CHM 1020 Final Exam Review Chapters 1-9 and 11-12 PDF

CHM 1020 Final Exam Review Chapters MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one 1-9 and 11-12 alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement 5) W...

CHM 1020 Final Exam Review Chapters MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one 1-9 and 11-12 alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. TRUE/FALSE - Write 'T' if the statement 5) Which substance is an element? is true and 'F' if the statement is false. A) NO2 1) The more toxic the pollutant, the higher B) NaCl the concentration is set when concerning C) N2 air quality standards. D) CH4 ⊚ true ⊚ false 6) A(n) __________ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds 2) Even though the concentration of air in a certain spatial arrangement. pollution has gone down over time, A) element people in some metropolitan areas still B) ion breathe air that contains unhealthy levels C) molecule of pollutants. D) mixture ⊚ true ⊚ false 7) Which of the following is the chemical symbol for silver? 3) All zero greenhouse gas emission fuel A) Au sources are also renewable. B) Pb ⊚ true C) Ag ⊚ false D) Fe CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all 8) On a periodic table, the columns of options that best completes the statement elements with similar properties are or answers the question. A) periods. 4) Which of the following are examples of B) groups. technological advances that have C) rows. reduced air pollution? D) metals. A) Paint with reduced VOCs B) Catalytic converters 9) The most numerous of the elements are C) Burning gasoline in leaf blowers the D) Low sulfur diesel fuels A) metals. B) nonmetals. C) metalloids. D) noble gases. Version 1 1 10) A substance that can be broken down 14) Which square(s) contain(s) only an into two or more simpler substances by element? chemical methods is called a(n) A) compound. B) mixture. C) element. D) isotope. A) I only B) II only 11) Which is not a mixture? C) I and II only A) A jar filled with rocks and sand D) III and IV only B) Seawater C) A glass of Kool-Aid 15) Which differentiates a compound from a D) Sodium chloride mixture of two or more elements? A) The elements in a compound 12) Which is not a pure substance? may be present in varying A) Helium proportions B) Copper wire B) A compound does not exhibit the C) Air individual properties of the D) Sucrose elements of which it is composed C) A compound is made up of only 13) Which squares contain mixtures? one element D) A compound cannot be made up of more than two elements 16) Which diagram(s) best represent(s) only A) II and III only diatomic molecules? B) III and IV only C) I, III, and IV only D) I and IV only A) I only B) II only C) I and II only D) II and IV only Version 1 2 17) Which diagram(s) best represent(s) only 20) Which square(s) contain(s) only one or molecules? more compounds? A) I only B) II only C) I and IV only A) I only D) II and III only B) II only C) III only 21) In the periodic table, which elements D) I and II only typically have similar properties? E) IV only A) Those in the same rows B) Those related diagonally 18) Which diagram(s) best represent(s) only C) Those in the same columns individual atoms? D) Those on opposite sides 22) The nucleus of an atom contains A) electrons and protons only. B) protons only. C) electrons, protons, and neutrons. D) protons and neutrons only. A) I only 23) What distinguishes the atoms of one B) II only element from another? C) III only A) The number of neutrons D) IV only B) The number of protons plus E) II and III only neutrons C) The number of protons 19) Which of the following is a pure D) The number of neutrons plus substance? electrons A) Lemonade B) Concrete 24) The atomic number is the C) Gasoline A) same as the mass number of an D) Silver wire atom. B) number of protons in a nucleus. C) number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus. D) number of neutrons in a nucleus. Version 1 3 25) Which one of the following is a 30) A sample of silicon rejected for use in an subatomic particle located in the center electronic circuit has an impurity of of the atom and has a positive charge? boron at a level of 3 parts per billion. A) Protons What is the fraction of boron atoms in B) Neutrons the silicon sample as written in scientific C) Electrons notation? D) Photons A) 3 × 10−9 B) 3 × 109 26) Which one of these materials is most C) 3 × 10−12 likely to conduct heat? D) 3 × 10−6 A) A titanium rod B) A sample of chlorine gas 31) How many protons are in an atom of C) A silicon wafer carbon? D) A chunk of phosphorus A) 2 B) 4 27) What type of material is defined as C) 6 having a well-ordered atomic structure? D) 12 A) Amorphous B) Crystalline 32) What is the term used to describe a C) Transparent material that allows light to mostly pass D) Opaque through it? A) Reflective 28) Which one of the following is an B) Porous example of a homogeneous mixture? C) Transparent A) A chocolate chip cookie D) Absorbtive B) A glass of pulp-free lemonade C) A carbonated beverage 33) Which of the following states of matter D) A bowl of cereal in milk has a definite shape? A) Solid 29) What term is defined as the flow of B) Liquid electrons from one location to another? C) Gas A) Resistance D) Plasma B) Transparency C) Density 34) Matter is anything that occupies space D) Electricity and has a __________. A) density B) volume C) mass D) color Version 1 4 35) In which of the following phases are the 40) Which two gases make up more than 95 particles farthest from each other? percent of an inhaled breath? A) Solid A) NO2 and N2 B) Liquid B) CO2 and O2 C) Gas C) O2 and N2 D) Need more information D) N2 and Ar 36) Different elemental forms of carbon 41) What is the primary component of an such as diamond and graphite are exhaled breath? referred to as __________. A) N2 A) isotopes B) O2 B) allotropes C) CO2 C) isomers D) H2O D) isotropes 42) Which component of the air makes up 37) Which of the following is a physical approximately 100 times more of an change? exhaled breath than of an inhaled breath? A) Melting of ice A) Ar B) Burning of gasoline B) O2 C) Baking a cake C) O3 D) Fermenting of grapes D) CO2 38) Which of the following is a chemical 43) The __________ concentration in the air change? over the desert differs dramatically from A) Boiling water that in the air in the tropical rainforest. B) Melting wax A) N2 C) Cracking glass B) O2 D) Souring milk C) CO2 D) H2O 39) Of five major gaseous components of air, which is the only one to vary 44) Which component of the air is an significantly in concentration from place element? to place and from day to day? A) H2O A) Water vapor B) NO2 B) Carbon dioxide C) O2 C) Nitrogen D) CO2 D) Argon Version 1 5 45) Air is a(n) 50) Which pollutant is present in air as A) element. particulate matter? B) compound. A) Soot C) mixture. B) Ozone D) pure substance. C) Sulfur dioxide D) Carbon monoxide 46) Which substance is not considered to be an air pollutant? 51) All of these pollutants can be detected A) N2 by their odors except B) SO2 A) CO. C) NO2 B) O3. D) O3 C) SOx. D) NOx. 47) Ozone is considered an air pollutant in the __________ but is a valuable 52) Which pollutant are you more likely to protective layer in the __________. encounter in dangerous concentrations A) troposphere; stratosphere indoors rather than outdoors? B) stratosphere; mesosphere A) Nitrogen dioxide C) stratosphere; troposphere B) Carbon monoxide D) mesosphere; stratosphere C) Ozone D) Sulfur dioxide 48) A particular sample of air is 2.5 percent water vapor. Express the concentration 53) In general, which airborne material is of water vapor in parts per million not likely to be affected by the filters or (ppm). indoor air handling equipment? A) 0.0000025 ppm A) Particulates B) 0.025 ppm B) Pollen C) 250 ppm C) Soot D) 25000 ppm D) Carbon monoxide 49) The EPA limit for CO is 9 ppm. Express 54) Based on its name, which carbon this number as a percentage. compound contains the fewest carbon A) 90 percent atoms? B) 9 percent A) Ethanol C) 0.09 percent B) Methane D) 0.0009 percent C) Chlorobutane D) Propyl alcohol Version 1 6 55) P2O5 is the chemical formula for 59) Which is the balanced chemical equation A) pentoxygen diphosphide. showing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) B) diphosphorus pentoxide. decomposing into hydrogen (H2) and C) dioxygen pentaphosphide. oxygen (O2)? D) monophosphorus pentoxide. A) H2O2 → H2 + O2 B) H2 + O2 → H2O2 56) The name of the compound formed C) 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O2 D) 2 H2O2 → 2 H2 + O2 by combining carbon atoms with oxygen atoms to form is 60) Which is the balanced chemical equation A) carbon oxide. for the reaction of nitrogen (N2) with B) monocarbon dioxide. oxygen (O2) to form NO? C) carbon dioxide. A) 2 NO → N2 + O2 D) carbonate. B) N2 + O2 → NO C) N2 + O2 → 2 NO 57) Choose the proper coefficients for each D) NO → N2 + O2 substance to balance this equation. 61) Which shows the balanced equation ___ C2H4(g) + ___ O2(g) → ___ for the reaction of nitrogen ( ), as it is CO2(g) + ___ H2O(g) normally found in our atmosphere, with A) 1, 1, 2, 2 B) 1, 3, 2, 2 oxygen ( ), as it is normally found in C) 2, 3, 4, 2 our atmosphere, to form nitrogen D) 2, 2, 4, 2 dioxide? 58) Choose the proper coefficients for each A) substance to yield a balanced equation. B) C) A) 1, 1, 1 B) 2, 1, 1 D) C) 2, 1, 2 D) 1, 1, 2 Version 1 7 62) Green chemistry is 66) Balance this equation P4 + Cl2 → PCl5 A) the study of how to improve the with the smallest whole number production of oxygen via coefficients. Choose the answer that is photosynthesis. the sum of the coefficients. (Do not B) any chemistry having an forget coefficients of "one.") agricultural base. A) 7 C) the cause of the higher B) 9 temperatures and humidity C) 11 typically found in greenhouses. D) 13 D) the design of products and E) 15 processes that reduce hazardous substances. 67) If we assume that the top of Mt. Everest is the highest land mass on earth, hikers 63) Ozone is a secondary pollutant. A who scale its summit are standing in the secondary pollutant is A) mesosphere. A) not as hazardous as a primary B) stratosphere. pollutant. C) troposphere. B) not produced directly but as the D) ozone layer. product of the interaction of two or more pollutants. 68) The chemical formula for nitrogen C) one that is naturally present in monoxide is our atmosphere. A) N2O. D) one that is less hazardous than a B) NO. primary pollutant. C) NO2. D) N2O3. 64) Which of the following would be described as "fine particles"? 69) Which correctly pairs an indoor A) SOx pollutant with its source? B) NOx A) Formaldehyde and unvented C) O3 space heaters D) 2.5 μm diameter soot B) O3 and electrical arcing C) Radon and glues and solvents 65) The lowest (or closest to the ground) D) Nicotine and paint and paint layer of our atmosphere is the thinners A) troposphere. B) ozone layer. C) stratosphere. D) mesosphere. Version 1 8 70) An inversion layer happens when a 74) Which is the correct balanced equation certain weather pattern traps cooler air for the complete combustion of ethane, near the surface of the earth with a C2H6, in excess oxygen? warmer air mass above it. Why is this a A) CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O problem? B) 2 CH4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2O A) Excess precipitation could cause C) 2C2H6 + 7 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O flooding. D) 2 C2H6 + 5 O2 → 4 CO + 6 H2O B) The cold air increases the chance for snowstorms. 75) Which chemical components are given C) Heat waves can occur. off in car exhaust? D) Air pollution concentrates in the A) CO2 inversion layer. B) H2O C) NOx 71) What is the chemical formula for carbon D) All of these choices are correct disulfide? A) CH4 76) In metropolitan areas, the concentration B) CS2 of ozone in the atmosphere drops at C) C2H6 night. Why? D) H2SO4 A) Wind blows away the ozone at night 72) A reaction occurs between 6 molecules B) Energy usage goes down at night of H2 and four molecules of O2 to form 6 C) There are less cars on the road at molecules of H2O, in which one night molecule of oxygen is left over: D) The formation of ozone requires sunlight 6 H2 + 4 O2 → 6 H2O + O2 77) Which air pollutant is the second-leading Which is the limiting reagent? cause of lung cancer worldwide, behind A) H2 tobacco smoke? B) O2 A) Radon C) H2O B) Ozone D) None of the above C) Carbon monoxide D) Nitrogen oxides 73) Currently, the primary source of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is A) coal burning power plants. B) diesel trucks. C) plastic manufacturing. D) gasoline-powered lawnmowers. Version 1 9 78) What is the greatest source of indoor air 82) The ozone hole is most prominent on the pollution in developing countries? Earth over A) Unvented space heaters A) North America. B) Cookstoves B) Europe. C) Automobiles C) Africa. D) Paint D) Antarctica. 79) Which is correct? 83) Which contributes to the ozone hole? A) Ozone forms by combining an A) Automobile exhaust oxygen atom with an oxygen B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) molecule. C) Loss of northern forests B) There is a dynamic steady state D) All of these choices are correct of ozone in the stratosphere. C) UV radiation will dissociate 84) Ozone in our atmosphere is important ozone into an oxygen atom and because it an oxygen molecule. A) absorbs some UV radiation. D) All of these choices are correct. B) helps trees grow. C) reacts with excess CO2. 80) During the Antarctic spring, ozone is D) reflects IR radiation. destroyed at a greater rate than it is formed A) on the surface of atmospheric ice crystals. B) in a process that is catalytic. C) in polar stratospheric clouds. D) All of these choices are correct. 81) DNA, the genetic material of living organisms, is damaged by light in the A) visible region of the spectrum. B) ultraviolet region, especially below a wavelength of 320 nm. C) ultraviolet region, especially above a wavelength of 340 nm. D) infrared region of the spectrum. Version 1 10 85) The structure of ozone most closely 87) What is the relationship between resembles a stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine A) linear molecule with and ozone? different lengths of chemical A) As chlorine increases, ozone bonds, for example, increases B) As chlorine increases, ozone. decreases B) linear molecule with the C) As chlorine changes, the effect same length of chemical bonds, on the ozone level is unpredictable for example,. D) As chlorine changes, there is no C) bent molecule with different effect of the ozone level lengths of chemical bonds, for 88) In Earth's atmosphere, where is the ozone layer? example,. D) bent molecule with the same length of chemical bonds, for example,. 86) As the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to A) decrease worldwide. B) increase worldwide. C) increase in the northern A) Troposphere hemisphere and decrease in the B) Biosphere southern hemisphere. C) Mesosphere D) decrease in the northern D) Stratosphere hemisphere and decrease in the northern hemisphere. 89) When it reaches its largest size, the ozone hole over the Antarctic is A) about as large as North America. B) about the same size as France. C) smaller than Iceland. D) about the same size as Canada. Version 1 11 90) The "ozone layer" is found 94) The O2 molecule breaks apart at lower A) only around the equator. wavelengths than the O3 molecule. What B) in the troposphere. is the main reason for this? (Hint: Draw C) in the stratosphere. the Lewis structures.) D) in the mesosphere. A) O2 is more reactive than O3. B) O3 is more reactive than O2. 91) Free radicals are C) The average bond in O3 is shorter A) highly reactive chemical species. and stronger than that of O2. B) species with unpaired electrons. D) The average bond in O2 is shorter C) species such as H and OH. and stronger than that of O3. D) All of these correctly describe free radicals 95) What is the role of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) on the destruction of 92) Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the ozone? stratosphere and A) The cold clouds react with ozone A) react directly with stratospheric to make oxygen molecules and ozone to destroy it. oxygen atoms B) interact with UV energy to B) Chemical reactions occur on the produce free radicals that destroy clouds that convert molecules ozone. that do not damage to those that C) interact with UV energy to deplete ozone produce free radicals that react C) They play no role with oxygen to create ozone. D) The clouds are made of chlorine D) react with free radicals to remove atoms from CFCs carbon dioxide. 96) What is special about the South Pole 93) Decreased stratospheric ozone versus the North Pole that leads to ozone concentrations may lead to depletion only at the South Pole? A) increased incidences of A) Ozone molecules are broken up melanomas. by magnetic forces at the South B) harm to young marine life. Pole C) an increased occurrence of B) The atmosphere is colder at the cataracts. North Pole than at the South Pole D) All of these choices are correct C) Polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the South Pole D) There is more land mass at the South Pole than at the North Pole Version 1 12 97) Arrange these types of radiation in order 101) Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse of increasing energy per photon: gamma gases because rays, infrared radiation, radio waves, A) N2 and O2 react with one another, visible light, UV (ultraviolet). producing N2O2 when exposed to A) Radio waves < visible light < UV infrared radiation. < infrared radiation < gamma B) their overall electric charge rays distribution does not change B) Radio waves < infrared radiation when they vibrate. < visible light < UV < gamma C) infrared radiation causes their rays bonds to break. C) Infrared radiation < radio waves D) their atmospheric concentrations < visible light < UV < gamma are not changed by human rays activity. D) Gamma rays < infrared radiation < UV < radio waves < visible 102) The greenhouse and enhanced light greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately __________ percent and 98) Which of the following is most greater than __________ percent of the biologically damaging type of radiation? heat radiated by Earth. A) UV-A A) 40; 40 B) UV-B B) 50; 50 C) UV-C C) 60; 60 D) Infrared D) 80; 80 99) When an atom absorbs visible radiation: 103) Although carbon dioxide is the A) Electrons fall from higher energy primary compound discussed with levels to lower energy levels respect to global warming, of the B) Electrons jump from lower common atmospheric components the energy levels to higher energy global warming potential (GWP) of a levels carbon dioxide molecule is very low. C) Neutrons jump from the nucleus Which statement best explains this pair to higher energy levels of facts? D) None of these choices are correct A) CO2 molecules are highly symmetrical 100) Which atmospheric component does B) CO2 has a low molar mass not contribute to global warming? C) CO2 exists in relatively high A) H2O concentrations B) CO2 D) CO2 is formed in the combustion C) N2 of fossil fuels D) O3 Version 1 13 104) Which explanation accounts for the 107) Which occurrences or processes are fact that, on average, cloudy nights are expected to reduce the level of warmer than clear nights? atmospheric carbon? A) Clouds reflect light incoming from the moon i. Decaying plant and animal remains B) H2O does not absorb infrared ii. The growth of trees energy iii. Formation of carbonate rock in the C) Clouds are composed of water ocean vapor and H2O is a strong iv. Animal respiration greenhouse gas A) i and ii only D) Clouds have a high concentration B) ii and iii only of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel C) iii and iv only combustion D) i and iv only 105) The greenhouse effect refers to the 108) Argon, which comprises almost 1 process by which percent of the atmosphere, is A) atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen approximately 27 times more abundant absorb heat radiated by Earth. than CO2, but does not contribute to B) atmospheric nitrogen absorbs global warming. Which explanation ultraviolet radiation radiated by accounts for this fact? Earth. A) Single atoms do not have bonds, C) atmospheric gases trap and return therefore do not vibrate infrared radiation radiated by B) Argon's vibrational energy is not Earth. excited by infrared radiation D) greenhouse gases absorb C) Argon atoms are concentrated ultraviolet radiation from the too high in the troposphere to Sun, warming the molecules. interact with the earth's radiant energy 106) Which country has the highest per D) Argon is not an anthropogenic capita emission of carbon dioxide? pollutant A) United States B) Germany C) Canada D) Saudi Arabia Version 1 14 109) The carbon cycle refers to the 111) Identify possible consequences of A) mechanism by which carbon global warming. dioxide causes global warming. B) frequency of light energy that i. A rise in sea level affects the rotational energy of ii. An increase in average relative carbon dioxide. humidity C) oxidation of glucose to form iii. An increase in forest growth in the carbon dioxide and water. Northern Hemisphere D) movement of carbon through iv. A weakening of ocean currents living organisms, the A) i and iii only atmosphere, the sea, and the B) i and iv only earth. C) i, ii, and iv only D) i, ii, iii, and iv 110) Which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming? 112) The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is i. Possible consequences include altered A) CO2. climate and increased sea level. B) H2O vapor. ii. Heat energy radiated by the earth is C) N2. captured by atmospheric molecules. D) CH4. iii. Increased skin cancer incidence and damage to radiation sensitive species has 113) Identify the single most effective been observed. strategy to reduce carbon dioxide iv. The concentration of stratospheric emissions. ozone is declining. A) Use methane rather than gasoline A) i and ii only for fuel in cars and trucks B) i and iii only B) Develop alternate energy sources C) ii and iv only that do not rely on fossil fuels D) iii and iv only C) Use wood as a home heating fuel D) Convert all vehicles to diesel fuel Version 1 15 114) CO2 emissions in China declined by 116) In order to make useful predictions, 9 percent over the five-year period which factors must be accounted for by ending in 2000. If 5.00 × 108 metric tons climatic models? (t) of CO2 was emitted in 1995, how much CO2 was released in 2000? i. Aerosol Emissions A) 4.55 × 109 t ii. Land Use B) 4.55 × 108 t iii. Solar Irradiance C) 4.50 × 108 t A) ii only D) 4.55 × 107 t B) ii and iii only C) i and iii only 115) If the average temperature of earth is D) i, ii, and iii only currently 15.0°C, what does the NOAA 117) In order to halt increases in the model (the line in the graph) predict for the average global temperature in 2080? amounts of these gases in the Earth's atmosphere, global greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 9 billion tons. Which of these would not provide that much relief in global greenhouse gas emissions? A) Cutting energy usage in the world’s buildings by 20–25 percent below business-as-usual B) Having all cars get 60 mpg instead of 30 mpg C) Replacing 700 large coal-burning power plants with nuclear, wind, or solar power A) 2.0°C D) Capturing and sequestering B) 13.0°C carbon dioxide at 800 coal- burning power plants C) 15.0°C E) None of these choices would D) 17.0°C provide the needed 9 billion tons Version 1 16 118) Which of the following is NOT a 121) How many bromide ions can likely consequence of increased carbon combine with one ion of aluminum to dioxide concentration in the atmosphere? form an ionic compound? A) Sea ice disappearance A) 3 B) Sea-level rise B) 6 C) Changes in ocean chemistry C) 1 D) Increase in biodiversity D) 2 119) Which corresponds to the 122) Which one of the following composition of the ion typically formed compounds is considered to be an ionic by magnesium? compound? A) NO # protons # electrons net charge B) CCl4 C) LiF A. 12 14 2+ D) PI3 B. 12 14 2− C. 12 10 2− 123) Which one of the following D. 12 10 2+ compounds is considered to be a A) A molecular compound? B) B A) PCl3 C) C B) NaBr D) D C) Al2O3 D) Mg3P2 120) The numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements on the 124) Hard water in parts of the Midwest periodic table. Which element is may have a calcium ion concentration as expected to have 2+ charge when it high as 400 ppm. What is this calcium forms an ion? ion concentration when expressed as a percentage? A) 40 percent B) 4 percent C) 0.4 percent D) 0.04 percent A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 Version 1 17 125) Numbers 1 through 4 are used to 127) The fact that carbon (C) is less identify four different elements. Based electronegative than nitrogen (N) means on periodic table trends, which number that in a C — N bond, the identifies the element that is expected to A) shared electrons are closer to the have the greatest tendency to attract a C atom than to the N atom. shared pair of electrons? B) shared electrons are closer to the N atom than to the C atom. C) C atom takes the electrons from the N atom forming C− and N+. D) N atom takes the electrons from the C atom forming C+ and N−. A) 1 128) A polar covalent bond is created B) 2 when C) 3 A) a metallic element reacts with a D) 4 nonmetallic element. B) two atoms share their bonding 126) Electronegativity electrons unequally. A) is a measure of an atom's C) two atoms share three or more attraction for an electron in a electrons. chemical bond. D) two atoms of the same element B) is the total negative charge on a form double or triple bonds. polyatomic anion. C) is the same for all of the elements 129) When the __________ molecules of in a family or group. ethanol, C2H5OH, are added to water, D) decreases from left to right the ethanol molecules __________. across a period on the periodic A) nonpolar; are attracted to the table. nonpolar water molecules B) polar; form hydrogen bonds with the polar water molecules C) polar; form covalent bonds with the polar water molecules D) nonpolar; are not attracted to the polar water molecules Version 1 18 130) Which compound should be the most 133) What are the major disadvantages of soluble in water? using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water? A) Ozonation is more expensive than chlorination and ozone A) leaves an odor in the water B) Ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and leaves an odor in B) the treated water C) Ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and is more expensive C) than chlorination D) Ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term D) protection against possible contamination as the water is 131) When table sugar (sucrose, piped through a municipal C12H22O11) dissolves in water, which distribution system type(s) of attraction between water and sugar molecules occur(s)? 134) The main reason that water supplies are chlorinated is I. hydrogen bonding A) to produce gels that remove II. polar-polar interactions solids from the water. III. covalent bonding B) to kill disease-causing organisms A) I and II only in the water. B) II and III only C) to soften the water. C) I and III only D) to precipitate lead salts from the D) I, II, and III water as insoluble lead chloride. 132) The attractions between anions and cations throughout a crystal are known collectively as A) covalent bonds. B) polar covalent bonds. C) hydrogen bonds. D) ionic bonds. Version 1 19 135) We cannot effectively clean nonpolar 138) A proton released by an acid in substances from our hands or clothing aqueous solution quickly reacts with with water alone; we must add soap or water to form a hydronium ion. What detergent. The structure of a typical soap product is formed when a proton reacts molecule is shown below. Which region with ammonia (NH3)? of this molecule would dissolve in a A) NH3+ nonpolar substance such as grease? B) NH4 C) NH2− D) NH4+ 139) The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is __________ than the hydronium ion concentration in A) Region 1 a solution with pH 13. B) Region 2 A) 1,000 times less C) Region 3 B) 3 times greater D) Region 4 C) 1,000 times greater D) 100 times less 136) Which chemical equation shows the dissociation of two protons from 140) The pH of lemon juice is trihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric approximately 2.40. At this pH, the acid)? hydronium ion concentration is closest A) H3PO4 → H 2++ HPO4− to which concentration? B) H3PO4 → H 22++ PO4 2− A) 2.5 × 10−12 M C) H3PO4 → 2H+ + HPO4 2− B) 4.0 × 10−3 M D) H3PO4 → H 33+ + PO43− C) 0.38 M D) 5.6 × 10−4 M 137) Which concentration is consistent with a basic solution? 141) Which substance has the highest pH? A) MH+ = 3.2 × 10−3 M A) Orange juice B) Rain B) MOH− = 3.6 × 10−9 M C) A sulfuric acid solution C) MH+ = 9.7 × 10−4 M D) A lye solution D) MOH− = 3.4 × 10−3 M Version 1 20 142) Which reaction most accurately 146) Which reaction represents an acid- represents the dissociation of nitrous base neutralization reaction? acid (HNO2) in water? A) HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + NO2− A) HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + NO2− B) NaOH + H2O → H3O+ + NaO− B) HNO2 + H2O → H3O2+ + NO− C) Ba(OH)2 + 2LiCl → BaCl2 + C) HNO2 + H2O → HN + HO+ + 2LiOH HO2− D) Be(OH)2 + H2SO4 → BeSO4 + D) HNO2 + H2O → H3O+ + N + O2− 2H2O 143) Predict the products of this reaction: 147) Which solution is acidic? KOH + HNO3 → A) MOH− = 0.0065 M A) KNO3 + H2O B) MH+ = 1.27 × 10−9 M B) KNO2 + H2O2 C) MH+ = 5.79 × 10−10 M C) KH + HNO4 D) MOH− = 1.77 × 10−10 M D) KO4 + H2N 148) The pH of rainwater falling through 144) Lakes surrounded by __________ an unpolluted atmosphere is closest to have very little acid-neutralizing A) 4.7. capacity. B) 5.4. C) 7.0. I. marble D) 8.7. II. granite III. limestone 149) Which reaction accounts for the fact A) I only that the pH of rain is naturally slightly B) II only acidic? C) I and III only A) CO2 + H2O → H+ + HCO3− D) II and III only B) SO3 + H2O → 2 H+ + SO42− C) Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O → CaCO3 + 2 145) Bases produce which ions in aqueous H+ solution? D) NO2 + H2O → 2 H+ + NO3− A) OH− B) NO2− C) Cl− D) SO32− Version 1 21 150) Bases are substances that increase 154) What is the concentration of the hydroxide ion concentration in hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution aqueous solution. Why does ammonia containing [H+] = 1 × 10−5 M? (NH3), which does not contain a A) 1 × 10−5 M hydroxide group, act as a base? B) 1 × 10−7 M A) Ammonia acts as a base only in C) 1 × 10−9 M the presence of hydroxide ion- D) 1 × 10−14 M containing compounds B) Ammonia molecules remove 155) Every increase of one pH unit protons from water molecules, indicates forming hydroxide ions A) an increase in acidity. C) Ammonia molecules donate B) 10 times more hydrogen ions in protons to water molecules, solution. forming hydroxide ions C) 10 times less hydrogen ions in D) Ammonia acts as a base only in solution. the presence of very strong acids D) None of these choices are correct 151) An acidic fog in Pasadena was found 156) Cranberries naturally contain to have a pH of 2.50. Which expression benzoic acid. The chemical equation for represents this pH measurement? the addition of benzoic acid to water is A) MOH− = 3.2 × 10−12 M shown. B) MOH− = 3.2 × 10−9 M C) MH+ = 9.7 × 10−3 M C7H6O2 + H2O ⇌ C7H5O2− + H3O+ D) MH+ = 2.5 M Which is the conjugate base? 152) Most aquatic life in lakes cannot A) C7H6O2 survive in water with a pH less than B) H2O A) 9. C) C7H5O2− B) 8. D) H3O+ C) 6. D) 5. 153) Which of the following is a weak base? A) HCl B) NaOH C) NH3 D) LiOH Version 1 22 157) The chemical equation for vinegar 162) The first law of thermodynamics being added to water is shown. states that A) energy is the capacity to do CH3COOH + H2O ⇌ CH3COO− + H3O+ work. B) doing work is defined as causing Vinegar is an example of a movement against a resisting A) weak acid force. B) strong acid C) heat flows from a warmer body C) weak base to a cooler body. D) strong base D) energy is neither created nor destroyed. 158) The energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called 163) In an exothermic chemical reaction A) heat. A) the mass of the products is B) temperature. greater than the mass of the C) potential. reactants. D) work. B) the mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants. 159) The property of matter that C) heat is released as the reaction determines the direction of heat flow is proceeds. the D) heat is absorbed as the reaction A) mass. proceeds. B) temperature. C) volume. 164) A chemical reaction accompanied by D) density. a release of energy is called a/an __________ reaction. 160) The energy stored in the chemical A) endothermic bonds of fossil fuels is a form of B) catalyzed __________ energy. C) exothermic A) electrical D) fast B) mechanical C) potential 165) The energy needed to initiate a D) kinetic chemical reaction is called the A) heat of combustion. 161) The energy of motion is called B) bond energy. __________ energy. C) activation energy. A) electrical D) renewable energy. B) mechanical C) potential D) kinetic Version 1 23 166) Any chemical or physical change 169) The heat energy released or absorbed that absorbs energy by a chemical reaction is generally A) has high activation energy. determined by the difference between B) is an endothermic process. the energy that C) is an exothermic process. A) must be put in to break the bonds D) is a catalyzed process. in the reactants and the energy that must be put in to make the 167) How is heat energy used to generate bonds in the products. electricity in a modern power plant? B) must be put in to break the bonds A) Heat warms wires causing in the reactants and the energy electrons to move through them that is released upon making the more rapidly bonds in the products. B) Heat boils water to make steam, C) is released upon breaking the which drives a turbine bonds in the reactants and the C) Heat warms the fins on a turbine, energy that must be put in to causing them to spin make the bonds in the products. D) Heat generates strong magnetic D) is released upon breaking the fields through which the wires of bonds in the reactants and the a turbine move energy that is released upon making the bonds in the 168) Combustion is a chemical process in products. which a fuel combines with __________ to release energy and form products. 170) Which is a fossil fuel? A) nitrogen A) Wood B) oxygen B) Uranium C) methane C) Ethanol D) hydrogen D) Natural gas 171) Which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter? A) High temperatures B) High pressures C) An absence of O2 D) An abundance of sunlight Version 1 24 172) Which is an advantage of using coal 175) The process by which a solution is over petroleum as a source of energy in heated to its boiling point and the vapors the United States? are condensed and collected is known as A) As a solid, coal is easier to A) combustion. transport than a liquid such as B) cracking. petroleum C) crystallization. B) Carbon makes up a smaller D) distillation. proportion of coal than it does of petroleum 176) Consider these three compounds. C) Coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves D) Coal is the source of many more different fuels with a wide range of properties than is petroleum Which are isomers? 173) In the petroleum industry, what does A) I and II only a refinery do? B) II and III only A) It separates crude oil into C) I and III only fractions consisting of D) I, II, and III compounds with similar boiling points 177) Consider these three compounds. B) It separates crude oil from the coal with which it is almost always found C) It mixes natural gas or coal with crude oil in order to remove the impurities from the crude oil Which are isomers? D) It produces the machinery by A) I and II only which crude oil is removed from B) I and III only the ground C) II and III only D) I, II, and III 174) Petroleum (crude oil) is a complex mixture of thousands of substances, the majority of which are A) carbohydrates. B) hydrocarbons. C) natural gases. D) proteins. Version 1 25 178) Over the very long run, the energy 183) What type of radiation is given off in source that has the greatest potential to this nuclear reaction? meet humanity's needs is A) coal. B) hydropower. A) Alpha C) renewable biomass. B) Beta D) solar (the sun). C) Gamma D) Neutron 179) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. If you started with 100.0 g of 184) What type of radiation is given off in carbon-14, how much would remain this nuclear reaction? after 4 half-lives? A) 25.0 g B) 12.5 g A) Alpha C) 6.25 g B) Beta D) 57.3 g C) Gamma 180) Which naturally occurring D) Neutron radioactive particles are the size of a 185) If you have 200.0 g of radioisotope helium nucleus? with a half-life of 5 days, how much A) Alpha particles isotope would remain after 15 days? B) Beta particles A) 12.5 g C) Gamma radiation B) 13.3 g D) Neutrons C) 25.0 g 181) Which naturally occurring D) 40.0 g radioactive particles are negatively 186) In the famous equation E = mc2, the charged? symbols represent A) Alpha particles A) E = Einstein, m = matter, c = B) Beta particles C) Gamma radiation speed of light. B) E = energy, m = mass, c = D) Neutrons characteristic of the particle. C) E = Einstein, m = meters, c = 182) Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the largest? conversion. D) E = energy, m = mass, c = speed A) Alpha particles B) Beta particles of light. C) Gamma radiation D) Neutrons Version 1 26 187) Which is the balanced equation for 191) Which is not true of radioactive half- the fission of U-235? life? Radioactive half-life is A) A) the time required for the level of radioactivity in a sample to be B) cut in half. C) B) independent of the amount of radioactive material present. D) C) increased by heating the isotope. 188) Which is a common characteristic of D) independent of the physical or both nuclear and conventional electric chemical form of the isotope. power plants? A) Smokestacks 192) Waste created at these power plants B) Fuel rods must be stored indefinitely. C) Control rods A) Coal-burning plants D) Steam turbines B) Nuclear plants C) Coal-burning and nuclear plants 189) Which feature or process is unique to D) None of these choices are correct nuclear power plants when compared to conventional coal-burning power plants? 193) Smokestacks at these plants release A) Formation of steam sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide into the B) Smokestacks air. C) Steam turbines A) Coal-burning plants D) Control rods B) Nuclear plants C) Coal-burning and nuclear plants 190) Which of these is not a realistic risk D) None of these choices are correct associated with nuclear power plants? A) Release of radioactivity from 194) Which is not a benefit associated spent fuel rods with nuclear power plants? B) A nuclear explosion A) Efficient production of electricity C) A meltdown from loss of coolant B) Reduction of CO2 in the D) Thermal pollution of nearby atmosphere body of water C) Inexpensive to operate D) Helps reduce the levels of acid rain Version 1 27 195) What percentage of a radioactive 199) Which of the following fission isotope would remain after three half- products released from the Chernobyl lives? reactor is dangerous because it A) 6.3 percent concentrates in bones? B) 12.5 percent A) I-131 C) 25.0 percent B) Sr-90 D) 50.0 percent C) C-14 D) U-238 196) Which is a known risk associated with nuclear power plants? 200) Sunlight (solar radiation) may be A) The electricity produced will be turned directly into electricity using radioactive __________ cells. B) The water used to cool the A) fuel system will become radioactive B) photovoltaic C) The workers will have higher C) electrolytic risks for cancer than the standard D) lead-acid population D) The cooling water source can 201) To date, solar radiation is not a suffer thermal pollution practical source for the production of electricity used to power 197) Which example is both a type of A) electric highway signs. nuclear radiation and electromagnetic B) security lighting in parking lots. radiation? C) satellites in orbit around the A) Microwave radiation earth. B) Gamma radiation D) fleets of taxis. C) Alpha rays D) Ultraviolet radiation 202) Chemical energy is converted directly into electrical energy in 198) Rank the forms of nuclear radiation A) a galvanic cell. from highest to lowest mass. B) an electrical power plant. A) Gamma, alpha, beta C) an electrolytic cell. B) Beta, gamma, alpha D) an automobile's engine. C) Alpha, gamma, beta D) Alpha, beta, gamma Version 1 28 203) During the chemical reaction in an 207) Which is the cathode in this galvanic electrochemical cell, cell? A) a substance is oxidized and gains electrons. B) electrons travel from the cathode to the anode. C) oxidation takes place alone, without an accompanying reduction. D) oxidation occurs at the anode. 204) Which is an oxidation half-reaction? A) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O B) Zn → Zn2+ + 2e− C) 2HCl + Ba(OH)2 → 2H2O + BaCl2 A) The solid zinc electrode D) Cl2 + 2e− → 2Cl− B) The Zn2+(aq) ions in the 1 M solution 205) Whenever a substance is oxidized, C) The solid silver electrode A) it is called the oxidizing agent. D) The Ag+(aq) ions in the 1 M B) some other substance must be solution reduced. C) it gains electrons. 208) In an electrochemical cell, the anode D) hydronium ions are produced. is A) the electrode at which oxidation 206) The current through a wire is most takes place. closely related to the B) the material used to connect the A) energy of the electrons flowing two half-cells to each other. through the wire. C) always used up before the B) type of electrons flowing through cathode. the wire. D) never a metal. C) rate of electron flow through a wire. D) oxidation potential of the electrons flowing through the wire. Version 1 29 209) In this electrochemical cell, the 212) Which would be classified as a reduction half-reaction is synthetic polymer? A) Cellulose B) Wool C) Rubber D) Nylon 213) Which would be classified as a natural polymer? A) Cellulose B) Polystyrene C) Polyester D) Nylon A) Cu2+(aq) + 2e− → Cu(s) 214) The distinctive arrangements of B) Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e− atoms that impart characteristic chemical C) Zn(s) → Cu(s) properties to the molecules that contain D) Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) them are called A) monomers. 210) A polymer is a large molecule B) functional groups. A) made up of long chains of atoms C) radicals. held together by hydrogen bonds. D) transition states. B) made up of long chains of atoms covalently bonded together. 215) Which atoms does a hydroxyl C) made up of a large lattice functional group contain? structure held together by ionic A) Hydrogen and carbon bonds. B) Carbon and oxygen D) always made up of identical C) Hydrogen and oxygen monomer units. D) Hydrogen and nitrogen 211) A monomer is 216) Which is an amine group? A) a single polymer chain. A) — OH B) a polymer made from only one B) — NH2 component. C) — COOH C) a small molecule used to make a D) — CONH2 polymer chain. D) a polymer molecule that only contains a single element. Version 1 30 217) How many carbon atoms are present 219) Which bond represents the peptide in this monomer? bond? A) I A) 2 B) II B) 3 C) III C) 5 D) IV D) 8 220) Which equation below shows the 218) Which of these represents an amino addition polymerization of ethylene? acid? A) A) B) B) C) D) C) D) Version 1 31 221) These are the two monomers used to 223) Which atoms are present in all synthesize Kevlar®. proteins? A) C, H, O, N B) C, H, O, S C) C, H, O only D) C, H, N only Which of the following represent the products formed after one condensation 224) Which functional groups are present reaction between the monomers? in all amino acids? A) Amine ( — NH2) groups only B) Acid ( — COOH) groups only A) C) Amine and acid groups D) Single and double bonds between B) carbon atoms 225) Proteins are polymers of amino acids C) held together by what type of bonds? A) protein B) peptide D) C) ester 222) Which of these statements are D) acid correct for both addition and condensation polymerization? 226) Skin, hair, muscle, and enzymes are all made of protein, which is a natural i. Monomer units chemically bond polymer. Proteins are together A) polyesters. ii. Product contains all the atoms of the B) polyethylenes. starting material C) polyamides. iii. A second product, like water, is also D) polyalcohols. formed during the polymerization process A) i only B) i and ii C) ii only D) ii and iii Version 1 32 227) Nylon is classified as a polyamide 230) Which statement is false with respect because it contains which of the to carbohydrates? following linkages? A) They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio B) They are made from carbon dioxide and water by the process A) of photosynthesis C) They are metabolized in the body to produce energy B) D) They are the cause of obesity and should be eliminated from a healthful diet C) 231) Which is not a polymer of glucose? A) Cellulose B) Cholesterol D) C) Glycogen D) Starch 228) The regions of a polymer where the long polymer molecules are arranged 232) A disaccharide is formed when two neatly and tightly in a regular pattern is monosaccharide units react via their OH called the ________ region. functional groups. The linkage in a A) crystalline disaccharide is B) amorphous A) H — to — O — to — H. C) condensed B) C — to — O — to — C. D) porous C) C — to — O — to — H. D) C — to — OH — to — C. 229) Which functional groups include a nitrogen atom? 233) Which is a monosaccharide? A) Cellulose i. Carboxylic Acid B) Glucose ii. Ester C) Glycogen iii. Amide D) Sucrose iv. Amine A) i and ii only B) i and iv only C) ii, iii and iv only D) iii and iv only Version 1 33 234) Which statement correctly describes 237) The line-angle drawings of two fatty starch and cellulose? acids are shown. Which structural A) Starch is a polymer of glucose, feature do they have in common? cellulose is not B) Starch and cellulose have identical structures but different properties A) Carbon—carbon double bonds C) Starch and cellulose are both B) Carboxylic acid group (COOH) made from glucose but have C) Polyunsaturation different linkages D) They have no features in D) Starch and cellulose are both common easily digested by the body 238) When three fatty acid molecules 235) What is the difference between a fat combine with one molecule of glycerol, and an oil? what forms? A) A fat is a triglyceride, an oil is a A) One molecule of a triglyceride monoglyceride and one molecule of water B) A fat is solid, while an oil is B) One molecule of a triglyceride liquid at room temperature and three molecules of water C) A fat is a lipid, an oil is not C) Three molecules of triglyceride D) A fat is made from fatty acids, an and one molecule of water oil is made from oily acids D) Three molecules of triglyceride and three molecules of water 236) A triglyceride is A) an ester of a fatty acid and three 239) Which structure is correct for oleic glycerol molecules. acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid? B) an ester of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. A) C) a polymer of fatty acids. D) a polymer of glycerol. B) C) D) Version 1 34 240) Which formula below represents a 241) Use this table to answer the below trans-fatty acid? question. Spread Brummel I Beneco & Brown Can't l A) Belie ve B) It's Not C) Butte r Serving size (g) 14 14 14 D) (1 tbsp) Total fat (g) 5 8 8 Saturated fat 1 2 1 (g) Trans fats (g) 0 0 0 2. 4 2 Polyunsaturat 5 ed fats (g) 1 2 4. Monounsatur 5 ated fats (g) Which butter substitute has the highest percentage of polyunsaturated fats? A) Benecol B) Brummel & Brown C) I Can't Believe It's Not Butter D) All of these choices have the same percentage Version 1 35 242) Use this table to answer the below 243) Use this table to answer the below question. question. Spread Brummel I Beneco Spread Brummel I Beneco & Brown Can't l & Brown Can't l Belie Belie ve ve It's It's Not Not Butte Butte r r Serving size (g) 14 14 14 Serving size (g) 14 14 14 (1 tbsp) (1 tbsp) Total fat (g) 5 8 8 Total fat (g) 5 8 8 Saturated fat 1 2 1 Saturated fat 1 2 1 (g) (g) Trans fats (g) 0 0 0 Trans fats (g) 0 0 0 2. 4 2 2. 4 2 Polyunsaturat 5 Polyunsaturat 5 ed fats (g) ed fats (g) 1 2 4. 1 2 4. Monounsatur 5 Monounsatur 5 ated fats (g) ated fats (g) Which butter substitute has the lowest Which butter substitute has the highest percentage of monounsaturated fats? percentage of trans fats? A) Benecol A) Benecol B) Brummel & Brown B) Brummel & Brown C) I Can't Believe It's Not Butter C) I Can't Believe It's Not Butter D) All of these choices have the D) All of these choices have the same percentage same percentage 244) If you were worried about your cholesterol intake, which breakfast should you not eat? A) Eggs fried in butter with bacon and white toast B) Pancakes with maple syrup C) Yogurt, granola, and fruit D) Cereal with fruit and whole milk Version 1 36 245) Every amino acid has four groups 247) Two amino acids combine to form a attached to a central carbon atom. What dipeptide when the amino group of one are the four groups? reacts with the acid group of the other. A) NH2, OH, side chain, Which structure is correct? H B) NH2, HCl, side chain, H C) NH2, COOH, side chain, A) H D) R group, COOH, side chain, OH 246) Valine and lysine are both amino acids. Structurally how could you B) distinguish between them? A) Valine has an amino group, lysine does not B) Lysine has an acid group, valine C) does not C) Valine and lysine have different side chains D) Valine is an essential amino acid, lysine is not D) 248) Structurally, how are water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins different? A) Water-soluble vitamins have more atoms than fat-soluble vitamins B) Water-soluble vitamins contain polar groups, such as OH and fat- soluble do not C) Water-soluble vitamins always have higher molecular masses than fat-soluble vitamins D) Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the urine and fat-soluble are not Version 1 37 249) All of the energy we need to run our 251) What generalization is true from this bodies comes from the food we eat. data? Which statement is false concerning this energy consumption? Estimated Calorie Requirements (United A) Metabolism reverses the process States) of photosynthesis and produces Gender Activity Level energy from glucose by Age B) More oxygen is required to burn (yrs) one gram of a fatty acid than to Sedentary Moderately Active burn one gram of glucose Active C) Proteins are not used by the body Females to provide energy 14–18 1,800 2,000 2,400 D) The body converts glucose into 19–30 2,000 2,000–2,200 2,400 carbon dioxide and water in one 31–50 1,800 2,000 2,200 fast reaction 51+ 1,600 1,800 2,000– 2,200 250) Which equation correctly shows the Males breakdown of glucose by the body? 14–18 2,200 2,400–2,800 2,800– A) C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O 3,200 + energy 19–30 2,400 2,600–2,800 3,000 B) C12H24O2 + 17O2 → 12CO2 + 31–50 2,200 2,400–2,600 2,800– 12H2O + energy 3,000 C) C12H22O11 + 12O2 → 12CO2 + 51+ 2,000 2,200–2,400 2,400– 11H2O + energy 2,800 D) 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 A) Males require more calories per + energy day than women B) Older people require more calories per day than younger people C) There is no relationship between activity level and recommended caloric intake D) There is no relationship between gender and recommended caloric intake Version 1 38 252) The basal metabolism rate (BMR) is 255) Isomers are compounds that have A) the minimum amount of energy A) the same chemical formulas and required daily for your body to molecular structures but different function. physical properties. B) the same value for all people B) the same chemical formulas but within an age group. different molecular structures C) dependent on a person's daily and physical properties. caloric intake. C) different chemical formulas and D) usually higher for women molecular structures but the same because they weigh less than physical properties. men. D) different chemical formulas, molecular structures, and 253) Which of the following is not a physical properties. water-related issue directly related to food production? 256) Which pair represents isomers? A) Drying up of rivers and surface water sources A) B) Acidification of surface waters by acid rain C) Pollution of groundwater by B) herbicides and insecticides D) Pollution of surface water sources by runoff of crop C) chemicals 254) The octet rule is applied to bonding D) in carbon containing compounds. In accordance with the octet rule, 257) For linear n-hexane, C6H14, which A) each bonded carbon atom forms molecular representation is correct? eight bonds. A) B) all carbon containing compounds B) contain at least eight bonds. C) each bonded carbon atom shares C) electrons so that it has exactly eight outer valence electrons. D) the number of atoms in any D) carbon containing compound is a multiple of eight. Version 1 39 258) Isopentyl acetate (shown here) is 260) Amino acids are compounds that used as a flavoring agent in food. Its contain both amine and organic acid fragrance is that of bananas. What functional groups. Which compound is functional group(s) is(are) present in this an amino acid? compound? A) B) A) Ester only B) Ketone only C) C) Ketone and ether D) Ester, ether, and ketone 259) Which functional group does this D) molecule contain? 261) Which functional group contains a nitrogen atom? A) Alcohol B) Amine C) Ester A) Acid D) Ether B) Alcohol C) Amine 262) The body's chemical messengers, D) Ester called __________, are produced in the endocrine glands. A) enzymes B) hormones C) isomers