Chemistry Midterms PDF

Summary

This document appears to be a set of notes on chemistry, focusing on matter and its properties. It covers concepts like elements, states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma), and phase changes. The document also discusses the particulate nature of matter and different theories about the atomic structure of matter.

Full Transcript

CHEMISTRY !i!- !11 ! 108 06-24]...

CHEMISTRY !i!- !11 ! 108 06-24] - "MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES " property : - Qualitative , Quantitative · taste · volume · Odor · mass · etc. · etc. - chemical property · if itreversed/irreversible (ex: oil w/ any type of food ) can't be. Physical property - can be reversible (ex : salad) · 4 Elements Heraclitus (fire) [source of Energy] - (Particulate Nature - Thales of Miletus (water) Of Matter) - Anaximenes (Air) - Epidocles (earth) (also named EMPEDOCIES] · also said 4 elements must be balanced or else CHAOS Lucippus & · Luccippus is the teacher and Democritus Democritus is the student. Democritus they - called it atoms (atomus). - All matter are all made out of atoms (atomus). all atoms are uncuttable. In order to make matter need to break /not cut) and create through atoms you'll. - atoms are in constant motion around the "void" Or what you call space. [this is a fact - - atoms solely solid [this is debatable? are. - atoms are uniform without internal structure [this info is wrong I. - atoms comes in different shapes and sizes. ePIcuRUS Of-spread LeD ideology of atoms. samos-calls the ideology "atomism" where it says that matter is made up of atoms. - says atoms have different weights. - atoms have the same speed regardless of the size. ePIRUCUS Of -spread LeD ideology of atoms. samos-calls the ideology "atomism" where it says that matter is made up of atoms. - says atoms have different weights. - atoms have the same speed regardless of the size. made the ideology of the ether what call "the 5th element" Aristotle : or they - Aether is said to be found outside of earth. - says that elements can transform/transformed to one another States of Solid-almost inscompressible [vibrates in a fixed position] Matter : can't slide past each other High density - - Liquid - particles not arranged in a rigid manner slides past each other medium density - - - expands whenheated Gas-can expand to fill any volume Bose Einstein Condensate compressible - low density - - cloud of bosons is cooled to temps. near absolute zero [T = 0 k (kelvin)] Plasma-formed by heating - Bosons are a type of elementary particle and ionizing gas of matter - made up of (7) e (t) charged ions 108 06-24] - "MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES " ARISTOTLE : - Matter can be divided into without changing the fundamental proportions. · Matter, is made up of 4 elements in different propositions. MATTER : - Anything that is occupying space and mass. - consists Of : · atoms are a definite entity isingular , · molecules , combination of 2 or more elements [that are both NOT MeTAL] - bounded together by covelent bonds. · Ions is a charged particle. - * metal + Non-metal (t) cation 1) anion positive ion negative ion 08-19-24 "Phase change" m gas ( as +he - Liquid temperature - as condensation rises ] solid -Liquid freezing melting vaporization - solid - Fu [heat I energy solid to liquid : fusion (melting) liquid to gas : vaporization gas to solid : desposition gas to liquid : condensation solid to gas : Sublimation liquid to solid : freezing Intermolecular happens when phases change [research later] - force : Kinetic Molecular classic model thermodynamic of the behavior of gases. Gresearch - later Theory : - where gas is negligible Propertiesof physical without changing composition [does - not change inside? Matter : ex : phase , color solubility density , , chemical changing composition (does change with inside[ - ex : Toxicity flammability oxidation state , , properties of extensive (extrinsic) amount/quantitative - Matter : ex : mass length size etc., , , intensive (intrinsic) quality / qualitative - exidensity , color, melting and boiling point classification variable : non-variable : of Matter : different from same from one another - eachother I # pure substances mixture singuishable e inms Heterogenous I Homogenous I NO Thes * different phases single phase elements o compounds e uniform in e not uniform in phases appearance. ams [surfactant are active ingridients of soap e detergents? separation - washing : remove impurities techniques : - Decauting different in density : (physical] - Distillation : volatility filtrationSeparate insoluble solid from liquid : - mobile phase (either liquid or gas] chromatography : · - Stationary phase (solid] · "Measurements" measurements : - to analyze compare and compute , , ↳Accuracy : - how close a measurement is to accepted value. - It is impossible to be accurate - How close did we measure to the accepted value ↳ precision : - closeness of the measurements within a set of data. "One should " - Rather be precise than accurate - How close is the measurement from the set data "Significant figures" How to Determine A : Find the decimal point significant figure the position of the significant figure location of the zero [insignificant) and the non-zero digit [significant ? · If the number has a proper unit (mm , ml km , , m, tbsp letc ] then it is. a significant. eX 543 6. - 4 significant figures 205 - 5 significant figures /O is in between two SF] 1000 1 significant figure (O's are not between any SF/no - decimal) 200 0 4 Signifant figures [there is a decimal!. - 0 01-1 significant figure (O's are Before the first SF]. · All non-zeros are significant · Zerols are significant when : · Zero is NOT significant when it > - Between Non-zero digits is before the first Non-zero digit. > - At the end with a decimal point Of Figures" 11 Operation Significant Why the Leasi ? If the equation(? ) has (t) or (-) then the final Answer based on the Leasi because the more Least DecimAL Number. you add the more · If the equation has (X) or (i) then the final answer based on the inaccurate You ARC. LeAST Significant figure #2 decimal places 4 SigFis ↳- - LEAST DECIMAL ( +, - =18 2. 103 8 -. 125 17 mm. 129 Omm +. + 52 2 mm. 1 , 069km-153 17km. - 504 6 km. · = 85 6. = 306 37mm w = 411 23 km ↳ -.. = 306 4 mm = 411km -rounded - Hindi irorouna. Off Kasi saequation O Least Decimal place is merong 1 decimal place LEAST DECIMAL PLACE off because I is 1 the 1 "Scientific Notations - final Answer is Alway between 1 and 9. /numbers that are 10 or more are wrong] if the number is greater than 9... ---- More decimal to the Right Move decimal to left J (t) (th and Subtract 1 to the and Add 1 to exponent exponent 105 13 5x105 10 = 13 5. X =. = 1 35 X. u by L is more than 9 Add move to left = 506 785X109. * Reversed Reversed = 506785x109 = 5 29x10 - 3 = 1 130 x 103 -- (.. = 5. 0785x189 = 0 00529. = 1130 ( ). [imagenary - - Scientific Notation standard Decimal] Notation Of 11 operation" Scientific Notations" LEAST DECIMAL ( +, - D1 Sure Make exponents are equal or the same C.. Perform 2 the Operation 3 Make. sure that the equation is proper (meaning. number from 1-9] = (134 3. x 103) + (18 2 105). x - 134 3. x 103 + 18 2 x105. = 1343000 + 18200000 = 19543x105 - x = 1 9543x106. = 1. 9x100 or 1 10. x 10 LEAST SigFi(X , i). Perform the 1 Operation = (33 11 x 103) (129 1.. x 104). 2 if (x) add exponents = 4274 501x107. S - L more if (7) minus exponents / than 9. Make sure 3 that the answer is Proper. = 4. 275x1010 = 506. 85 x 106 = 809. 56x103 = (8590. 11 x 103) = (200 96x108). = 0 626. x103 = 42. 445x18- - mu & L Less than I more than a = 6 26 x102. = 4. 28x10- MASS : - is definite volume : - occupies space - how much can an object weight ? [least SigFi Rule] - A sure way to know an object weight is with Water Displacement. equation : Length X width x height Temperature/Heat [0c : , K , oF) - the average thermal energy - [potency ??? total kinetic energy ] specific Gravity : equation : density : Volume - the final answer is a significant figure. Density : equation : mass volume - the final answer is a significant figure.

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser