Community Health Nursing PDF

PRELIMS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1 Chapter 1: Global & National Health o o...

PRELIMS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1 Chapter 1: Global & National Health o o Levy taxes on tobacco products… Mount coordinated attack on HIV, 100% condom use… What Is the Concept of Global Health? o Provide children and pregnant women with essential nutrients… o Considering health, illness, & disease with a global perspective o Provide insecticide treated-bed nets o More than 2 million people cross national boundaries daily o Traffic regulations/speed bumps… o Travelers can expose many people to disease o Dots for TB… o Teach mothers and birth attendants to keep babies warm Health Disparities among Countries o Promote use of aspirin and other inexpensive drugs to treat and o Developed countries: prevent heart attack and stroke… ○ Richer & more economically stable ○ Include U.S., United Kingdom, Australia International Health Organizations: Intergovernmental o Middle-income countries: o World Health Organization (WHO) ○ Progressing along the development spectrum ○ Associated with the United Nations (UN) ○ Include Brazil, China, Mexico, Turkey ○ Technical support & health care programs o Developing countries: ○ Standards for vaccines & medications ○ Poorer & economically unstable o Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) ○ Include Ethiopia, Honduras, & Viet Nam ○ WHO and UN o Unequal levels of health ○ Immunizations o Poorer countries: Higher rates of death, disease, & disability o UNICEF (UN Children’ s Fund): ○ Maternal/Child Health o Life expectancy is shorter o CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention): o Children suffer from malnutrition & premature death ○ Disease prevention & control Alma-Ata Conference o World Bank & USAID (U.S. Agency for International o Joint WHO/UNICEF International conference on Primary Health Development): Care ○ Economic o 1978 USSR now (Almaty, Kazakhstan) International Health Organizations: Voluntary o Voluntary (Non Government organizations): Health for All ○ Religious groups: Services Commitment to social justice of eliminating health disparities ○ Global Health Council (GHC): Health & development Primary Health Care should encompass: Primary Health Care Should Include: Epidemiological Transition o Education o Disparity in health status o Improved food supplies & nutrition o Higher death rates from communicable diseases in developing o Safe water & sanitation countries o Maternal & child health care o Sanitation & immunization o Immunizations o Relationship with health & poverty: HIV and infant mortality o Prevention & control of diseases o Global burden 0f disease due to infectious disease being o Treatment of diseases & injuries replaced by chronic diseases and lifestyle diseases : heart o Adequate drug supplies (WHO, 1978) disease, depression, tobacco use, injury, violence UN Millennium Declaration Major Global Health Problems o September 2000 NYC largest gathering of world leaders in o Conditions easily preventable & treatable, such as infectious history representing 189 nations diseases o Adopted the UN Millennium Declaration o Chronic Diseases: More complicated to treat and require more o Overarching goal of eliminating worldwide poverty by 2015 economic resources United Nations Millennium Development Goals o Maternal health Extent of Global Health Burden o HIV/AIDS & malaria o 4/5 of the world's people live in developing countries. o Environmental sustainability o Our public health approaches will need to adapt to the ever o Development partnerships increasing need for prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases o Eradicate poverty & hunger ○ Chronic disease o Universal primary education ○ Diseases related to lifestyle o Gender equality ○ Injury (intentional and unintentional) and violence o Reduce child mortality (WHO, 2004) Problems Common to Developing Countries o Unsafe water Top Ten Buys of Public Health : Box 5-1 o Malnutrition & obesity o Vaccinate… o Diarrheal diseases o Monitor children’s health… o HIV/AIDS & malaria Rebadavia, Trisha Anne I. BSN 2F 1 PRELIMS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1 o Tuberculosis EBOLA VIRUS o Vaccine-preventable diseases and Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) Other Serious Health Concerns in Developing Countries o Maternal mortality o Reproductive health o Refugees from famine and war o Viral hepatitis B o Human trafficking Receding Health Problems in Developing Countries o Smallpox o Polio o Guinea worm disease o River blindness Environment o Global pollution Health Delivery Systems o Depletion of ozone layer o Entrepreneurial: Free-market approach o Greenhouse gases ○ Minimal government involvement (U.S.) Prior to o Biodiversity of plants & animals Affordable Care Act o Chemical pollution o Bismarck Model: Welfare oriented ○ Government regulation; taxes & personal money Tobacco-Related Illnesses (Germany) o Markets shifting from developed to developing countries o Beveridge Model: Comprehensive o Tobacco-free initiative to ban advertising and promote ○ Taxes & total government control; comprehensive smoking cessation (United Kingdom) o Using graphic pictures on cigarette packaging Old & New Emerging Health Issues Nursing & International Health o E. coli 0104.H4 outbreak in Europe o Members of professional organizations o Dengue fever ○ International Council of Nurses (ICN): Federation of o Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) national nursing organizations o Cholera ○ Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of o HIV/AIDS Nursing (STTI): Leadership & research o Hantavirus o International health organizations ○ Political activists, employees, or volunteers o Influenza & avian flu o EBOLA Summary Hantavirus o Health as a global priority o Health disparities exist among countries o Intergovernmental organizations provide leadership, financing, & support o Many voluntary agencies work in world health o Public health measures: Sanitation, safe water, & vaccination Rebadavia, Trisha Anne I. BSN 2F 2 PRELIMS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1 Community Health Nursing 1. Concept of community health nursing The primary focus of community health nursing is health Definition of Community Health Promotion. According to Winslow (1920) 2. Knowledge of different fields (biological & social science, o Public health is the science and art of preventing disease clinical nursing and community organizations) is used. prolonging life and promoting health and efficiency through health organized community efforts for the sanitation of the 3. Nursing process in community health nursing changes environment, the control of communicable infections, and the based on the needs of the community. education of the individuals in personal hygiene. 4. Community health nursing is responsive to the needs of American Association of Public Health society in general. o has defined public health as "The art & science of maintaining, 5. Community health nursing is involved in the planning and protecting and improving the health of people through evaluation of community health programs. organized efforts.” 6. Community health nursing is a member of the community According to WHO health team and other services. o Community health refers to the health status of the members 7. Community must actively participate in the health process. of the community to the problems affecting their health and to 8. For community health, people and government have to the totality of health care provided. for the community. coordinate ,collaborate & work in cooperation with each other to achieve health for all. Public Health Concept Community Health 9. CHN provides a variety of studies relevant to the Concept advancement of public health and practice. - Provided limited Changed - Provided comprehensive The scope of community health nursing includes services of immediate Health services to → concern - Joint efforts of people & HEALTH HEALTH HEALTH - No involvement of Government PROMOTION PREVENTION RESTORATION people - Laid emphasis in private - No private efforts for services Health - Involvement of people o Community Health Nursing has wide scope as community - Imposed through Legislation Sometimes health nurse work towards achievement of health of an individual before the birth i.e. during antenatal, intranatal, (ANA, 2000) postnatal period and after birth throughout life through various o Community Health Nursing is a synthesis of nursing and public organizations such as: health practice applied to promoting and preserving the ○ Nursing Care health of populations. ○ Mental Health Nursing o Treat “Population as a Whole" ○ Domiciliary Nursing o Focus on individual, family, groups,, community ○ Industrial Nursing o Utilizing Health promotion, health maintenance, health ○ Home Care education, and management, coordination, and continuity of ○ Geriatic Care care population needs. ○ MCH and Family Planning Services According to the WHO expert Committee of nursing: ○ School Health Nursing ○ Rehabilitation Center o Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public 1. Home care health and the same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of o Extended nursing care services are received by no. of patients health, the improvement of the condition in the social & at their home when hospitals are overcrowded for admitting physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability. the patients who require indoor care or when patients need Community health Nursing isolated treatment even preventive and promotive services are provided to people at their home to maintain and achieve o is the synthesis of nursing and public health practice applied health. to promote and protect the health of the population. It 2. School health nursing combines all the basic elements of professional, clinical nursing with public health and community practice. o The scope of nursing is immense in the School health Roles of Community Health Nurses Programme. School health nursing not only renders health but o Clinician also promotes & protects the health of children in school. ○ The broad areas of nursing functions in school o Researcher include: o Leadership ○ To prevent diseases. o Collaborator ○ Health education o Manager ○ Immunization o Advocate ○ Dental health o Educator ○ Sanitation ○ First aid ○ School meal programme ○ Referral services ○ Follow up ○ Maintenance of health records Rebadavia, Trisha Anne I. BSN 2F 3 PRELIMS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING 1 3. MCH and family planning ○ Referral o The public health nurse plays a major role in the MCH and FP ○ Follow ups services. It consists: ○ Health Education ○ Antenatal ○ National Health Programme Activities ○ Postnatal ○ Child care services o Nurses can easily motivate the mothers to accept the FP methods and gain their cooperation in adopting a small family norm. 4. Mental Health Nursing services o Many developing countries have mental health services today. These services include: a. Early diagnosis and treatment b. Rehabilitation c. Psychotherapy d. Use of modern psychotropic drugs and after care services e. MHN is yet to be developed in India 5. Geriatric Nursing Services: o The number of old people is increasing in the world today. o The needs of the old are different and they need more care than the younger age groups. o In many countries the old age people are visited by nurses and other health care workers. 6. Rehabilitation Centers o Rehabilitation means restoration of all treated cases to the highest level of functional ability. o Nursing is an important component in the rehabilitation of the disabled. 7. Domiciliary Nursing Services o The areas where domiciliary nursing is practiced in this country are: 1) Maternity services 2) Health supervision 3) Diseases prevention services 4) Services for illness and accidents 5) The scope is limitless for organizing domiciliary visits 8. Industrial Nursing o CHN works in industries as there is provision for appointment of medical & nursing staff in the factories where more than 500 workers are employed. The function of nursing staff includes: o First aid o Care of sick and injured o Pre placement & periodic examinations o Industrial sanitation o Industrial safety o Rehabilitation of workers o Organization of Creches for working and breastfeeding mothers 9. Public health nursing o It can be maintained by using services of community health nursing in the following areas: ○ Maternal health & family planning ○ Under five clinics ○ Immunisation Rebadavia, Trisha Anne I. BSN 2F 4