China & Japan Notes PDF

Ming and Qing China Patterns, 536-541 Tokugawa Japan Patterns, 542-547 Ming and Qing China The Mongols assimilated into China and created the Yuan Dynasty ○ The Chinese overthrew the Mongols and created the Ming Dynasty Hong Wu: A p...

Ming and Qing China Patterns, 536-541 Tokugawa Japan Patterns, 542-547 Ming and Qing China The Mongols assimilated into China and created the Yuan Dynasty ○ The Chinese overthrew the Mongols and created the Ming Dynasty Hong Wu: A peasant who became the emperor of the Ming Dynastyu ○ Suceeded by his son Yonglo Yong Lo sponsored the expeditions of Zheng Ho Zheng Ho ○ Explored India and used Junk Ships ○ In 1433, Yong Lo stopped the expeditions as he believed that it was a waste of time ○ After halting, the Eurapeans began came into the Indian ocean area The chinese stopped their expeditions because they had resources (silk, tea, spices), and it did not make sense ○ Comparative to Eurapean exploration (colonization) where they settled down and took resources -> Europe was relatively poor Vosco de Gama: Used warfare and fighting in trade Between the 1400s to 1500s, the Chinese practiced isolationism in overseas exploration and trade with Europe ○ Trade was heavily regulated ○ Chinese established key port cities where only the Europeans could trade and established high taxis ○ Led to a black market of luxury goods -> economy was booming Socioeconomic Status: Status in the area ○ Merchants had higher economic status than the peasants, but had a lower socioeconomic status than peasants (was not producing as much as peasants in Confucionist ideals) Built the Forbidden City ○ Reflected the Daoist principles of harmony with nature The Ming Dynasty began to fall in the 1600s (due to corruption, leadership, and taxtation) The Mangshus (agriculturalists) invided China in 1644, and they formed the Ching Dynasty ○ The last dynasty of china China calls themselves greatly To trade individuals had to perform Kowtow (bend to the rulers) The Dutsch took over Indonesia in the 1700s China reached its height of prosperity around with the Ching Dynasty (1700s) ○ Kangxi (1661 - 1722) ○ Succeeded by his grandson Qianlong (1735 - 1795) -> peak point  King George III sent an expedition to open up trade with China ○ Refused to perform the Kowtow -> Qianlong gave an insulting letter in response ○ Qianlong said that he did not need any of British’s resource British smuggled Opiods into China, making China open to imperialization by other countries -> France, United States, Russia, Japan Tokuggawa Shogunate 1467-1658 (a period of fighting between powerful land-owning lords and warring statess) Japan had a similar history to western european history ○ Ancient empire ○ Middle ages Similar to the Knights of Chivalery Code ○ Huge wealth gaps -> social hierarchy Peasents (Surfs) Feudalism: Agricultural community Social Hierarchy (informal relationship) ○ King ○ Land owners (Daimnyos = feudal lords) -> vassals to the King ○ Knights (warriors who may own land) -> serve to their lords (land owners) Japan and Europe are not hydraulic societies ○ Need strong management from the emperor ○ Kings are limited by how much they can control their lords -> freedom, individual rights developing ○ Bushido: The code of conduct for samurais ○ Gunpowder technology (!500s) Tokugawa leyasu: Established himself as the sole ruler of Japan ○ Beat his rivaling Daimnyos at the Battle of Seki ○ Called himself the Shogen to keep the emperor as a figure for the public ○ Capital is the city of Edo -> later became Tokyo ○ Economy was stable, yet poor Peasents were taxed heavily Not open to outside influences Fuedal Japanese Social Hierarchy ○ Social Hierarchy Emperor (figurehead) Shgun Diamyos Samurai Peasants Artisan Merchants ○ Peasents began fleeing to Old Edo due to the heavy taxation -> led to the development of urban cultures ○ Kabuki Theater: Highly extravagant theatre  Played by men Zen Buddhism: Main religion ○ Seeking Nirvana (enlightenment) ○ Displine of the body and the mind ○ Suprressed Chirstianity and limited trading (no outside influence) Led to little development -> Japan stagnates until the 1850s where Commoder Perry came with armed weapons Japan goes through period of modern urbanization called the period of Meji Restoration Meji Restoration ○ Modernized in the span of a decade -> led to the rise of Faccism Kameron Ming and Qing dynasty - The mongols assimilated into China and created the Yuan dynasty - The chinese overthrow the Yuan dynasty and created the Ming dynasty - The founder of the ming dynasty is hong wu (chinese peasant) - Succeeded by his son yong lo - Ming saw themselves as restoring traditional chinese values - Yong lo sponsors the expeditions of zheng ho (explorer) - Zheng ho traveled all over the indian ocean exploring the indian ocean area - Chinese perfected naval technology (junks) - In 1433, yong lo said these expeditions were a waste of money and the chinese stopped exploring over the world - When they stopped european came into the indian ocean area - Ming develops a policy of isolationism - Chinese create key port cities were european only trade and establish high taxes - Black market in luxury goods and spending - China doesn’t value merchants (socio-economic structure) - The forbidden city - in harmony with nature - Taihe hall (hall of great ceremony) - In the early 1600s, ming dynasty declines because of corruption, high taxes, and invasion from the outside - In 1644, manchus invade and assimilate into the ming dynasty and form the manchu or qing dynasty - Kowtow - The dutch took over indonesia - In 1600 to 1700s, China (qing) reached its peak (long standing rulers, population boom) - Kangxi ruled the qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722 - Succeeded by qian long who rules from 1735 to 1795 - Qing reached its height under this guy - The British refused the kowtow ceremony when they went to trade with china. Qian Long gave an insulting letter saying they have no interest in trading with them. The British wanted some tea at a good price. Forced Indians to grow opium. They then smuggle these drugs into China. China declines and they stop industrializing.