Chemical Properties Biology 101 Fall 2024 PDF

The Chemical Level of Organization  OBJECTIVES Define atom, subatomic particle, element, molecule, compound, chemical bond, ion, atomic number, mass number, isotope, atomic mass Identify common ions Define pH and describe the pH scale Compare acidic, basic and neutral solu...

The Chemical Level of Organization  OBJECTIVES Define atom, subatomic particle, element, molecule, compound, chemical bond, ion, atomic number, mass number, isotope, atomic mass Identify common ions Define pH and describe the pH scale Compare acidic, basic and neutral solutions. Summarize the function of lipids State the building block of carbohydrates and define the three types of carbohydrates State the building blocks of proteins and Identify examples Name the two major types of nucleic acids and state their function  Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass Solid Liquid Gas Chemical Elements Building Blocks  Major Elements Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Carbon Constitutes approx. 96% of the body’s mass  Lesser Elements Calcium Phosphorous Potassium Sulfur Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Iron Constitutes approx. 3.8% of the body’s mass  Trace Elements Aluminum Boron Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Manganese Selenium Silicon Tin Zinc Constitutes approx. 0.2% of the body’s mass Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons Atom Nucleus – Protons – Neutrons Electron Shell – Electrons  Elements Neutral Atoms Electrons = Protons Charge = 0 Atomic Number # of Protons Mass Number # of Protons and Neutrons Isotopes How many protons does the one on the right have? How many protons does the one on the left have? How many neutrons does the one on the right have? How many neutrons does the one on the left have? Atomic Mass Dalton – Amu Neutron – 1.008 d Proton – 1.007 d Electron – 0.0005 d Atoms Ions An atom that has a (+) or (-) charge – Anion – Cation  COMMON IONS Hydrogen Fluoride Sodium Chloride Potassium Iodide Ammonium Hydroxide Magnesium Bicarbonate Calcium Oxide Iron (II) Sulfate Iron (III) Phosphate  Molecule When 2 or more atoms share e-  Compound Molecule Figure 1: The atomic structure of a water (or dihydrogen monoxide) molecule consists of two hydrogen (H) atoms joined to one oxygen (O) atom. (Source: PhysicalGeography.net) A substance that contains atoms of 2 or more different elements Chemical Bonds Forces that hold atoms of a molecule or a compound together Ionic Covalent Hydrogen  Ionic The force of attraction that holds ions of opposite charges Found mainly in the teeth and bone – Provide strength  Covalent Two or more electrons share electrons rather gaining or losing them. Most common bond found in the body Covalent Bonding Non-polar Polar – Electronegativity  Hydrogen Bonding Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts to the partial negative charge of another atom – Usually Oxygen or Nitrogen  Hydrogen Bonds and Surface Tension Measuring the difficulty of breaking or stretching the surface of the liquid  Hydrogen Bonds in Action Thin film of watery fluid covers the air sacs of the lung Inhalation must have enough force to overcome the opposing effect as the alveoli stretch  Compounds Most chemicals exist in this form Inorganic – Usually lack carbon – Simple structure Water (55-60%), Acids, Bases and Salts (1-2%) Organic – Always contain carbon and most times hydrogen – Large complex molecules (38-43%) Acids and Bases Acid – The more H+ ions added to a solution the more acidic Base – The more OH- ions added to a solution the more basic Acids and Bases w/i the Body Acid – Gastric Juice, Vaginal fluid, Urine, Saliva Base – Blood, Semen, CSF, Pancreatic juice, bile Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids ATP Carbohydrates Source of Energy Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Monosaccharides – 3-7 Carbon atoms – Designated by -ose Disaccharides – Sucrose glucose and fructose – Lactose galactose and glucose Polysaccharides – Glycogen, cellulose Lipids Fatty Acids Triglycerides – Protection, insulation Phospholipids Vitamins – D, E, K Steroids – Estrogen – Testosterone – Cholesterol Proteins Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Responsible for the structure of body tissues – Collagen, keratin Hormones – insulin Contractile – Actin and myosin Immune System – Antibodies Transport – hemoglobin Nucleic Acids DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid Forms the genetic material – Determine inherent traits – Controls protein synthesis RNA – Ribonucleic acid Guides the synthesis of proteins