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Questions and Answers
A neutron has an atomic mass of approximately 1.008 daltons.
A neutron has an atomic mass of approximately 1.008 daltons.
True
An anion is an atom with a positive charge.
An anion is an atom with a positive charge.
False
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons.
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons.
True
Hydrogen bonds are the strongest type of bond found within the body.
Hydrogen bonds are the strongest type of bond found within the body.
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Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.
Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.
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Bases are substances that increase the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
Bases are substances that increase the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
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Proteins are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
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Sodium is an example of a common anion.
Sodium is an example of a common anion.
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The three major elements constituting approximately 96% of the body's mass are Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Sodium.
The three major elements constituting approximately 96% of the body's mass are Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Sodium.
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DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and helps in protein synthesis.
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and helps in protein synthesis.
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A neutral atom has an equal number of electrons and protons.
A neutral atom has an equal number of electrons and protons.
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The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of neutrons in its nucleus.
The atomic number of an element is determined by the number of neutrons in its nucleus.
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Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of protons.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of protons.
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Trace elements constitute approximately 0.2% of the body’s mass.
Trace elements constitute approximately 0.2% of the body’s mass.
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Chemical bonds are formed between two or more ions.
Chemical bonds are formed between two or more ions.
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The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and electrons.
The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and electrons.
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Study Notes
Matter
- Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
Chemical Elements
- Major elements constituting approximately 96% of body mass: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon.
- Lesser elements (approx. 3.8% of body mass): calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron.
- Trace elements (approx. 0.2% of body mass): aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, manganese, selenium, silicon, tin, zinc.
Atoms and Structure
- Atoms consist of protons and neutrons in a nucleus, with electrons in electron shells.
- Neutral atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in a charge of zero.
Atomic Concepts
- Atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom.
- Mass number is the sum of protons and neutrons.
- Isotopes are variants of elements with differing numbers of neutrons.
- Atomic mass is measured in daltons (amu); neutrons and protons have a mass of about 1 dab; electrons are significantly lighter.
Ions
- Ions are atoms with a net charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.
- Cations are positively charged; anions are negatively charged.
- Common ions include:
- Cations: hydrogen, sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, iron.
- Anions: fluoride, chloride, iodide, hydroxide, bicarbonate, oxide, sulfate, phosphate.
Molecules and Compounds
- Molecules form when two or more atoms share electrons.
- Compounds consist of atoms from two or more different elements.
Chemical Bonds
- Chemical bonds, such as ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds, hold molecules together.
- Ionic bonds arise from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms, prevalent in biological systems.
- Hydrogen bonds occur between hydrogen and more electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, contributing to properties like surface tension.
Compounds
- Inorganic compounds generally lack carbon and have simpler structures (e.g., water, acids).
- Organic compounds contain carbon and frequently hydrogen; they are larger and more complex.
Acids and Bases
- Acids release H⁺ ions in a solution, while bases release OH⁻ ions.
- Common acids in the body include gastric juice and saliva; common bases include blood and pancreatic juice.
Organic Compounds
- Four primary types: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP.
Carbohydrates
- Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; serve as a primary energy source.
- Types:
- Monosaccharides (3-7 carbon atoms).
- Disaccharides (e.g., sucrose and lactose).
- Polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen, cellulose).
Lipids
- Composed of fatty acids and serve multiple functions: protection, insulation, and hormone production.
- Types include triglycerides, phospholipids, fat-soluble vitamins (D, E, K), and steroids (e.g., estrogen, testosterone, cholesterol).
Proteins
- Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; crucial for body structure and function.
- Functions include structure (collagen, keratin), hormones (insulin), muscle contraction (actin, myosin), immune responses (antibodies), and transport (hemoglobin).
Nucleic Acids
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) holds genetic information and directs protein synthesis.
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) guides protein synthesis and is essential for gene expression.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of matter, including its states and composition. This quiz covers essential concepts like atomic structure, chemical elements, and isotopes. Test your knowledge on the building blocks of matter!
