Chapter 1 & 2 Social Studies PDF

chapter 1 & 2 social 30-1 ★ terminology: - divine right of kings: authority was derived from God and divinely instituted natural laws. A king held power through the will of God. - libertarian: an advocate...

chapter 1 & 2 social 30-1 ★ terminology: - divine right of kings: authority was derived from God and divinely instituted natural laws. A king held power through the will of God. - libertarian: an advocate or supporter of a political philosophy that advocates only minimal state intervention in the free market and the private lives of citizens. - pluralism: policy that actively promotes the acceptance of diversity in a society. - welfare: the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group. - social contract: a contract between the people and their government. - liberal: a supporter of policies that are socially progressive and promote social welfare. - communist: a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. - enlightenment: - humanism: way of life centered on human interests or values - non - interventionist: Belief that a government should avoid interfering in the economic or social affairs of other countries. - Monarchy: A form of government where a single ruler, like a king or queen, holds power, often based on hereditary succession. - Collectivist: An ideology that emphasizes the importance of the group or community over individual interests, often supporting shared ownership and collective decision-making. - Republican: Belief in a political system where the country is considered a public matter, and officials are elected by the people to represent them. - Socialist: An ideology that supports social ownership and democratic control of the means of production, with a focus on reducing inequality and providing for basic needs through collective efforts. - Ideology: A set of beliefs or ideas that guides an individual or group's approach to politics, society, and economics. - Revolutionary: Belief in or support for significant, often abrupt, changes to a political or social system, usually through radical means. - Fascism: An authoritarian and nationalistic ideology that emphasizes strong centralized control, often led by a dictatorial leader, with suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and the economy. - Progressivism: A political philosophy that advocates for social reform, modernization, and addressing issues such as inequality, aiming for progress and improvement in society. - Interventionist: Belief that a government should actively interfere in economic or social affairs, both domestically and internationally, to achieve certain goals. - Authoritarian: A political system where power is concentrated in the hands of a leader or a small group, often limiting personal freedoms and democratic processes. - Individualist: Belief that individual rights and freedoms are the most important, often supporting minimal government intervention in personal lives and economic activities. - Democrat: An advocate of democracy, where power is vested in the people, typically through elected representatives and respect for individual rights. - Capitalism: An economic system where private individuals own and control property and businesses, and market forces, rather than government controls, determine production and distribution of goods. - Conservative: An ideology that favors maintaining traditional institutions and practices, often advocating for limited government intervention in the economy and a cautious approach to change. - Reactionary: An ideology that seeks to return to a previous state of society or politics, often opposing progressive reforms and advocating for traditional values. - Renaissance: A historical period characterized by a revival of interest in classical art, literature, and learning, which had a significant impact on European culture and intellectual life. - Secular: Belief in separating religion from government and public affairs, ensuring that policies and decisions are made without religious influence. ★ classical thinkers Thomas Hobbes: thoughts on human nature: - He thinks people are selfish and evil. - People make bad decisions - Life of a man is nasty, brutish, and short. - He lived during a time of great civil unrest - People were selfish and violent ideal government: - Absolute monarchy - He thought people were reckless and should be controlled. John Locke: thoughts on human nature: - People are born with natural rights. - life , liberty, & property. - People are reasonable and rational. ideal government: - Government should protect the natural rights of the people. - People’s rights should be “locke”d into the government and shouldn’t be violated. - If the gov. violates these natural laws people have the right to rebel. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: thoughts on human nature: - Agreed with locke. - People were intelligent enough to VOTE for their government leaders. ideal government: - government are contracts - Introduced social contracts. - Man is born free, but all of society's rules chain us from being ourselves. ★ 9 factors that influence one’s beliefs and values religion relationship to land media spirituality ideology language gender environment culture ★ 4 fundamentals of ideology The nature of human beings The structure of society Interpretations of history Visions of the future democratic socialism democratic capitalism dictatorial socialism dictatorial capitalism communism facism