Glycolysis and Pyruvate

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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate?

They are dephosphorylated and are neutral.

They are phosphorylated and carry a positive charge.

They are phosphorylated and carry a negative charge. (correct)

They are non-phosphorylated and carry a positive charge.

Why do the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate remain in the cytoplasm?

Because they are phosphorylated and carry a negative charge. (correct)

Because they are non-phosphorylated and carry a positive charge.

Because they are not phosphorylated and are neutral.

Because they are dephosphorylated and neutral.

What happens to the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate due to phosphorylation?

They gain a positive charge and pass through mitochondrial membranes.

They gain a negative charge and remain in the cytoplasm. (correct)

They lose a positive charge and remain in the cytoplasm.

They lose a negative charge and pass through mitochondrial membranes.

What is the effect of phosphorylation on the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate?

It makes them less likely to pass through mitochondrial membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the transformation of glucose?

Formation of glucose 6-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

Where do the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate remain due to their negative charge?

In the cytoplasm. Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the first step in glucose transformation?

Hexokinase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hexokinase in glucose transformation?

To convert glucose to glucose 6-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the first step in glucose transformation?

Glucose 6-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the first step in glucose transformation?

It is the first step in glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the Krebs cycle in the presence of oxygen?

Conversion of pyruvate to CO2, H2O, and energy in the form of ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Mg2+ in the Krebs cycle?

To act as a cofactor for the enzyme aconitase Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) in the Krebs cycle?

To act as a cofactor for the enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

To produce NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the cell?

Mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of ATP are produced during the phosphate end that terminates with pyruvic acid?

10 Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of glucose being split during the process?

Two molecules of D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Signup and view all the answers

How many times does each step occur for each molecule of glucose?

Twice Signup and view all the answers

What is the endpoint of the phosphate path?

Pyruvic acid Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the molecule of glucose during the process?

It is broken down into two molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pyruvate that allows it to pass from the cytosol to the mitochondria?

It is not phosphorylated Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the control points in glycolysis?

To regulate energy production according to cell requirements Signup and view all the answers

What is the next step in the process of cellular respiration after pyruvate enters the mitochondria?

Aerobic oxidation Signup and view all the answers

How many control points are present in the glycolytic pathway?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cycle where pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA?

Krebs cycle Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glycolysis

Phosphate ends with pyruvic acid, producing 10 ATP
Glucose is split into two molecules of D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, with each step occurring twice per molecule of glucose
All nine intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate are phosphorylated, carrying a negative charge, which prevents them from passing through mitochondrial membranes and keeps them in the cytoplasm

Pyruvate

Pyruvate is not phosphorylated, allowing it to pass from the cytosol to the mitochondria, where it begins aerobic oxidation in the Krebs cycle

Control Points of Glycolysis

There are three control points in glycolysis, regulated according to the cell's energy requirements
First control point: transformation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, controlled by the hexokinase enzyme
Second control point: pyruvate enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen, starting a chain of reactions to convert to CO2, H2O, and ATP

Krebs Cycle

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the mitochondria, beginning a chain of oxidation reactions that end with the conversion of CO2, H2O, and ATP
The Krebs cycle requires the presence of Mg2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as coenzymes

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Description

Understand the process of glycolysis, including the production of ATP and the phosphorylation of intermediate compounds. Additionally, learn about pyruvate and its ability to pass through mitochondrial membranes.