insect circulatory system. B) Nutrient transport C) Waste removal D) All of the above E) None of the above What are the types of hemocytes found B) Prohemocytes and crystal cells in insects? Explanation: In insects, the types of hemocytes include prohemocytes and crystal cells, which play A) Red blood cells and white blood cells essential roles in the immune response and other physiological processes within the insect body. B) Prohemocytes and crystal cells C) Neutrophils and basophils D) Platelets and macrophages E) T cells and B cells What is the primary function of C) Immune response prohemocytes in insects? Explanation: Prohemocytes in insects primarily function in the immune response, playing a crucial role in A) Oxygen transport defending the insect against pathogens and maintaining overall health. B) Nutrient storage C) Immune response D) Waste removal E) None of the above What is the significance of hemocytes in C) Immune response Drosophila? Explanation: Hemocytes in Drosophila primarily serve in the immune response, highlighting their vital role A) Oxygen transport in protecting the organism from pathogens and maintaining its well-being. B) Nutrient storage C) Immune response D) Waste removal E) All of the above What is the major extracellular fluid in C) Hemolymph insects? Explanation: Insect hemolymph is the major extracellular fluid in insects, consisting of liquid plasma and A) Blood cellular hemocytes, and serves the principle function of providing all tissues/cells with the materials B) Lymph needed for survival. C) Hemolymph D) Plasma E) Serum What are the two components of insect C) Plasma and hemocytes hemolymph? Explanation: Insect hemolymph consists of two components, the liquid plasma and the cellular A) Plasma and serum hemocytes, which work together to fulfill the essential function of providing materials for the survival of all B) Blood and lymph tissues and cells. C) Plasma and hemocytes D) Serum and lymph E) Plasma and platelets What is the principle function of insect D) Providing materials for survival of tissues/cells hemolymph? Explanation: The principle function of insect hemolymph is to provide all tissues/cells with the materials A) Oxygen transport needed for survival, highlighting its vital role in sustaining insect life. B) Nutrient storage C) Waste removal D) Providing materials for survival of tissues/cells E) Hormone production What can cause the color of insect A) Pigments present hemolymph to be green or yellow? Explanation: The color of insect hemolymph may be green or yellow in some insects, reflecting the A) Pigments present pigments that are present, showcasing the variability in its appearance based on the insect species. B) High pH C) Low pH D) Presence of oxygen E) Presence of carbon dioxide What is the typical pH of insect E) Variable hemolymph? Explanation: The pH of insect hemolymph can be variable, generally slightly acidic but may be alkaline in A) Neutral some species, demonstrating the range of pH levels that can be present in different insect species. B) Acidic C) Alkaline D) Basic E) Variable What percentage of the volume of an E) 60-75% insect does hemolymph make up? Explanation: Hemolymph makes up from 15% to 75% of the volume of an insect, indicating its significant A) 5-10% presence and influence within the insect's body. B) 15-25% C) 30-40% D) 45-55% Question Answer E) 60-75% What contributes to the total osmotic D) Soluble components pressure of insect hemolymph? Explanation: A variety of soluble components contribute to the total osmotic pressure of insect A) Cellular hemocytes hemolymph, underscoring the complex composition and physiological role of this vital insect fluid. B) Liquid plasma C) Nutrients D) Soluble components E) Waste products What is the primary function of B) Transportation of nutrients to cells and tissues hemolymph in insects? Explanation: Hemolymph in insects primarily serves the function of transporting nutrients to cells and A) Regulation of body temperature tissues, ensuring the delivery of essential substances such as sugar and lipids for energy and other B) Transportation of nutrients to cells and metabolic processes. tissues C) Production of antibodies D) Synthesis of hormones E) Protection against predators How are lipids transported to the flight C) With the aid of lipophorins muscles in insects during extensive Explanation: Lipids are readily oxidized from the fat body and transported to the flight muscles with the aid activity? of lipophorins during extensive activity, highlighting the role of hemolymph in facilitating energy transfer A) Through direct absorption by the during periods of high metabolic demand. muscles B) Via the nervous system C) With the aid of lipophorins D) Through the respiratory system E) By diffusion through the hemolymph What role does hemolymph play in the C) Delivery of waste products to the excretory organs or storage structures removal of waste products in insects? Explanation: Hemolymph delivers waste products, such as excess water from food, blood meal, and A) Storage of waste products for future ingested allelochemicals or metabolites, to the excretory organs or storage structures, demonstrating its use crucial role in waste management and maintaining internal homeostasis in insects. B) Conversion of waste products into energy C) Delivery of waste products to the excretory organs or storage structures D) Neutralization of waste products in the hemolymph E) Prevention of waste product accumulation What substance may act as a C) Trehalose storehouse in the hemolymph of insects? Explanation: Hemolymph may act as a storehouse of trehalose, emphasizing its potential role in serving as a reservoir for essential nutrients and energy sources in insects. A) Glucose B) Amino acids C) Trehalose D) Cholesterol E) Hemoglobin What is the function of hemolymph as a C) It is a reservoir of fluid, nutrients, and enzymes reservoir? Explanation: Hemolymph serves as a reservoir of fluid, nutrients, and enzymes, providing essential A) It acts as a source of energy resources for various physiological processes within the insect's body. B) It stores genetic material C) It is a reservoir of fluid, nutrients, and enzymes D) It regulates body temperature E) It produces antibodies What protective agents can be found in C) Lysozyme and phenoloxidases the hemolymph? Explanation: The hemolymph contains protective agents such as lysozyme and phenoloxidases, which A) Insulin act as chemical modifiers to combat potential toxicants and bacteria, contributing to the insect's defense B) Antibiotics mechanisms. C) Lysozyme and phenoloxidases D) Antihistamines E) Steroids What role do large proteins, such as C) They act as antibacterial and antifungal proteins cerropins, play in the hemolymph? Explanation: Large proteins like cerropins, residing within the hemolymph, function as antibacterial and A) They regulate body temperature antifungal proteins, aiding in the clearance of infectious materials and contributing to the insect's immune B) They produce energy response. C) They act as antibacterial and antifungal proteins D) They synthesize hormones E) They store genetic material Question Answer What does hemolymph transport from C) Hormones neurohemal organs to target tissues? Explanation: Hemolymph transports hormones from neurohemal organs to target tissues, facilitating the A) Nutrients communication and coordination of various physiological processes within the insect's body. B) Oxygen C) Hormones D) Waste products E) Genetic material What type of peptide is transported by B) Water-soluble the hemolymph? Explanation: The hemolymph transports water-soluble neuropeptides, facilitating their distribution from A) Lipid-soluble neurohemal organs to target tissues, thereby contributing to the regulation of physiological processes B) Water-soluble within the insect's body. C) Protein-bound D) Enzyme-linked E) Carbohydrate-based What is the function of hemolymph as a B) It stores carbon dioxide as the bicarbonate ion sink for carbon dioxide? Explanation: Hemolymph acts as a sink for carbon dioxide by storing it as the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), A) It releases carbon dioxide into the which helps in preventing the accumulation of waste CO2 and allows the spiracles to remain closed, atmosphere contributing to the regulation of carbon dioxide levels in the insect's body. B) It stores carbon dioxide as the bicarbonate ion C) It prevents the accumulation of carbon dioxide D) It converts carbon dioxide into oxygen E) It has no role in carbon dioxide regulation How does hemolymph prevent water E) By storing ample amounts of waste CO2 loss? Explanation: Hemolymph prevents water loss by storing ample amounts of waste CO2, which allows the A) By releasing excess water into the spiracles to remain closed and reduces water loss, contributing to the insect's ability to regulate its environment internal environment. B) By absorbing water from the surroundings C) By storing water in specialized compartments D) By providing hydraulic support to the insect's body E) By storing ample amounts of waste CO2 What role does hemolymph play in B) It assists in maintaining body shape and movement providing lubrication and hydraulic Explanation: Hemolymph provides lubrication and hydraulic support that assists in maintaining body support? shape and movement, contributing to the insect's ability to move and function effectively within its A) It promotes the release of environment. pheromones B) It assists in maintaining body shape and movement C) It stores waste CO2 as the bicarbonate ion D) It prevents water loss in the insect's body E) It acts as a sink for carbon dioxide How does hydraulic pressure in C) By exposing pheromone glands and promoting the release of pheromones hemolymph contribute to the release of Explanation: Hydraulic pressure in hemolymph exposes pheromone glands and promotes the release of pheromones? pheromones, highlighting the role of hemolymph in facilitating chemical communication and social A) By preventing the accumulation of interactions among insects. waste CO2 B) By promoting the storage of water in specialized compartments C) By exposing pheromone glands and promoting the release of pheromones D) By converting carbon dioxide into oxygen E) By releasing excess water into the environment What are some of the soluble proteins B) Vitellogenins and chitinases found in hemolymph? Explanation: Hemolymph contains soluble proteins such as vitellogenins and chitinases, which are A) Collagen and elastin essential for various functions including yolk production and chitin degradation, highlighting the diverse B) Vitellogenins and chitinases roles of hemolymph in insect physiology. C) Hemoglobin and myoglobin D) Keratin and melanin E) Insulin and glucagon Question Answer Which enzymes can be found in the B) Esterases and chitinases hemolymph depending on the Explanation: The hemolymph of insects contains enzymes such as esterases and chitinases, the developmental stage of the insect? presence of which varies based on the developmental stage of the insect. These enzymes play crucial A) Lipases and amylases roles in processes such as digestion and chitin degradation, reflecting the dynamic nature of hemolymph B) Esterases and chitinases composition. C) Proteases and kinase D) Polymerases and ligases E) Oxidases and reductases How does hemolymph contribute to the C) Through the action of accessory hearts expansion of wings in newly emerged Explanation: Hemolymph facilitates the expansion of wings in newly emerged adults through the action of adults? mesotergal and metatergal accessory hearts or wing-specific hearts, underscoring the vital role of A) By providing oxygen to the wings hemolymph in the physiological processes associated with insect development. B) By secreting growth hormones C) Through the action of accessory hearts D) By producing specific wing proteins E) By regulating body temperature What is the principal means for B) Hemolymph thermoregulation in insects? Explanation: Hemolymph serves as a principal means for thermoregulation in insects by controlling the A) Nervous system movement of hemolymph between the abdomen and thorax, thereby regulating thermal levels within both B) Hemolymph regions. C) Respiratory system D) Digestive system E) Excretory system What is the function of hemocytes in the C) Protection and mechanical defence hemolymph? Explanation: Hemocytes in the hemolymph provide cellular components capable of clearing infectious A) Nutrient transport parasites, such as bacteria, eggs of parasitoids, and fungal spores, through phagocytosis and B) Oxygen transport encapsulation, thus serving as a crucial aspect of protection and mechanical defence. C) Protection and mechanical defence D) Waste removal E) Hormone production What is autohemorrhaging in insects? B) Reflexive bleeding when attacked A) Excessive blood clotting Explanation: Autohemorrhaging, or reflexive bleeding, occurs in some insects when they are attacked, B) Reflexive bleeding when attacked serving as a defense mechanism against predators. C) Hemolymph coagulation D) Hemolymph production E) Hemolymph circulation What is the response of some insect C) Coagulation hemolymph during wound-healing Explanation: Some insect hemolymph is competent to coagulate as a response during wound-healing mechanisms? mechanisms, highlighting its role in the physiological response to injury. A) Nutrient transport B) Oxygen transport C) Coagulation D) Phagocytosis E) Encapsulation What are hemocytes in insects? B) Blood cells A) Nerve cells Explanation: Hemocytes in insects refer to blood cells that are suspended in the plasma and may remain B) Blood cells attached to body tissues. They play a crucial role in the insect's immune response and other physiological C) Muscle cells functions. D) Skin cells E) Bone cells Where do hemocytes originate from in B) Mesodermal tissue insects? Explanation: Hemocytes in insects originate from embryonic mesodermal tissue and differentiate into A) Endodermal tissue several distinct types during embryogenesis, highlighting their developmental origin and role in the B) Mesodermal tissue insect's physiology. C) Ectodermal tissue D) Epidermal tissue E) Connective tissue How are hemocytes produced in C) By mitosis insects? Explanation: Hemocytes in insects are produced in hemopoietic organs, which are permanent A) By photosynthesis aggregations of hemocytes that give rise to more hemocytes by mitosis, emphasizing the process of their B) By respiration production and proliferation. C) By mitosis D) By meiosis E) By digestion Where are hemocytes localized in D) Near the heart and alary muscles insects? Explanation: Hemocytes in insects may be localized near the heart and alary muscles, indicating their Question Answer A) Near the digestive system specific distribution within the insect's body and their potential functional significance in these regions. B) Near the respiratory system C) Near the reproductive system D) Near the heart and alary muscles E) Near the excretory system What is the role of hemocytes in insect C) Immune response physiology? Explanation: Hemocytes in insects play a crucial role in the insect's immune response, highlighting their A) Oxygen transport significance in defending against pathogens and maintaining the insect's health. B) Nutrient storage C) Immune response D) Waste elimination E) Reproduction What is the major role of hemocytes in C) Protection against invading microorganisms and parasites insects? Explanation: Hemocytes in insects play a major role in protecting against invading microorganisms or the A) Production of antibodies egg/larvae of parasitoids, including the production of antibiotics, phagocytosis of foreign particulate B) Regulation of body temperature matter, encapsulation of multicellular parasites, and nodule formations. C) Protection against invading microorganisms and parasites D) Nutrient storage E) Oxygen transport What is one of the functions of A) Production of antibiotics hemocytes related to the activation of Explanation: Hemocytes are involved in the production of antibiotics, which in turn activate phenoloxidase, phenoloxidase? as part of their defense mechanism against invading microorganisms or parasites. A) Production of antibiotics B) Phagocytosis of foreign particulate matter C) Encapsulation of multicellular parasites D) Nodule formations E) Regulation of body temperature What process involves the hemocytes C) Phagocytosis engulfing and destroying foreign Explanation: Hemocytes are responsible for the phagocytosis of foreign particulate matter, a process in particulate matter? which they engulf and destroy such matter as part of their immune function. A) Production of antibodies B) Activation of phenoloxidase C) Phagocytosis D) Encapsulation E) Nodule formations What is the term for the process in which C) Encapsulation hemocytes surround and isolate Explanation: The process in which hemocytes surround and isolate multicellular parasites is known as multicellular parasites? encapsulation, which is a crucial defense mechanism against such parasites. A) Production of antibiotics B) Phagocytosis C) Encapsulation D) Nodule formations E) Activation of phenoloxidase What is the term for the formation of D) Nodule formations nodules by hemocytes in response to Explanation: Hemocytes form nodules in response to invading microorganisms or parasites, which is a invading microorganisms or parasites? protective response aimed at containing and neutralizing the threat. A) Production of antibodies B) Phagocytosis C) Encapsulation D) Nodule formations E) Activation of phenoloxidase What is one of the functions of B) Aggregating at the wound site hemocytes related to wound healing? Explanation: Hemocytes play a role in coagulation and wound healing after injury by aggregating at the A) Producing toxins at the wound site wound site, contributing to the body's defense and repair mechanisms. B) Aggregating at the wound site C) Breaking down the wound tissue D) Preventing blood clotting at the wound site E) Absorbing nutrients from the wound site What role do hemocytes play in C) Containing detoxification enzymes metabolism? Explanation: Hemocytes play an important role in metabolism by containing detoxification enzymes, A) Storing excess nutrients contributing to the body's ability to process and eliminate toxins. B) Producing energy for the body C) Containing detoxification enzymes Question Answer D) Breaking down toxins in the body E) Transporting oxygen to cells What is the definition of resistance in B) The ability to tolerate doses of toxicant insects with regards to insecticides? Explanation: Resistance in insects is defined as the ability in a strain of insects to tolerate doses of A) The inability to tolerate doses of toxicant, which would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of the same toxicant species, as per the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1957. B) The ability to tolerate doses of toxicant C) The inability to develop resistance D) The ability to develop immunity E) The ability to develop tolerance What are the two major mechanisms of C) Alteration of target-sites and enhanced detoxification resistance in insects? Explanation: The two major mechanisms of resistance in insects are alteration of target-sites and A) Alteration of feeding habits enhanced detoxification, which are strategies developed by insects to counter the effects of insecticides. B) Enhanced reproduction C) Alteration of target-sites and enhanced detoxification D) Increased susceptibility to toxins E) Decreased metabolism of toxins What role do insecticides play in C) Central role controlling major vectors of diseases? Explanation: Insecticides play a central role in controlling major vectors of diseases, highlighting their A) Minimal role significance in disease control and prevention. B) No role C) Central role D) Supportive role E) Indirect role What has repeated contact between C) High levels of resistance insects and insecticides led to? Explanation: Repeated contact between insects and insecticides has led to high levels of resistance in A) Decreased resistance insect populations, posing a significant challenge in pest control and disease prevention. B) Increased susceptibility C) High levels of resistance D) Decreased population E) No impact According to the World Health C) Resistance Organization (WHO), what is the Explanation: The development ability in a strain of insects to tolerate doses of toxicant, which would prove development ability in a strain of insects lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species, is termed as resistance, as to tolerate doses of toxicant called? defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1957. A) Immunity B) Tolerance C) Resistance D) Susceptibility E) Vulnerability What is the mode of action of an C) Metabolic disruption insecticide on insects? Explanation: The mode of action of an insecticide on insects involves metabolic disruption, which can A) Reproduction inhibition affect various metabolic processes within the insect's body, leading to its eventual demise. B) Nervous system suppression C) Metabolic disruption D) Respiratory system blockage E) Immune system suppression What is the primary cause of insect D) Metabolic resistance population resistance towards Explanation: Insect population resistance towards insecticides is primarily due to metabolic resistance, insecticides? where insects develop mechanisms to detoxify or eliminate the insecticide from their bodies, reducing its A) Genetic mutation effectiveness. B) Environmental adaptation C) Behavioral changes D) Metabolic resistance E) Immune system enhancement Which phase of the detoxification A) Phase I pathway involves Cytochrome P450? Explanation: Cytochrome P450 is involved in Phase I of the detoxification pathway, where it plays a A) Phase I crucial role in the oxidation of xenobiotic compounds, preparing them for further conjugation reactions in B) Phase II Phase II. C) Phase III D) Phase IV E) Phase V Which enzyme is involved in Phase II of B) Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) the detoxification pathway? Explanation: Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) is involved in Phase II of the detoxification pathway, where A) Cytochrome P450 it catalyzes the conjugation of xenobiotic compounds with glutathione, facilitating their excretion from the Question Answer B) Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) body. C) Esterases D) Phase I E) Xenobiotic compound Which enzyme is involved in the C) Esterases hydrolysis of esters in the detoxification Explanation: Esterases are involved in the hydrolysis of esters in the detoxification pathway, breaking pathway? down ester-containing compounds into their respective alcohol and carboxylic acid components. A) Cytochrome P450 B) Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) C) Esterases D) Phase I E) Xenobiotic compound What are the most commonly identified B) Plasmatocytes hemocytes in insects? Explanation: Plasmatocytes are the most commonly identified hemocytes in insects, playing a crucial role A) Prohemocytes in immune responses and wound healing. B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells Which type of hemocyte is responsible C) Granulocytes for phagocytosis in insects? Explanation: Granulocytes are the hemocytes responsible for phagocytosis in insects, actively engulfing A) Prohemocytes and destroying foreign particles and pathogens. B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells Which hemocyte type is involved in the D) Adipohemocytes storage of lipids in insects? Explanation: Adipohemocytes in insects are specialized hemocytes involved in the storage of lipids, A) Prohemocytes contributing to energy reserves and metabolic functions. B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells Which hemocyte type is involved in the C) Lamellocytes encapsulation of foreign objects in Explanation: Lamellocytes are hemocytes in insects that are specifically involved in the encapsulation of insects? foreign objects, forming a barrier around invaders to prevent their spread. A) Oenocytoids B) Cystocytes C) Lamellocytes D) The crystal cells E) Spherule cells Which hemocyte type is involved in D) The crystal cells melanization in insects? Explanation: The crystal cells in insects are responsible for melanization, a process that involves the A) Prohemocytes deposition of melanin around foreign objects to neutralize them. B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) The crystal cells E) Spherule cells What are the characteristics of C) Small and round cells with a large nucleus Prohemocytes? Explanation: Prohemocytes are small and round cells with a large nucleus and a high nucleus to A) Large and variable in shape cytoplasm ratio. They are essentially hemocyte stem cells and do not engage in phagocytosis, making B) Engage in phagocytosis them distinct from other hemocyte types. C) Small and round cells with a large nucleus D) Contain moderate amounts of ER and Golgi apparatus E) Comprise less than 5% of the hemocytes population What distinguishes Plasmatocytes from E) Larger and variable in shape other hemocytes? Explanation: Plasmatocytes are larger and variable in shape, with a nucleus surrounded by large amounts A) Small and round cells with a large of cytoplasm. They contain moderate amounts of ER and Golgi apparatus and are involved in nucleus phagocytosis and encapsulation of invading pathogens, distinguishing them from other hemocyte types. B) Engage in phagocytosis C) Contain moderate amounts of ER and Golgi apparatus D) Comprise less than 5% of the hemocytes population E) Larger and variable in shape Question Answer What are the characteristics of C) Small and round cells with a large nucleus Prohemocytes? Explanation: Prohemocytes are small and round cells with a large nucleus and a high nucleus to A) Large and variable in shape cytoplasm ratio, and they make up less than 5% of the hemocytes population. They are essentially B) Engage in phagocytosis hemocyte stem cells and do not engage in phagocytosis. C) Small and round cells with a large nucleus D) Contain moderate amounts of endoplasmic reticulum E) Comprise more than 5% of the hemocytes population What distinguishes Plasmatocytes from D) Ameboid, pleiomorphic cells with a nucleus surrounded by large amounts of cytoplasm Prohemocytes? Explanation: Plasmatocytes are larger and variable in shape, ameboid, pleiomorphic cells with a nucleus A) Small and round cells surrounded by large amounts of cytoplasm. They contain moderate amounts of endoplasmic reticulum B) Engage in phagocytosis and Golgi apparatus, comprising more than 30% of total hemocytes, and are involved in phagocytosis and C) Contain a large nucleus encapsulation of invading pathogens. D) Ameboid, pleiomorphic cells with a nucleus surrounded by large amounts of cytoplasm E) Comprise less than 5% of the hemocytes population What are the characteristics of C) Small nucleus and large number of membrane-bound granules granulocytes? Explanation: Granulocytes are characterized by compact cells with a small nucleus and a large number of A) Large nucleus and few membrane-bound granules, distinguishing them from other types of hemocytes. They are relatively membrane-bound granules numerous and are believed to function through secretory actions in the immune system. B) Small nucleus and few membrane-bound granules C) Small nucleus and large number of membrane-bound granules D) Large nucleus and large number of membrane-bound granules E) Small nucleus and no membrane-bound granules What is the likely origin of granulocytes? A) Prohemocytes A) Prohemocytes Explanation: Granulocytes are probably derived from plasmatocytes, indicating their developmental B) Plasmatocytes relationship and origin within the hemocyte population. C) Oenocytoids D) Crystal cells E) Spherulocytes What distinguishes the cytoplasm of C) Small nucleus and many lipid vacuoles granulocytes? Explanation: Granulocytes have well-developed ER and Golgi apparatus, and are surrounded by a large A) Large nucleus and few lipid vacuoles amount of cytoplasm that contains a number of lipid vacuoles, which is a distinguishing feature of this B) Small nucleus and few lipid vacuoles type of hemocyte. C) Small nucleus and many lipid vacuoles D) Large nucleus and many lipid vacuoles E) Small nucleus and no lipid vacuoles What is the function of granulocytes in B) Secretory actions the immune system? Explanation: Granulocytes are believed to function through secretory actions in the immune system, A) Phagocytosis indicating their role in the defense mechanisms of the organism. B) Secretory actions C) Encapsulation D) Melanization E) Coagulation What are the characteristics of C) Compact cells with a small nucleus and large amounts of ER and Golgi apparatus granulocytes? Explanation: Granulocytes are characterized by their compact nature, small nucleus, and abundance of A) Large nucleus and few organelles endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, making them distinct from other types of hemocytes. B) Small nucleus and few organelles C) Compact cells with a small nucleus and large amounts of ER and Golgi apparatus D) Round cells with a small nucleus and well-developed ER and Golgi apparatus E) Large cells with a small nucleus and high lipid content What distinguishes adipohemocytes from E) Large cells with a small nucleus and high lipid content other hemocytes? Explanation: Adipohemocytes are characterized by their round shape, small nucleus, and high lipid A) Large nucleus and few organelles content, setting them apart from other hemocyte types due to their distinct cellular composition. B) Small nucleus and few organelles C) Compact cells with a small nucleus Question Answer and large amounts of ER and Golgi apparatus D) Round cells with a small nucleus and well-developed ER and Golgi apparatus E) Large cells with a small nucleus and high lipid content What is the likely origin of granulocytes? B) Plasmatocytes A) Prohemocytes Explanation: Granulocytes are probably derived from plasmatocytes, indicating a developmental B) Plasmatocytes relationship between these two types of hemocytes and their respective roles within the insect immune C) Oenocytoids system. D) Adipohemocytes E) Crystal Cells What are the characteristics of Spherule C) Have large inclusions and a small nucleus cells hemocytes? Explanation: Spherule cells hemocytes are characterized by their nonmotile nature, large inclusions that A) Nonmotile and small in size may obscure the small nucleus, and refractile spherules occupying a significant portion of the cytoplasm. B) Motile and common in most species Their function is uncertain, but they may be involved in phagocytosis. C) Have large inclusions and a small nucleus D) Have a complex array of microtubules and crystalline inclusions E) Function is uncertain and may be involved in phagocytosis What are the characteristics of E) Function is uncertain and may be associated with wound-healing and encapsulation Oenocytoids hemocytes? Explanation: Oenocytoids hemocytes are ovoid and variable in size, with little ER and Golgi apparatus A) Nonmotile and small in size development but a complex array of microtubules and crystalline inclusions. Their function is not certain, B) Motile and common in most species but they may be associated with wound-healing and encapsulation. C) Have large inclusions and a small nucleus D) Have a complex array of microtubules and crystalline inclusions E) Function is uncertain and may be associated with wound-healing and encapsulation What are the characteristics of Spherule D) Refractile spherules and uncertain function cells hemocytes? Explanation: Spherule cells hemocytes are characterized by refractile spherules that may occupy up to A) Nonmotile and common in all species 90% of the cytoplasm, and their function is uncertain, potentially involving phagocytosis. B) Small nucleus and high motility C) Large inclusions and low cytoplasm D) Refractile spherules and uncertain function E) Involved in phagocytosis and low inclusions What distinguishes Oenocytoids E) Associated with wound-healing and encapsulation hemocytes? Explanation: Oenocytoids hemocytes are characterized by their ovoid shape, variable size, and A) Small size and high motility association with wound-healing and encapsulation, despite the uncertain nature of their function. B) Extensive ER and Golgi apparatus development C) Complex array of microtubules and crystalline inclusions D) Certain function and low inclusions E) Associated with wound-healing and encapsulation What are the characteristics of E) They are nearly transparent Coagulocytes (hyaline hemocytes)? Explanation: Coagulocytes, also known as hyaline hemocytes, are characterized by being nearly A) They are large and round with a large transparent, having a small nucleus, and containing granular inclusions within the cytoplasm, making nucleus them distinct from other types of hemocytes. B) They are fragile cells that rapidly degenerate upon fixation C) They have a small nucleus and granular inclusions within the cytoplasm D) They are dark in color and have a rigid structure E) They are nearly transparent What happens to Cystocytes upon B) They rapidly degenerate fixation? Explanation: Cystocytes are fragile cells that rapidly degenerate upon fixation, making them challenging to A) They become larger and more rigid study under certain laboratory conditions. B) They rapidly degenerate C) They become nearly transparent D) They develop granular inclusions within the cytoplasm Question Answer E) They change shape and become elongated What are the different types of D) Prohemocytes and macrophages hemocytes present in Drosophila Explanation: In Drosophila embryos, the types of hemocytes present include prohemocyte stem cells and embryos? macrophages, representing the initial stage of hemocyte development in this organism. A) Prohemocytes and macrophages B) Plasmatocytes and lamellocytes C) Macrophages and crystal cells D) Prohemocytes and plasmatocytes E) Lamellocytes and crystal cells Which additional cell types are reported B) Plasmatocytes and lamellocytes in the larval stages of Drosophila Explanation: In the larval stages of Drosophila, plasmatocytes and two additional cell types, lamellocytes hemocytes? and crystal cells, have been reported, indicating the diversification of hemocyte types during this A) Prohemocytes and macrophages developmental stage. B) Plasmatocytes and lamellocytes C) Macrophages and crystal cells D) Prohemocytes and plasmatocytes E) Lamellocytes and crystal cells Which type of hemocytes are present in C) Plasmatocytes the adult stage of Drosophila? Explanation: In the adult stage of Drosophila, only plasmatocytes are present, signifying a reduction in A) Prohemocytes hemocyte diversity compared to the larval stages. B) Macrophages C) Plasmatocytes D) Lamellocytes E) Crystal cells Where have lamellocytes been observed B) Only in larvae in Drosophila? Explanation: Lamellocytes have only been observed in the larvae of Drosophila, indicating their specific A) Only in adult flies presence and role in the immune response of the larval stage. B) Only in larvae C) In both adult flies and larvae D) Only in male flies E) Only in female flies What triggers the appearance of C) Immune challenge lamellocytes in Drosophila? Explanation: Lamellocytes appear in massive numbers after an immune challenge, highlighting their role A) Exposure to sunlight in the immune response of Drosophila larvae when faced with a threat. B) Feeding on specific plants C) Immune challenge D) Mating with other flies E) Hibernation What is a characteristic of crystal cells in C) They are unable to adhere to foreign surfaces Drosophila? Explanation: Crystal cells are unable to adhere to foreign surfaces, distinguishing them from other types A) They are present in high numbers in of hemocytes and indicating a specific characteristic of their behavior. larvae B) They are similar to plasmatocytes C) They are unable to adhere to foreign surfaces D) They are only present in adult flies E) They are phagocytic in nature At what stage do crystal cells show an C) Third instar increase in numbers in Drosophila Explanation: Crystal cells are present in low numbers of less than 50 per larva, increasing slightly during larvae? the latter part of the third instar and then declining again, indicating a specific pattern of their abundance A) First instar during the larval development of Drosophila. B) Second instar C) Third instar D) Pupa stage E) Adult stage Where have lamellocytes been observed B) Only in larvae in Drosophila? Explanation: Lamellocytes have only been observed in larvae of Drosophila, indicating their specific A) Only in adult flies presence in the larval stage and their absence in adult flies. B) Only in larvae C) In both adult flies and larvae D) Only in male flies E) Only in female flies What triggers the appearance of C) Immune challenge lamellocytes in Drosophila? Explanation: Lamellocytes appear in massive numbers after an immune challenge in Drosophila, A) Exposure to sunlight indicating their role in the immune response of the larvae. B) Feeding on specific plants Question Answer C) Immune challenge D) Mating with other flies E) Change in temperature What is the function of lamellocytes in B) Phagocytosis Drosophila? Explanation: Lamellocytes appear to be phagocytic like the plasmatocytes in Drosophila, suggesting their A) Photosynthesis role in engulfing and destroying foreign particles or microorganisms. B) Phagocytosis C) Reproduction D) Digestion E) Respiration Where have crystal cells been observed B) Only in larvae in Drosophila? Explanation: Crystal cells have only been observed in larvae of Drosophila, indicating their specific A) Only in adult flies presence in the larval stage and their absence in adult flies. B) Only in larvae C) In both adult flies and larvae D) Only in male flies E) Only in female flies What is the characteristic of crystal cells E) Low numbers in larvae, increasing slightly during the latter part of the third instar in Drosophila? Explanation: Crystal cells are present in low numbers of less than 50 per larva, increasing slightly during A) Adherence to foreign surfaces the latter part of the third instar and then declining again, highlighting their specific developmental pattern B) High numbers in adult flies in Drosophila larvae. C) Similarity to oenocytoids D) Presence in all developmental stages E) Low numbers in larvae, increasing slightly during the latter part of the third instar What are larval Drosophila hemocytes A) Prohemocytes derived from? Explanation: Larval Drosophila hemocytes are derived from prohemocytes, indicating the origin of these A) Prohemocytes specialized cells within the Drosophila larval stage. B) Crystal cells C) Plasmatocytes D) Lamellocytes E) Erythrocytes What do prohemocytes give rise to? D) More prohemocytes A) Crystal cells Explanation: Prohemocytes have the capacity to give rise to more prohemocytes, highlighting their role in B) Plasmatocytes self-renewal and maintenance of the hemocyte population in Drosophila. C) Lamellocytes D) More prohemocytes E) Eosinophils Which type of hemocytes are derived B) Plasmatocytes from prohemocytes? Explanation: Plasmatocytes are one of the types of hemocytes derived from prohemocytes, indicating the A) Crystal cells differentiation and specialization of these cells within the Drosophila immune system. B) Plasmatocytes C) Lamellocytes D) Erythrocytes E) Neutrophils What type of cells are derived from C) Lamellocytes prohemocytes and are involved in Explanation: Lamellocytes, derived from prohemocytes, play a key role in melanization and wound melanization and wound healing? healing within the Drosophila immune response, highlighting their specialized function. A) Crystal cells B) Plasmatocytes C) Lamellocytes D) Erythrocytes E) Basophils Which type of hemocytes are involved in A) Crystal cells the encapsulation of foreign objects Explanation: Crystal cells, derived from prohemocytes, are involved in the encapsulation of foreign objects within the hemolymph? within the hemolymph, demonstrating their role in the immune response of Drosophila. A) Crystal cells B) Plasmatocytes C) Lamellocytes D) Erythrocytes E) Lymphocytes What are the most commonly identified B) Plasmatocytes hemocytes in insects? Explanation: Plasmatocytes are the most commonly identified hemocytes in insects, playing a crucial role A) Prohemocytes in immune responses and wound healing. B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes Question Answer D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells Which type of hemocytes is involved in B) Plasmatocytes immune responses and wound healing? Explanation: Plasmatocytes are primarily involved in immune responses and wound healing in insects, A) Prohemocytes making them a vital component of the immune system. B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells Which type of hemocytes are known for C) Granulocytes their role in encapsulating foreign objects Explanation: Granulocytes are hemocytes that are recognized for their role in encapsulating foreign in insects? objects in insects, contributing to the immune response against pathogens. A) Prohemocytes B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells Which type of hemocytes are involved in D) Adipohemocytes lipid storage in insects? Explanation: Adipohemocytes are hemocytes that are primarily involved in lipid storage in insects, serving A) Prohemocytes as a reservoir for energy storage and metabolism. B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells Which type of hemocytes are involved in E) Spherule cells melanization and wound healing in Explanation: Spherule cells are hemocytes that play a role in melanization and wound healing in insects, insects? contributing to the immune response and tissue repair. A) Prohemocytes B) Plasmatocytes C) Granulocytes D) Adipohemocytes E) Spherule cells