CHO Metabolism PDF

Metabolism metabolism defined as a chemical reactions occur in cells, tissues, organs.there are Two types of Metabolic Reactions: A: Catabolism = breakdown of large molecules into simple ones to produce energy. (release energy) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 >> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP)...

Metabolism metabolism defined as a chemical reactions occur in cells, tissues, organs.there are Two types of Metabolic Reactions: A: Catabolism = breakdown of large molecules into simple ones to produce energy. (release energy) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 >> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (ATP) B: Anabolism = build large molecules from simple (one ) and this. (requires energy input) As in example below: 12 CO2 + 12 H2O sun light >>2C6H12O6 + 6 O2 chlorophyll  matbolisim of carbohydrate 1. in monogastric animals carbohydrate digested in stomach to yield simple glucose molecules (monosaccharides ) which absorbed directly from small intestine and finaly metabolized in three fendamental ways: 1. To be used as an immediate source of energy 2. To serve as a precursor of liver & muscle glycogen. 3. To serve as a precursor of tissue triglycerides Metabolism of CHO in the cellsaccording to body requrments into five ways 1- ‫تحلل الجلوكوز‬Glycolysis 2- ‫دورة كربس‬kereb cycle 3- ‫بناء الجاليكوجين‬Glycogenesis 4- ‫استحداث الجلوكوز‬Gluconeogenesis 5- ‫تحلل الجاليكوجين‬Glycogenolysis  1.Glucose utilizes as an immediate Source of Energy a: in monogastric : Glucose absorbed from mucosal wall of small intestine to blood stream in order to distribute to whole body cells. b : as soon as enter the cell cytoplasm a series of biological reactions be done in two stages according to energy requirement of the body cells. ‫التحلل الجاليكولي‬ ‫‪Glycolysis‬‬  This occure In two reactions :- 1. First reaction is Glycolysis :. occur in the cell cytoplasm ((anaerobic)). When Glucose Phosphorylate in to Glu-6-P and ending with pyruvic acid (three carbon molecule compound). 2. Second reactions (Krebs cycle )when pyruvate enter "mitochondria,“ ((aerobically)) transfer to → acetyl-CoA → enter citric acid cycle through several reactions finally convert to energy as (ATP),CO2and H2o.  Glycolysis defination : glycolysis is the metabolic process in cell cytoplasm or (anaerobic cellular respiratory reaction). In which glucose enters cells in active transport process and transfer to pyruvic acid (all glycolytic enzymes are found in the cell cytoplasim). Glycolysis include two phase: phase I: having five reactions (1-5), -starts with glucose (6 carbon itom) and ends with glyceraldahyd 3. phosphate ,(3 carbon itom) These reactions are energy consumed 2 (ATP). Phase II: called- pay-off reactions)) - consists of five reactions (6-10) in which glucose convert glyceraldehyd 3. phosphate ends with pyruvic acid which energy producing 10 ( ATP). Important Note 1. Glucose is split into two molecules of D- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, each step occurs twice per each molecule of glucose 2. all nine itermediate compound between glucose to pyruvat are phosphorelated) ( carry a negative charge) which lead to prevents passing through mitochondrial membranes and remain in cytoplasm. 3. At last Pyruvat can pass from cytosplasim to mitochondria since it isnt phosphorylated so it begin aerobic oxidation when entring the (Krebs cycle)  Control point of the glycolysis There are three control points in glycolysis according to cell requirment to energy 1. First step: transformation of Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate by Control of hexokinase enzyme. 2. step 3 : transform fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1-6 diphosphate by Control of phospho-fructokinase enzyme. 3. Step 10 : transform the phospho- enolpyrovat into pyruvat by Control of pyruvate kinase enzyme. Fate of pyruvate produced from glycolysis  1. transform pyruvat to lactat in muscles anearopic reaction Anaerobic in muscles and in some bacteria pyruvat transform to lactic acid by lactat dehudrogenase enzyme as following : O O O O C + Lactate C C=O + NADH + H H-C- OH dehydrogenase CH 3 CH 3 Pyruvate Lactate ‫جليسرالدهيد‬3- ‫فوسفات‬+ Pi NAD+ ‫الكتات‬ 3،1 ‫ثنائي فوسفو جليسيرات‬ NADH + H+ ‫بايروفيت‬  2. Pyruvat transformation to ethanol- alcohol in yeast occur by a type of some microorganisms in two steps : 1. transform pyruvat to acetaldehyde with lost CO2 this reaction stimulate by Decarboxlayes enzyme in present of Co-enzyme thiamin- pyrophosphat. 2.Reduction of acetaldehyde and oxidation of NAD to NADH pyruvic acids + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2H+ 2 Ethanol + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2H2O  ‫دورة كربس‬Krebs Cycle 3. pyruvat enter mitochondria in present of oxygen (aerobically ) to start a chains of reactions, to convert to :CO2 + H2O + (ATP)energy  ‫‪Krebs Cycle‬دورة كربس‬ ‫في وجود األكسجين ينتقل البيروفيت إلى الميتوكوندريا ليبدأ سلسلة ‬ ‫‪.‬وطاقة ‪CO2 + H2O‬من تفاعالت األكسدة تنتهى بتحوله إلى‬ ‫‪Mg2+‬وأيونات المغنسيوم ‪TPP‬وجود المرافق اإلنزيمي ثيامين بايروفوسفات‬  Control points in Kreb cycle 1. Befor entre the kereb cycle : in oxidation of pyruvat to Acetyl-coA :any increase in ATP, NADH.acetylcholine inhibits pyrovat dehydrogenase enzyme 2. Inside the kereb cycle, there are three control points B. An increasing in ATP, NADH inhibit citrate synthase result from step one. C. An increasing in ATP, NADH inhibit iso- citrat synthase result from step three D. An increasing in ATP, NADH inhibit alpha ketoglutrate dehydrogenase enzyme produce from step 4.  ‫بيروفي‬ ‫🖐‬ ‫ت‬ ‫🖐‬ ‫أستيل مرافق‬ ‫مرافق‬ ‫إنزيمي أ‬ ‫إنزيمي أ‬ ‫سترا‬ ‫أوكسالو‬ ‫ت‬ ‫أسيتات‬ ‫أيزوسترا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ماال‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫🖐‬ ‫ت‬ ‫دورة كربس‬ ‫‪NADH‬‬ ‫ألفا كيتو‬ ‫جلوتارات‬ ‫🖐‬ ‫‪NADH‬‬ ‫فيومارا‬ ‫‪CO2‬‬ ‫ت‬ ‫سكسينايل مرافق‬ ‫سكسينا‬ ‫إنزيمي أ‬ CHO Metabolism in ruminants  metabolism OF CHO in ruminants Important notes : 1. ruminant differ from non –rumenants in CHO metabolism by containing their diets on some amounts of cellulose , hemicelluloses and water soluble CHO. These Complex carbohydrates digest into simple sugars(Glucose). 2. The anatomical shape and structures of the digestive system in ruminants differs from monogastric animals 3. Rumen fluids have about of 30 different kinds of bacteria and flagellated microorganism with range of 52-80 billion cells of bacteriaand about 200-500 thousands cells of flagella in each milleter of rumen flluids  So, most simple sugars produced (monosaccharide) from the digestion of carbohydrates by some types of microorganisms in the rumen not appear in the rumenal fluid and intestine …. because all this products are consumed directly by other types of microorganisms (michroflora) within their cells.  The Final Products of CHO digestion in rumenants 1. Acids :Volatile Fatty acids (VFA) like acetic acid70% , butyric acid10% and propionc acid 20%. 2. Gases: like CO2 (65%) CH4 (26- 27%)N(7%)and trace amount of H2,O2and H2S. 3. Organic acids : Pyruvic ,succinic and lactic acid (as intermediate compounds )  Final products of CHO in rumenannts is acetic acid propionic acid , butyric ,considered the main source of energy:- 1. Acetic acid formed about 70 ٪utilized in the liver, a. oxidized to generate ATP. b. major source of acetyl CoA for synthesis of lipids, 2. Proprionic acid is formed about 20% completely removed from portal blood vein by the liver, a major substrate for gluconeogenesis, which is very important to the ruminant because no glucose reaches the small intestine for absorption. 3. Butyric acid, is formed about 10% comes out of the rumen as the ketone - beta-hydroxybutyric acid oxidized in many tissues for energy production. 3. while CH4 and CO2, H2S and N2O Greenhouse gases (are expulsed through eructation.