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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
What characteristic distinguishes leukocytes from erythrocytes?
What characteristic distinguishes leukocytes from erythrocytes?
How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule transport?
How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin molecule transport?
What type of blood vessel lacks smooth muscle and is primarily involved in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange?
What type of blood vessel lacks smooth muscle and is primarily involved in gas, nutrient, and waste exchange?
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What role does partial pressure of oxygen play in hemoglobin's function?
What role does partial pressure of oxygen play in hemoglobin's function?
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What is the primary function of the circulatory system related to temperature?
What is the primary function of the circulatory system related to temperature?
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Which type of circulatory system is found in vertebrates?
Which type of circulatory system is found in vertebrates?
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What composes the liquid portion of blood?
What composes the liquid portion of blood?
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Which statement is true about an open circulatory system?
Which statement is true about an open circulatory system?
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What type of cells in the blood fight invaders?
What type of cells in the blood fight invaders?
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What is the approximate percentage of formed elements in blood?
What is the approximate percentage of formed elements in blood?
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Which statement best describes the efficiency of closed circulatory systems?
Which statement best describes the efficiency of closed circulatory systems?
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Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the regulation of osmotic balance?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for the regulation of osmotic balance?
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What is the normal diastolic blood pressure range for patients above 40 years old?
What is the normal diastolic blood pressure range for patients above 40 years old?
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How is heart rate commonly expressed?
How is heart rate commonly expressed?
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What controls the blood flow to specific areas in the body?
What controls the blood flow to specific areas in the body?
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Where does the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste primarily occur?
Where does the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste primarily occur?
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What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?
What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?
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What is the primary function of the heart?
What is the primary function of the heart?
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Which chambers of the heart are responsible for receiving blood?
Which chambers of the heart are responsible for receiving blood?
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What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?
What is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart starting from the right atrium?
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What is the role of the semilunar valve in the heart?
What is the role of the semilunar valve in the heart?
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What happens to blood during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?
What happens to blood during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?
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Which circuit is involved in the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs?
Which circuit is involved in the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs?
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What measurement is taken when the cuff is deflated until the pulse can no longer be heard?
What measurement is taken when the cuff is deflated until the pulse can no longer be heard?
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Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of blood flow after it exits the left ventricle?
Which of the following correctly describes the pathway of blood flow after it exits the left ventricle?
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Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the control of breathing?
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for the control of breathing?
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What is a common consequence of hyperventilation?
What is a common consequence of hyperventilation?
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Which of the following respiratory conditions has the highest annual death rate?
Which of the following respiratory conditions has the highest annual death rate?
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What is the primary issue caused by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
What is the primary issue caused by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
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Which cardiovascular condition is characterized by the heart muscle becoming weak or stiff?
Which cardiovascular condition is characterized by the heart muscle becoming weak or stiff?
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What is a potential outcome of severe arrhythmias?
What is a potential outcome of severe arrhythmias?
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Which medical condition results from narrowed arteries in the legs and reduced blood flow?
Which medical condition results from narrowed arteries in the legs and reduced blood flow?
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What is the annual death rate for pneumonia in the U.S.?
What is the annual death rate for pneumonia in the U.S.?
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What condition is characterized by the hardening of arteries due to the accumulation of fatty deposits?
What condition is characterized by the hardening of arteries due to the accumulation of fatty deposits?
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Which type of cholesterol is often referred to as 'bad' cholesterol due to its association with atherosclerosis?
Which type of cholesterol is often referred to as 'bad' cholesterol due to its association with atherosclerosis?
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During a heart attack, what primarily causes damage to the cardiac muscle?
During a heart attack, what primarily causes damage to the cardiac muscle?
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What procedure involves using a leg artery to bypass a blockage in the coronary artery?
What procedure involves using a leg artery to bypass a blockage in the coronary artery?
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What chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
What chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
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Which statement about veins and arteries is correct?
Which statement about veins and arteries is correct?
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What is the main purpose of an angiogram in cardiovascular treatment?
What is the main purpose of an angiogram in cardiovascular treatment?
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What is one effect of a stroke on the nervous system?
What is one effect of a stroke on the nervous system?
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Study Notes
Quotes
- "Man is the most insane species. He worships an invisible God and destroys a visible Nature. Unaware that this Nature he's destroying is this God he's worshipping." - Hubert Reeves
- "I will love you as long as my heart still beats and my brain still brains." - Homer Simpson
Circulation and Respiration (Chapter 30)
- Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Components include ventilation, gas exchange, circulation, and cellular respiration.
- Ventilation: Air or water is the environment.
- Gas exchange: Ventilatory surfaces and respiratory systems are involved.
- Circulation: Blood and circulatory systems are key.
- Cellular respiration: Mitochondria within cells are the site of oxygen use, and Carbon Dioxide production.
Functions of the Circulatory System
- Transport: Carries oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, and immune cells.
- Temperature regulation: Maintains optimal body temperature through mechanisms like vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
- Protection: Fights invaders through immune cells, platelets, and white blood cells.
Different Circulatory Systems
- Open circulatory system: Hemolymph directly bathes organs, then returns to the heart via sinuses. Found in arthropods and mollusks. Less efficient due to lack of capillaries.
- Closed circulatory system: Blood is transported within vessels, specifically capillaries, allowing for gas and nutrient exchange. Present in vertebrates and annelids; more efficient due to capillaries.
What's in the Blood?
- Plasma (55%): Liquid portion of the blood containing cells in suspension, while proteins and ions regulate osmotic and pH balance.
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Formed elements (45%):
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Primarily for oxygen transport; Contain hemoglobin. Lack nucleus and most other organelles.
- White blood cells (leukocytes): Crucial components of the immune system, respond to disease and foreign invaders.
- Platelets: Cell fragments that assist in blood clotting.
Hemoglobin
- Oxygen-carrying protein composed of four polypeptide chains.
- Each hemoglobin molecule carries four oxygen molecules thanks to iron elements.
- Red blood cells contain approximately 250 million hemoglobin molecules.
Oxygen Transport
- Oxygen binding is controlled by the partial pressure of O².
- High partial pressure in the lungs leads to oxygen binding by hemoglobin.
- Low partial pressure in tissues causes oxygen release by hemoglobin.
Blood Vessels
- Blood vessel tissues: Endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue.
- Veins (venules): Return blood to the heart, and contain valves. Carry De-Oxygenated Blood.
- Capillaries: Thinly walled vessels enabling gas, nutrient, and waste exchange, with no smooth muscle.
- Arteries (arterioles): Thick walled vessels carry blood away from the heart. Carry Oxygenated Blood.
Exchange at Capillaries
- Capillaries are narrow allowing RBCs to pass single-file.
- Diffusion facilitates gas, nutrient, and waste movement across the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid. Interstitial Fluid is fluid between capillaries and cells.
Vertebrate Circulatory System
- Cardiovascular system: Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and hormones to cells.
- Heart: Hollow, muscular organ pumping blood rhythmically.
- Atria: Receive blood entering the heart.
- Ventricles: Pump blood out of the heart.
- Pulmonary circuit: Blood flow between the heart and lungs.
- Systemic circuit: Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.
- The Brain has the most blood flow.
Heart Valves
- Semilunar valves: Located between ventricles and major arteries. Regulate blood flow from ventricles into arteries.
- Atrioventricular valves: Positioned between atria and ventricles. Regulate blood flow from atria into ventricles.
- Blood Flow in the right direction is important.
Cardiovascular System in Humans
- Ventricle and Atrium are regions in the heart
- Arteries, Vena/Veins, Capillaries referring to Blood Transport Vessels
- Superior/Inferior - used in reference to another structure
- Refer to Slide for Order
The Sound of a Heartbeat
- "LUB": Atrioventricular valves closing, preventing backflow into atria.
- "DUP": Semilunar valves closing, preventing backflow into ventricles,
Path of Blood Through the Heart
- Sequence of blood flow through heart chambers and major vessels including the vena cava, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta, atria, and ventricles.
Blood Pressure
- Cuff inflated: Closes artery flow.
- Cuff deflated: Measured Systolic pressure,
- Cuff deflated further: Measured Diastolic pressure.
Cardiac Cycle
- Systole: Heart contraction period when blood is pumped out of the heart.
- Diastole: Heart relaxation period when the heart fills with blood.
- The cardiac cycle involves filling, contraction, and emptying of heart chambers.
Cardiac Cycle - Rates & Rhythm
- Heart rate is expressed in beats per minute (BPM).
- Valves open and close at specific points during the cardiac cycle (atrial/ventricular & semilunar)
Blood Pressure interpretation
- Blood pressure and velocity decrease in arterioles and capillaries.
- Capillaries are locus of gas, nutrients, and waste exchange.
- Blood flow velocity increases in the venules and veins.
Directing Blood Flow
- Precapillary sphincters: Control how much blood flows to specific tissues.
- Muscle contractions & valves: Help return blood to the heart.
The Respiratory System
- Structures (in order) include nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and diaphragm.
- Diaphragm: A skeletal muscle that aids in expanding and contracting to move air into and out of the lungs aiding in ventilation.
Structure of Alveoli
- Alveoli are air sacs where gas exchange with blood occurs.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli during exhalation.
- Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood during inhalation.
Respiratory Cycle
- Inhalation: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing volume of thoracic cavity; Air drawn into lungs.
- Exhalation: Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing volume of thoracic cavity; air expelled from lungs.
Breathing Control
- Medulla oblongata and pons control breathing reflexes.
- Breathing rate responds to (regulates) blood pH and CO² levels.
- Hyperventilation: Ventilation of CO² exceeds the body's production of it, lowering blood CO² levels too much.
- Voluntary - Ex. lifting something up, walking, etc. (muscle cells)
- Involuntary - Ex. breathing, heart rate, digestive
Respiratory Medical Conditions
- Top conditions include asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), pneumonia, and lung cancer.
Cardiovascular Medical Conditions
- Top conditions include Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD), Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmias, and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD).
- Cardiovascular diseases and ailments can be attributed to damage or dysfunction of the heart, arteries, and related structures.
Heart Attack
- Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart.
- Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) carry cholesterol contributing to plaque formation in arteries.
- Plaque buildup can rupture causing a blood clot; restricting blood flow and damaging heart tissues.
"Good" and "Bad" Cholesterol
- Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are “bad” cholesterol.
- High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are “good” cholesterol. HDLs help remove excess cholesterol from arteries.
Treatments for Cardiovascular Disease
- Angioplasty: Widening of narrowed arteries.
- Stents: Used to hold the artery open.
- Bypass surgery: A vessel from another part of the body is used to bypass a blocked coronary artery.
Check Your Understanding Questions
- Open vs Closed circulatory system: Questions to distinguish between the two systems.
- Specific roles of heart chambers (atria & ventricles).
- Controlling breathing Rate.
- Direction of blood flow through the heart.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the respiratory and circulatory systems in this quiz based on Chapter 30. Understand how ventilation, gas exchange, and cellular respiration work together to sustain life. Test your knowledge on the transport functions of the circulatory system and its role in temperature regulation.
