Glycolysis and Pyruvate
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Questions and Answers

What is the characteristic of the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate?

  • They are dephosphorylated and are neutral.
  • They are phosphorylated and carry a positive charge.
  • They are phosphorylated and carry a negative charge. (correct)
  • They are non-phosphorylated and carry a positive charge.
  • Why do the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate remain in the cytoplasm?

  • Because they are phosphorylated and carry a negative charge. (correct)
  • Because they are non-phosphorylated and carry a positive charge.
  • Because they are not phosphorylated and are neutral.
  • Because they are dephosphorylated and neutral.
  • What happens to the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate due to phosphorylation?

  • They gain a positive charge and pass through mitochondrial membranes.
  • They gain a negative charge and remain in the cytoplasm. (correct)
  • They lose a positive charge and remain in the cytoplasm.
  • They lose a negative charge and pass through mitochondrial membranes.
  • What is the effect of phosphorylation on the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate?

    <p>It makes them less likely to pass through mitochondrial membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the transformation of glucose?

    <p>Formation of glucose 6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate remain due to their negative charge?

    <p>In the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the first step in glucose transformation?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hexokinase in glucose transformation?

    <p>To convert glucose to glucose 6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the first step in glucose transformation?

    <p>Glucose 6-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the first step in glucose transformation?

    <p>It is the first step in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Krebs cycle in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Conversion of pyruvate to CO2, H2O, and energy in the form of ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Mg2+ in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To act as a cofactor for the enzyme aconitase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To act as a cofactor for the enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To produce NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Krebs cycle take place in the cell?

    <p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of ATP are produced during the phosphate end that terminates with pyruvic acid?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of glucose being split during the process?

    <p>Two molecules of D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many times does each step occur for each molecule of glucose?

    <p>Twice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the endpoint of the phosphate path?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the molecule of glucose during the process?

    <p>It is broken down into two molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pyruvate that allows it to pass from the cytosol to the mitochondria?

    <p>It is not phosphorylated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the control points in glycolysis?

    <p>To regulate energy production according to cell requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step in the process of cellular respiration after pyruvate enters the mitochondria?

    <p>Aerobic oxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many control points are present in the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cycle where pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glycolysis

    • Phosphate ends with pyruvic acid, producing 10 ATP
    • Glucose is split into two molecules of D-Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, with each step occurring twice per molecule of glucose
    • All nine intermediate compounds between glucose and pyruvate are phosphorylated, carrying a negative charge, which prevents them from passing through mitochondrial membranes and keeps them in the cytoplasm

    Pyruvate

    • Pyruvate is not phosphorylated, allowing it to pass from the cytosol to the mitochondria, where it begins aerobic oxidation in the Krebs cycle

    Control Points of Glycolysis

    • There are three control points in glycolysis, regulated according to the cell's energy requirements
    • First control point: transformation of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate, controlled by the hexokinase enzyme
    • Second control point: pyruvate enters the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen, starting a chain of reactions to convert to CO2, H2O, and ATP

    Krebs Cycle

    • In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the mitochondria, beginning a chain of oxidation reactions that end with the conversion of CO2, H2O, and ATP
    • The Krebs cycle requires the presence of Mg2+ and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as coenzymes

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    Description

    Understand the process of glycolysis, including the production of ATP and the phosphorylation of intermediate compounds. Additionally, learn about pyruvate and its ability to pass through mitochondrial membranes.

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